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Yang Y, Yuan Q, Tang W, Ma Y, Duan J, Yang G, Fang Y. Role of long non-coding RNA in chemoradiotherapy resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1346413. [PMID: 38487724 PMCID: PMC10937456 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1346413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor originating from the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Common treatment methods for NPC include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical intervention. Despite these approaches, the prognosis for NPC remains poor due to treatment resistance and recurrence. Hence, there is a crucial need for more comprehensive research into the mechanisms underlying treatment resistance in NPC. Long non coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are elongated RNA molecules that do not encode proteins. They paly significant roles in various biological processes within tumors, such as chemotherapy resistance, radiation resistance, and tumor recurrence. Recent studies have increasingly unveiled the mechanisms through which LncRNAs contribute to treatment resistance in NPC. Consequently, LncRNAs hold promise as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diagnosing NPC. This review provides an overview of the role of LncRNAs in NPC treatment resistance and explores their potential as therapeutic targets for managing NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Baoshan People’s Hospital, Baoshan, Yunnan, China
| | - QuPing Yuan
- Puer People’s Hospital, Department of Critical Medicine, PuEr, Yunnan, China
| | - Weijian Tang
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ya Ma
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Baoshan People’s Hospital, Baoshan, Yunnan, China
| | - JingYan Duan
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Baoshan People’s Hospital, Baoshan, Yunnan, China
| | - GuoNing Yang
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Baoshan People’s Hospital, Baoshan, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Ao X, Luo C, Zhang M, Liu L, Peng S. The efficacy of natural products for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14411. [PMID: 38073436 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor originating in the nasopharyngeal epithelium with a high incidence in southern China and parts of Southeast Asia. The current treatment methods are mainly radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, they often have side effects and are not suitable for long-term exposure. Natural products have received more and more attention in cancer prevention and treatment because of their its high efficiency, low toxic side effects, and low toxicity. Natural products can serve as a viable alternative, and this study aimed to review the efficacy and mechanisms of natural products in the treatment of NPC by examining previous literature. Most natural products act by inhibiting cell proliferation, metastasis, inducing cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Although further research is needed to verify their effectiveness and safety, natural products can significantly improve the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Ao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Luo
- Medical Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengni Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lisha Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shunlin Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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3
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Hou W, Xu L, Su T, Wu Y, Liu Y, Wei Y. Hypoxia Induces Tumor-Derived Exosome SNHG16 to Mediate Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Progression through the miR-23b-5p/MCM6 Pathway. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:275-295. [PMID: 37119503 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the mechanism of tumor-derived exosomal (EVs) SNHG16 in promoting the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). QRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of SNHG16, miR-23b-5p and MCM6 in NPC. MTT, flow cytometry and transwell were used to detect the effects of them on the proliferation, cycle, apoptosis and invasion ability of NPC. Transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting and BCA were used to verify the regulation of exosome secretion under different oxygen environments. Our results showed that hypoxia induces tumor-derived exosome SNHG16 to mediate NPC progression through the miR-23b-5p/MCM6 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunxiao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Yang Ling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujuan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yang Ling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangao Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yang Ling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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4
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Owliaee I, Khaledian M, Boroujeni AK, Shojaeian A. Engineered small extracellular vesicles as a novel platform to suppress human oncovirus-associated cancers. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:69. [PMID: 37915098 PMCID: PMC10621078 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, as a complex, heterogeneous disease, is currently affecting millions of people worldwide. Even if the most common traditional treatments, namely, chemotherapy (CTx) and radiotherapy (RTx), have been so far effective in some conditions, there is still a dire need for novel, innovative approaches to treat types of cancer. In this context, oncoviruses are responsible for 12% of all malignancies, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), as well as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the poorest in the world also account for 80% of all human cancer cases. Against this background, nanomedicine has developed nano-based drug delivery systems (DDS) to meet the demand for drug delivery vectors, e.g., extracellular vesicles (EVs). This review article aimed to explore the potential of engineered small EVs (sEVs) in suppressing human oncovirus-associated cancers. METHODS Our search was conducted for published research between 2000 and 2022 using several international databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles. RESULTS In this line, the findings revealed that EV engineering as a new field is witnessing the development of novel sEV-based structures, and it is expected to be advanced in the future. EVs may be further exploited in specialized applications as therapeutic or diagnostic tools. The techniques of biotechnology have been additionally utilized to create synthetic bilayers based on the physical and chemical properties of parent molecules via a top-down strategy for downsizing complicated, big particles into nano-sized sEVs. CONCLUSION As the final point, EV-mediated treatments are less toxic to the body than the most conventional ones, making them a safer and even more effective option. Although many in vitro studies have so far tested the efficacy of sEVs, further research is still needed to develop their potential in animal and clinical trials to reap the therapeutic benefits of this promising platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Owliaee
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehran Khaledian
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Armin Khaghani Boroujeni
- Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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5
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Zhong Q, Nie Q, Wu R, Huang Y. Exosomal miR-18a-5p promotes EMT and metastasis of NPC cells via targeting BTG3 and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1544-1562. [PMID: 37287276 PMCID: PMC10361138 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2216508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the underlying mechanism of miR-18a-5p regulating the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells in vitro and in vivo to indicate the pathogenesis of NPC. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was utilized to determine miR-18a-5p expression level in NPC tissues and cell lines. Besides, 2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and colony formation assays were employed to detect the effect of miR-18a-5p expression level on NPC cell proliferation. Wound healing and Transwell assays were utilized to detect the effect of miR-18a-5p on NPC cell invasion and migration. The expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins (Vimentin, N-cadherin, and E-cadherin) were identified by Western blot assay. After collecting exosomes from CNE-2 cells, it was found that exosomal miR-18a-5p secreted from NPC cells promoted NPC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, whereas inhibition of miR-18a-5p expression level led to the opposite results. The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that BTG anti-proliferation factor 3 (BTG3) was the target gene of miR-18a-5p, and BTG3 could overturn the effect of miR-18a-5p on NPC cells. Xenograft mouse model of NPC nude mice showed that miR-18a-5p promoted NPC growth and metastasis in vivo. This study revealed that exosomal miR-18a-5p derived from NPC cells promoted angiogenesis via targeting BTG3 and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qihong Nie
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Renrui Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
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Doghish AS, Elballal MS, Elazazy O, Elesawy AE, Shahin RK, Midan HM, Sallam AAM, Elbadry AM, Mohamed AK, Ishak NW, Hassan KA, Ayoub AM, Shalaby RE, Elrebehy MA. miRNAs as potential game-changers in bone diseases: Future medicinal and clinical uses. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 245:154440. [PMID: 37031531 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short, highly conserved non-coding RNA, influence gene expression by sequential mechanisms such as mRNA breakdown or translational repression. Many biological processes depend on these regulating substances, thus changes in their expression have an impact on the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and result in the emergence of a variety of diseases. Relevant studies have shown in recent years that miRNAs are involved in many stages of bone development and growth. Additionally, abnormal production of miRNA in bone tissues has been closely associated with the development of numerous bone disorders, such as osteonecrosis, bone cancer, and bone metastases. Many pathological processes, including bone loss, metastasis, the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells, and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, are under the control of miRNAs. By bringing together the most up-to-date information on the clinical relevance of miRNAs in such diseases, this study hopes to further the study of the biological features of miRNAs in bone disorders and explore their potential as a therapeutic target.
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7
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Xie L, Zhang K, You B, Yin H, Zhang P, Shan Y, Gu Z, Zhang Q. Hypoxic nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived exosomal miR-455 increases vascular permeability by targeting ZO-1 to promote metastasis. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:803-819. [PMID: 36929868 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the most frequent reason for treatment failure in head and neck tumors, has the greatest incidence of distant metastases. Increased vascular permeability facilitates metastasis. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the development of the premetastatic niche and are emerging as prospective biomarkers in cancer patients. We discovered that a higher level of miR-455 was connected to a larger propensity for NPC metastasis based on deep sequencing and RT-qPCR. We found that hypoxia promoted NPC exosomes release and increased miR-455 expression in a way that was hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) dependent. Exosomes from NPC cells with high levels of miR-455 were found to specifically target zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), increasing the permeability of endothelial monolayers in vitro vascular permeability and transendothelial invasion experiments. Additional in vivo studies showed that zebrafish with sustained miR-455-overexpressing NPC cell xenografts displayed increased tumor cell mass throughout the body. In vivo, zebrafish vascular tight junction integrity was disrupted by exosomes produced by NPC cells with elevated miR-455 expression. Mice-bearing xenografts further supported the finding that exosomes containing miR-455 might reduce ZO-1 expression in addition to promote NPC cell growth. These findings suggest that in a hypoxic microenvironment, exosomal miR-455 released by NPC cells enhances vascular permeability and promotes metastasis by targeting ZO-1. The HIF-1α-miR-455-ZO-1 signaling pathway may be a promising predictor and potential therapeutic target for NPC with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Otolaryngology Research Institute and Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Otolaryngology Research Institute and Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Otolaryngology Research Institute and Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haimeng Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Otolaryngology Research Institute and Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Otolaryngology Research Institute and Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Shan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Otolaryngology Research Institute and Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhifeng Gu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qicheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Otolaryngology Research Institute and Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Talaat IM, Kim B. A brief glimpse of a tangled web in a small world: Tumor microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1002715. [PMID: 36045917 PMCID: PMC9421133 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A tumor is a result of stepwise accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. This notion has deepened the understanding of cancer biology and has introduced the era of targeted therapies. On the other hand, there have been a series of attempts of using the immune system to treat tumors, dating back to ancient history, to sporadic reports of inflamed tumors undergoing spontaneous regression. This was succeeded by modern immunotherapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The recent breakthrough has broadened the sight to other players within tumor tissue. Tumor microenvironment is a niche or a system orchestrating reciprocal and dynamic interaction of various types of cells including tumor cells and non-cellular components. The output of this complex communication dictates the functions of the constituent elements present within it. More complicated factors are biochemical and biophysical settings unique to TME. This mini review provides a brief guide on a range of factors to consider in the TME research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman M. Talaat
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Byoungkwon Kim
- Department of Pathology, H.H. Sheikh Khalifa Specialty Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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Luo X, Jiang Q, Liu L, Liao Q, Yu J, Xiang Z, Gong Y. METTL3-mediated m6A modification promotes processing and maturation of pri-miRNA-19a to facilitate nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell proliferation and invasion. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:337-349. [PMID: 35759451 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00007.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and microRNAs (miRs) participates in cancer progression. This study is conducted to explore the role of miR-19a-3p in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell proliferation and invasion. RT-qPCR and western blot showed that miR-19a-3p was upregulated in NPC tissues and cells and related to poor prognosis, methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) was highly expressed while BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) was weakly expressed in NPC tissues and cells. miR-19a-3p downregulation inhibited cell proliferation and invasion while miR-19a-3p overexpression played an opposite role. m6A quantification and m6A RNA immunoprecipitation assays showed that METTL3-mediated m6A modification promoted the processing and maturation of pri-miR-19a via DGCR8. Dual-luciferase assay showed that BAMBI was a target of miR-19a-3p. The rescue experiments showed that BAMBI downregulation reversed the role of miR-19a-3p inhibition in NPC cells. A xenograft tumor model showed that METTL3 downregulation inhibited tumor growth via the miR-19a-3p/BAMBI in vivo. Overall, our findings elicited that METTL3-mediated m6A modification facilitated the processing and maturation of pri-miR-19a via DGCR8 to upregulate miR-19a-3p, and miR-19a-3p inhibited BAMBI expression to promote NPC cell proliferation and invasion, thus driving NPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggu Luo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qingshan Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qingyun Liao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yongqian Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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10
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Tumor cell-derived exosome RNF126 affects the immune microenvironment and promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by regulating PTEN ubiquitination. Apoptosis 2022; 27:590-605. [PMID: 35717659 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of RNF126 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Firstly, the expression and prognosis of RNF126 were analyzed by TCGA database. The expression of RNF126 was further verified by NPC tissue samples and cells. An ectopic xenograft model was constructed to verify the regulatory role of RNF126 in NPC tumor progression. The regulatory effect of RNF126 on macrophage polarization and migration was verified by co-culture of tumor cells and THP-1 cells. The role of RNF126 in tumor exosomes involved in intercellular communication was further verified by nanoparticle tracking technology, western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. QRT-PCR, half-life assay and WB assay were used to verify the regulatory effect of RNF126 on PTEN ubiquitination and PI3K/AKT pathway. Finally, an in vivo assay was used to verify the regulation of exosomes on tumor growth and metastasis. In summary, we found for the first time that tumor-derived exosomal PTEN degrades PTEN through ubiquitination to regulate the tumor immune microenvironment and promote NPC growth and metastasis. These results provide the basis for the screening of early markers of NPC and targeted therapy.
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11
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Lu Z, Hou J, Li X, Zhou J, Luo B, Liang S, Lo RK, Wong TM, Kuang GM. Exosome-Derived miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Prostate Bone Metastasis. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:5369-5383. [PMID: 35673634 PMCID: PMC9167626 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s361981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the potential exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) related to prostate cancer (Pca) bone metastasis. Methods Two datasets were collected. One dataset was from the authors’ institute, for which two groups of 10 patients each were designed: in the first one, the patients had early-stage localised Pca without bone metastasis, and in the other, the patients presented with Pca with bone metastasis. Then, the miRNA expression profiles of the blood exosomes were obtained and analysed. The other dataset was a public dataset of the miRNA expression transcriptome (GSE26964), which was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The results of both datasets were jointly analysed and the most bone-metastatic-related differentially expressed miRNAs (diff-miRNAs) were identified and further validated. Finally, a series of bioinformatics analyses were performed and the relationship between target genes of the diff-miRNAs and the pathogenesis and progression of bone metastasis of Pca were studied. Results From the authors’ dataset, in all, 313 diff-miRNAs were identified, of which 205 were up-regulated while 108 were down-regulated. From the GSE26964 dataset, 107 diff-miRNAs were found, of which 44 were up-regulated and 63 were down-regulated. Taking the intersection of the results of both datasets, four diff-miRNAs were identified: hsa-miR-125a-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-339-5p and hsa-miR-613. In all, 94 target genes of the four diff-miRNAs were predicted. After considering the intersection of the results from the GSE32269 dataset, we obtained 25 target genes. Although either positive or negative correlations were found among the diff-miRNAs with some of the target genes, there is a lack of evidence on how such correlations regulate the development and promotion of Pca bone metastasis. Conclusion Hsa-miR-125a-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-339-5p and hsa-miR-613 are potential biomarkers for Pca bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenquan Lu
- Department of Urology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Urology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingfeng Luo
- Department of Urology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songwu Liang
- Department of Urology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Richard K Lo
- Department of Urology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tak Man Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guan-Ming Kuang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guan-Ming Kuang, Email
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12
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Su ZY, Siak PY, Leong CO, Cheah SC. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Its Microenvironment: Past, Current, and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2022; 12:840467. [PMID: 35311066 PMCID: PMC8924466 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.840467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial malignancy that raises public health concerns in endemic countries. Despite breakthroughs in therapeutic strategies, late diagnosis and drug resistance often lead to unsatisfactory clinical outcomes in NPC patients. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex niche consisting of tumor-associated cells, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, leukocytes, that influences tumor initiation, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Cells in the TME communicate through various mechanisms, of note, exosomes, ligand-receptor interactions, cytokines and chemokines are active players in the construction of TME, characterized by an abundance of immune infiltrates with suppressed immune activities. The NPC microenvironment serves as a target-rich niche for the discovery of potential promising predictive or diagnostic biomarkers and the development of therapeutic strategies. Thus, huge efforts have been made to exploit the role of the NPC microenvironment. The whole picture of the NPC microenvironment remains to be portrayed to understand the mechanisms underlying tumor biology and implement research into clinical practice. The current review discusses the recent insights into the role of TME in the development and progression of NPC which results in different clinical outcomes of patients. Clinical interventions with the use of TME components as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets, their challenges, and future perspectives will be introduced. This review anticipates to provide insights to the researchers for future preclinical, translational and clinical research on the NPC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yi Su
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pui Yan Siak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- Centre of Cancer and Stem Cells Research, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiau-Chuen Cheah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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13
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Li CW, Zheng J, Deng GQ, Zhang YG, Du Y, Jiang HY. Exosomal miR-106a-5p accelerates the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma through FBXW7-mediated TRIM24 degradation. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1652-1668. [PMID: 35293097 PMCID: PMC9128160 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is prevalent in East Asia and causes increased health burden. Elucidating the regulatory mechanism of NPC progression is important for understanding the pathogenesis of NPC and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and normal tissues were collected. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated using CCK‐8, colony formation, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. A xenograft mouse model of NPC was established to analyze NPC cell growth and metastasis in vivo. The expression of miR‐106a‐5p, FBXW7, TRIM24, and SRGN was determined with RT‐qPCR and Western blot. MiR‐106a‐5p, TRIM24, and SRGN were upregulated, and FBXW7 was downregulated in NPC tissues and cells. Exosomal miR‐106a‐5p could enter NPC cells, and its overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of NPC cells, which were suppressed by knockdown of exosomal miR‐106a‐5p. MiR‐106a‐5p targeted FBXW7 to regulate FBXW7‐mediated degradation of TRIM24. Furthermore, TRIM24 regulated SRGN expression by binding to its promoter in NPC cells. Suppression of exosomal miR‐106a‐5p attenuated NPC growth and metastasis through the FBXW7‐TRIM24‐SRGN axis in vivo. Exosomal miR‐106a‐5p accelerated the progression of NPC through the FBXW7‐TRIM24‐SRGN axis. Our study elucidates novel regulatory mechanisms of NPC progression and provides potential exosome‐based therapeutic strategies for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Wu Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Guang Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, P.R. China
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14
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Taghvimi S, Vakili O, Soltani Fard E, Khatami SH, Karami N, Taheri‐Anganeh M, Salehi M, Negahdari B, Ghasemi H, Movahedpour A. Exosomal microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs: Novel mediators of drug resistance in lung cancer. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2095-2106. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Taghvimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ahvaz Iran
| | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Elahe Soltani Fard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Neda Karami
- Epilepsy Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri‐Anganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
| | - Mahsa Salehi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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15
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Teoh BY, Lim YM, Chong WY, Subramaniam M, Tan ZZ, Misran M, Suk VRE, Lo KW, Lee PF. Isolation of exosome from the culture medium of Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) C666-1 cells using inertial based Microfluidic channel. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:12. [PMID: 35080702 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of exosome from culture medium in an effective way is desired for a less time consuming, cost saving technology in running the diagnostic test on cancer. In this study, we aim to develop an inertial microfluidic channel to separate the nano-size exosome from C666-1 cell culture medium as a selective sample. Simulation was carried out to obtain the optimum flow rate for determining the dimension of the channels for the exosome separation from the medium. The optimal dimension was then brought forward for the actual microfluidic channel fabrication, which consisted of the stages of mask printing, SU8 mould fabrication and ended with PDMS microchannel curing process. The prototype was then used to verify the optimum flow rate with polystyrene particles for its capabilities in actual task on particle separation as a control outcome. Next, the microchip was employed to separate the selected samples, exosome from the culture medium and compared the outcome from the conventional exosome extraction kit to study the level of effectiveness of the prototype. The exosome outcome from both the prototype and extraction kits were characterized through zetasizer, western blot and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microfluidic chip designed in this study obtained a successful separation of exosome from the culture medium. Besides, the extra benefit from this microfluidic channels in particle separation brought an evenly distributed exosome upon collection while the exosomes separated through extraction kit was found clustered together. Therefore, this work has shown the microfluidic channel is suitable for continuous separation of exosome from the culture medium for a clinical study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Yew Teoh
- Department of Biomedical and Mechatronics Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yang Mooi Lim
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wu Yi Chong
- Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Menaga Subramaniam
- Centre for Cancer Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zi Zhang Tan
- Department of Biomedical and Mechatronics Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Misni Misran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vicit Rizal Eh Suk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Poh Foong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia.
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16
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Wu A, Luo N, Xu Y, Du N, Li L, Liu Q. Exosomal LBH inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via downregulating VEGFA signaling. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:242-260. [PMID: 34975330 PMCID: PMC8692147 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.66506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The limb-bud and heart (LBH) gene was reported to suppress nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) progression in our previous study. Distant metastasis predominantly accounts for the unsatisfactory prognosis of NPC treatment, in which epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor angiogenesis are of great significance. The roles of exosomes in mediating NPC progression have been highlighted in recent researches, and attempts have been made to explore the clinical application of NPC exosomes. Here we investigated the function of the LBH gene in NPC exosomes, and its potential mechanism. NPC xenografts were constructed, showing that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression and neovascularity were attenuated by LBH overexpression, together with diminished EMT progression. NPC-derived exosomes were isolated, identified and applied for in vitro/in vivo experiments, and the exosomal distribution of LBH was elevated in exosomes derived from LBH-upregulated cells. Ectopic LBH, αB-crystallin (CRYAB) and VEGFA expression was induced by lentiviral infection or plasmid transfection to explore their functions in modulating EMT and angiogenesis in NPC. The addition of LBH+ NPC exosomes during a Matrigel plug assay in mice suppressed in vivo angiogenesis, and the treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with LBH+ NPC exosomes inhibited cellular proliferation, migration and tube formation. The interactions among LBH, CRYAB and VEGFA were confirmed by colocalization and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays, and extracellular VEGFA secretion from both HUVECs and NPC cells under the treatment with LBH+ NPC exosomes was diminished according to ELISA results. We concluded that exosomal LBH inhibits EMT progression and angiogenesis in the NPC microenvironment, and that its effects are partially implemented by modulation of VEGFA expression, secretion and related signaling. Thus, LBH could serve as a promising therapeutic target in VEGFA-focused NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbiao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center; Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# Middle Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, PR China, 510280
| | - Ning Luo
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 151# Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, PR China, 510080
| | - Yuling Xu
- Nanfang Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1023# Shatai Road South, Guangzhou, PR China, 510515
| | - Nan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, PR China, 510060
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, PR China, 510060
| | - Qicai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center; Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# Middle Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, PR China, 510280
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17
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Li ZB, Li HZ, Guo CH, Cui HL. Role of exosomes in diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29:1186-1190. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v29.i20.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the common malignant tumors of the digestive system, which is insidious in origin and rapid in progression, and has a very poor prognosis. The incidence of pancreatic cancer is on the rise in recent years. Exosomes, an important vesicle in the human body, can reflect the physiological and pathological state of the source cells and play an important role in intercellular signal transduction. In recent years, the application of exosomes in tumor treatment has gained increasing attention from scholars. This article reviews the application of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer, to provide some reference for clinicians in the early diagnosis and treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Bei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Chuiyangliu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Hua-Zhi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Chuiyangliu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Chun-Hai Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Chuiyangliu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Hong-Li Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chuiyangliu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University, Beijing 100022, China
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18
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Shen B, Sun K. Exosomal circular RNAs: A new frontier in the metastasis of digestive system tumors. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:826. [PMID: 34691253 PMCID: PMC8527826 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm. Exosomes are secreted by various types of tumor cell and contain a variety of proteins, circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs and DNA, depending on the host cells. Among them, circRNAs, which are long non-coding endogenous RNAs, form covalently closed and continuous loops that link the 3′ and 5′ terminals generated by back-splicing. circRNAs have become a hotspot of research. Exosomal circRNAs are in volved in the pathogenesis of cancer, especially metastasis, which is mainly ascribed to the frequently abnormal expression levels within neoplasms. Nonetheless, the functions and regulatory mechanisms of exosomal circRNAs in the progression of digestive system tumors (DSTs) remain unclear. More knowledge on the regulation and network interactions of exosomal circRNAs will help identify superior treatment strategies for the metastasis of DSTs. The present review aims to summarize the existing studies on the functions and mechanisms of exosomal circRNAs in tumorigenesis, and evaluate the associations between the dysregulation of exosomal circRNAs and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baile Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Keke Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
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19
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Exosomes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:355-364. [PMID: 34666030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumor with a unique geographical distribution, primarily prevalent in East Africa and Asia. Although there is an increased understanding of the pathogenesis and risk factors of NPC, prevention and treatment efforts remain limited. Various studies have indicated that exosomes are actively involved in NPC by delivering biomolecules such as non-coding RNAs and proteins to target cells. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of exosomes in NPC and highlight their prospects as diagnostic biomarkers. In NPC, exosomes can manipulate the tumor microenvironment, participate in chemotherapy and radiation resistance, induce immune suppression, promote pathological angiogenesis, and support metastasis, and thus they could also be promising biomarkers. Because exosomes have essential effects and unusual biological properties, they have a promising future in diagnostic monitoring and prognostic evaluation. Although there are technical issues associated with using exosomes in large-scale applications, they have unparalleled advantages in assisting the clinical management of NPC.
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20
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Bauer M, Jasinski-Bergner S, Mandelboim O, Wickenhauser C, Seliger B. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies and Immune Escape: The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Cell Evasion Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205189. [PMID: 34680337 PMCID: PMC8533749 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Epstein–Barr virus, also termed human herpes virus 4, is a human pathogenic double-stranded DNA virus. It is highly prevalent and has been linked to the development of 1–2% of cancers worldwide. EBV-associated malignancies encompass various structural and epigenetic alterations. In addition, EBV-encoded gene products and microRNAs interfere with innate and adaptive immunity and modulate the tumor microenvironment. This review provides an overview of the characteristic features of EBV with a focus on the intrinsic and extrinsic immune evasion strategies, which contribute to EBV-associated malignancies. Abstract The detailed mechanisms of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in the initiation and progression of EBV-associated malignancies are not yet completely understood. During the last years, new insights into the mechanisms of malignant transformation of EBV-infected cells including somatic mutations and epigenetic modifications, their impact on the microenvironment and resulting unique immune signatures related to immune system functional status and immune escape strategies have been reported. In this context, there exists increasing evidence that EBV-infected tumor cells can influence the tumor microenvironment to their own benefit by establishing an immune-suppressive surrounding. The identified mechanisms include EBV gene integration and latent expression of EBV-infection-triggered cytokines by tumor and/or bystander cells, e.g., cancer-associated fibroblasts with effects on the composition and spatial distribution of the immune cell subpopulations next to the infected cells, stroma constituents and extracellular vesicles. This review summarizes (i) the typical stages of the viral life cycle and EBV-associated transformation, (ii) strategies to detect EBV genome and activity and to differentiate various latency types, (iii) the role of the tumor microenvironment in EBV-associated malignancies, (iv) the different immune escape mechanisms and (v) their clinical relevance. This gained information will enhance the development of therapies against EBV-mediated diseases to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bauer
- Department of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 14, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Department of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, En Kerem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Department of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 14, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Department of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(345)-557-1357
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21
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Xu N, Guo R, Yang X, Li N, Yu J, Zhang P. Exosomes-mediated tumor treatment: One body plays multiple roles. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 17:385-400. [PMID: 35782325 PMCID: PMC9237599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are vesicles secreted by a variety of living cells, containing proteins, RNA and other components, which are nanoscale capsules commonly existed in the body. Exosomes play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes by participating in material and information exchange between cells, which can play multiple roles in tumor treatment. On the one hand, exosomes can be used as carriers and biomarkers, participate in the apoptosis signaling pathway and improve chemotherapy resistance, thus playing beneficial roles in tumor treatment. On the other hand, exosomes play unfavorable roles in tumor treatment. Tumor cell exosomes contain PD-L1, which is a nuclear weapon for tumor growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. In addition, exosomes can not only promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, tumor angiogenesis and chemoresistance, but also participate in the autocrine pathway. In this review, the multiple roles of exosomes and their prospects in the treatment of tumor were reviewed in detail.
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22
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Yang L, Liu G, Li Y, Pan Y. The emergence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Predictive value and immunotherapy implications. Genes Dis 2021; 9:1208-1219. [PMID: 35873027 PMCID: PMC9293699 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) often reveals a large number of lymphocytes infiltrating the primary tumor site. As an important part of the tumor microenvironment, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) do not exist alone but as a complex multicellular population with high heterogeneity. TILs play an extremely significant role in the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of NPC. The latest research shows that they participate in tumorigenesis and treatment, and the composition, quantity, functional status and distribution of TILs subsets have good predictive value for the prognosis of NPC patients. TILs are an independent prognostic factor for TNM stage and significantly correlated with better prognosis. Additionally, adoptive immunotherapy using anti-tumor TILs has achieved good results in a variety of solid tumors including NPC. This review evaluates recent clinical and preclinical studies of NPC, summarizes the role of TILs in promoting and inhibiting tumor growth, evaluates the predictive value of TILs, and explores the potential benefits of TILs-based immunotherapy in the treatment of NPC.
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23
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Liao C, Liu H, Luo X. The emerging roles of exosomal miRNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2508-2520. [PMID: 34249413 PMCID: PMC8263644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique subtype of head and neck cancer that is endemic to Southern China and Southeast Asia. Due to the concealed location and intrinsic invasiveness of this disease, majority of NPC patients are diagnosed with advanced stages (III and IV) and poor prognosis. Chemoradiotherapy resistance is a major problem for NPC patients, leading to incomplete local elimination, recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, it is of great significance to seek novel biomarkers and effective therapeutic regimen for clinical management of this deadly cancer. Exosomes are tiny membrane vesicles with a lipid bilayer secreted by most cells in the body, which are widely distributed in various body fluids. They are functionally active in different physiopathological process by carrying and transmitting important signal molecules such as miRNA, mRNA, protein, lipid, etc. Exosomal miRNAs play an important role in tumorigenesis and development of NPC. They are extensively involved in NPC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, neovascularization, radiotherapy resistance and the regulation of tumor immune microenvironment through intercellular communication and control of gene expression. Moreover, exosomal miRNAs can be used as valuable biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic targets of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of HealthChangsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Huiwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of HealthChangsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of HealthChangsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
- Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
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24
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He S, Zhang W, Li X, Wang J, Chen X, Chen Y, Lai R. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)-derived exosomal MiR-221 targets and regulates phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1) to promote human umbilical vein endothelial cells migration and tube formation. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2164-2174. [PMID: 34098850 PMCID: PMC8806445 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1932222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common tumor of the oral cavity. Studies have shown that exosomal miRNAs from cancer cells play an important role in mediating the cellular environment. The objective was to investigate the effect of OSCC-derived exosomes microRNA-221 (miR-221) in OSCC. We used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting to determine PIK3R1 and miR-221 expressions in OSCC tissue or peripheral blood serum. Exosomes of OSCC cell line CAL27 were extracted and characterized. Exosomal miR-221 expression was detected by qRT-PCR. Dual-luciferase was performed to validate the targeted regulatory relationship of miR-221 on PIK3R1. Transwell and tube formation assay were applied to detect the effect of OSCC-derived exosomal miR-221 on HUVEC migration and angiogenesis. qRT-PCR confirmed that PIK3R1 expression was downregulated in OSCC tissue and cell line, while miR-221 expression was upregulated. miR-221 expression in OSCC cell line-derived exosome elevated. miR-221 could target and negatively regulate PIK3R1 expression. In addition, OSCC-derived miR-221 could promote HUVEC migration and angiogenesis. In conclusion, OSCC-derived exosomal miR-221 could target and negatively regulate PIK3R1 expression, as well as promote vascular endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi He
- Medical Centre of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Zhang
- Medical Centre of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Li
- Medical Centre of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Medical Centre of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Medical Centre of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renfa Lai
- Medical Centre of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Luo H, Yi B. The role of Exosomes in the Pathogenesis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and the involved Clinical Application. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2147-2156. [PMID: 34239345 PMCID: PMC8241729 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale membrane vesicles, which carry biologically active substances of their cell of origin and play an important role in signal transduction and intercellular communication. At present, exosomes have been identified as a promising non-invasive liquid biopsy biomarker in the tissues and circulating blood of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and found to participate in regulating pathophysiological process of the tumor. We here review recent insights gained into the molecular mechanisms of exosome-induced cell growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, immunosuppression, radiation resistance and chemotherapy resistance in the development and progression of NPC, as well as the clinical application of exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. We also discuss the limitations and challenges in exosome application. We hope this review may provide some references for the use of exosomes in clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidan Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
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Jiang L, Zhang Y, Li B, Kang M, Yang Z, Lin C, Hu K, Wei Z, Xu M, Mi J, Wang R, Wu F. miRNAs derived from circulating small extracellular vesicles as diagnostic biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2393-2404. [PMID: 33728743 PMCID: PMC8177774 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNAs (miRNAs) in circulating small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been suggested as potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis. This study was designed to evaluate the circulating sEV‐derived miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We compared the miRNA profiles in plasma‐derived sEVs between 16 patients with NPC and 5 healthy controls (HCs). A distinct set of miRNAs that were differentially expressed between patients with NPC and HCs was determined by means of integrative bioinformatics approaches. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathway analysis revealed that the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were mainly involved in cancer‐associated signaling pathways. Seven representative DEMs were selected and further validated in an additional 60 patients with NPC and 40 HCs using quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR analysis (qRT‐PCR). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the accuracy of the sEV‐miRNA‐based model for diagnosis. The 3 miRNA‐based model, comprising miR‐134‐5p, miR‐205‐5p, and miR‐409‐3p, showed good discriminating power with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.88 in the training set and 0.91 in the validation set. Furthermore, the diagnostic model had an excellent classification ability to distinguish patients with NPC at different clinical stages or Epstein‐Barr virus infection status from HCs. In conclusion, our findings indicated that sEV‐derived miRNA levels were altered in the plasma of patients with NPC in comparison with those in HCs. The model based on the 3 sEV‐derived miRNAs could potentially act as an alternative or complementary approach for diagnosing NPC. This study was designed to evaluate circulating sEV‐derived miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Our findings indicated that sEV‐derived miRNA levels were altered in the plasma of patients with NPC compared with those in HCs. The model based on the 3 sEV‐derived miRNAs could potentially act as an alternative or complementary approach for diagnosing NPC. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhendong Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunyu Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhuxin Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinglin Mi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Tian X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Wu S. miR-144 delivered by nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived EVs stimulates angiogenesis through the FBXW7/HIF-1α/VEGF-A axis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:1000-1011. [PMID: 34094717 PMCID: PMC8143977 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in angiogenesis during nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC biopsy specimens were initially collected. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were co-cultured with EVs isolated from NPC cells, after which their migration, invasion, as well as vessel-like tube formation were evaluated by Transwell chamber systems and Matrigel-based angiogenesis assays. The pro-angiogenic activities of EVs as well as the candidate microRNA (miRNA or miR) were examined using an in vivo Matrigel angiogenesis model. The results indicated that the levels of miR-144 in the NPC tissues were upregulated when compared to the nasopharyngeal normal tissues in addition to the identification of a positive correlation with the expression of CD31. Moreover, our data indicated that miR-144 was highly enriched in EVs from NPC cells and then ultimately enhanced the migration and invasion of HUVECs and vessel-like tubes in vitro and in vivo. Notably, miR-144 was identified as a mediator in NPC-EV-induced regulatory effects through the inhibition of the target gene FBXW7 and promotion of the transcriptional factor HIF-1α-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A). Taken together, the key findings of the current study highlighted the role of miR-144 as an extracellular pro-angiogenic mediator in NPC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuehui Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Shuhong Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
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Wu K, Cai Z, Liu B, Hu Y, Yang P. RUNX2 promotes vascular injury repair by activating miR-23a and inhibiting TGFBR2. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:363. [PMID: 33842584 PMCID: PMC8033336 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous evidence has suggested that the transcription factor, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), promotes the repair of vascular injury and activates the expression of microRNA-23a (miR-23a). TGF-β receptor type II (TGFBR2) has been found to mediate smooth muscle cells (SMCs) following arterial injury. However, the interactions among RUNX2, miR-23a and TGFBR2 in vascular injury have not been investigated thoroughly yet. Therefore, we aim to explore the mechanism of how RUNX2 triggers the expression of miR-23a and its effects on the repair of vascular injury. Methods C57BL/6 mice were used to produce a model of arterial injury in vivo. Mouse arterial SMCs were isolated for in vitro cell injury induction by 100 nmol/L tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Gain-and loss-of-function studies were conducted to assess cell viability and apoptosis by using cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay and flow cytometry respectively. The levels of TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The interaction between RUNX2 and miR-23a was identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter assays, while the targeting relationship between miR-23a and TGFBR2 was analyzed by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and dual luciferase reporter assays. Results Both RUNX2 and miR-23a exhibited low levels of expressions, while TGFBR2 had a high level of expression in mice with induced arterial injury. RUNX2 was found to bind to the promoter of miR-23a and activate miR-23a, while miR-23a targeted TGFBR2. Ectopic RUNX2 expression inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, and promoted collagen content by upregulating miR-23a and downregulating TGFBR2. Furthermore, the overexpression of RUNX2 increased viability and decreased apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by activating miR-23a. Conclusions The overexpression of RUNX2 elevated the expression of miR-23, thus inhibiting TGFBR2 and promoting vascular injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhou Cai
- Department of General & Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Center for Experimental Medical Research, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of General & Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Role of extracellular vesicles in tumour microenvironment. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:163. [PMID: 33081785 PMCID: PMC7574205 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be released by almost all cell types, and detected in most body fluids. In the tumour microenvironment (TME), EVs serve as a transport medium for lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. EVs participate in various steps involved in the development and progression of malignant tumours by initiating or suppressing various signalling pathways in recipient cells. Although tumour-derived EVs (T-EVs) are known for orchestrating tumour progression via systemic pathways, EVs from non-malignant cells (nmEVs) also contribute substantially to malignant tumour development. Tumour cells and non-malignant cells typically communicate with each other, both determining the progress of the disease. In this review, we summarise the features of both T-EVs and nmEVs, tumour progression, metastasis, and EV-mediated chemoresistance in the TME. The physiological and pathological effects involved include but are not limited to angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, and immune escape. We discuss potential future directions of the clinical application of EVs, including diagnosis (as non-invasive biomarkers via liquid biopsy) and therapeutic treatment. This may include disrupting EV biogenesis and function, thus utilising the features of EVs to repurpose them as a therapeutic tool in immunotherapy and drug delivery systems. We also discuss the overall findings of current studies, identify some outstanding issues requiring resolution, and propose some potential directions for future research. Video abstract.
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Luo Y, Ma J, Liu F, Guo J, Gui R. Diagnostic value of exosomal circMYC in radioresistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 2020; 42:3702-3711. [PMID: 32945062 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between circulating exosomal circular RNA (circRNA) and prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain unknown. This study focused on the expression of exosomal circMYC and its relationship with the recurrence and prognosis of patients with NPC. METHODS The circulating exosomes were obtained from 210 patients with NPC. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, colony formation, and bioinformatic analysis were performed. RESULTS Circulating exosomal circMYC was significantly increased in patients with NPC and was associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, survival rate, and disease recurrence. Gain-functional and loss-functional experiments revealed that overexpression of circMYC promoted cell proliferation and reduce radiosensitivity, while knockdown of circMYC inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced radiotherapy. CONCLUSION circMYC is an oncogene in NPC cells and can enhance the radiotherapy resistance of NPC cells. Circulating exosomal circMYC can be used as a potential therapeutic target for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Luo
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinqi Ma
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Guo
- National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Gui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Diagnostic and Prognostic Indications of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10090611. [PMID: 32825179 PMCID: PMC7554987 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a disease that is highly associated with the latent infection of Epstein–Barr virus. The absence of obvious clinical signs at the early stage of the disease has made early diagnosis practically impossible, thereby promoting the establishment and progression of the disease. To enhance the stride for a reliable and less invasive tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of NPC, we synopsize biomarkers belonging to the two most implicated biological domains (oncogenes and tumor suppressors) in NPC disease. Since no single biomarker is sufficient for diagnosis and prognosis, coupled with the fact that the known established methods such as methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), multiplex methylation-specific PCR, microarray assays, etc., can only accommodate a few biomarkers, we propose a 10-biomarker panel (KIT, LMP1, PIKC3A, miR-141, and miR-18a/b (oncogenic) and p16, RASSF1A, DAP-kinase, miR-9, and miR-26a (tumor suppressors)) based on their diagnostic and prognostic values. This marker set could be explored in a multilevel or single unified assay for the diagnosis and prognosis of NPC. If carefully harnessed and standardized, it is hoped that the proposed marker set would help transform the diagnostic and prognostic realm of NPC, and ultimately, help prevent the life-threatening late-stage NPC disease.
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Chu YL, Li H, Ng PLA, Kong ST, Zhang H, Lin Y, Tai WCS, Yu ACS, Yim AKY, Tsang HF, Cho WCS, Wong SCC. The potential of circulating exosomal RNA biomarkers in cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:665-678. [PMID: 32188269 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1745064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are great potentials of using exosomal RNAs (exoRNA) as biomarkers in cancers. The isolation of exoRNA requires the use of ultracentrifugation to isolate cell-free RNA followed by detection using real-time PCR, microarray, next-generation sequencing, or Nanostring nCounter system. The use of exoRNA enrichment panels has largely increased the detection sensitivity and specificity when compared to traditional diagnostic tests. Moreover, using exoRNA as biomarkers can assist the early detection of chemo and radioresistance cancer, and in turn opens up the possibility of personalized treatment to patients. Finally, exoRNA can be detected at an early stage of cancer recurrence to improve the survival rate. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarized the detection methods of exoRNA as well as its potential as a biomarker in cancer diagnosis and chemo and radioresistance. EXPERT OPINION The application of exoRNAs in clinical diagnosis is still in its infancy. Further researches on extracellular vesicles isolation, detection protocols, exoRNA classes and subclasses, and the regulatory biological pathways have to be performed before exoRNA can be applied translationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Lam Chu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Harriet Li
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Pik Lan Amanda Ng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Siu Ting Kong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusheng Lin
- Department of Immunotherapy and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - William Chi Shing Tai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Kowloon, China
| | | | | | - Hin Fung Tsang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Novel Therapies Boosting T Cell Immunity in Epstein Barr Virus-Associated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124292. [PMID: 32560253 PMCID: PMC7352617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumour of the head and neck affecting localised regions of the world, with the highest rates described in Southeast Asia, Northern Africa, and Greenland. Its high morbidity rate is linked to both late-stage diagnosis and unresponsiveness to conventional anti-cancer treatments. Multiple aetiological factors have been described including environmental factors, genetics, and viral factors (Epstein Barr Virus, EBV), making NPC treatment that much more complex. The most common forms of NPCs are those that originate from the epithelial tissue lining the nasopharynx and are often linked to EBV infection. Indeed, they represent 75–95% of NPCs in the low-risk populations and almost 100% of NPCs in high-risk populations. Although conventional surgery has been improved with nasopharyngectomy’s being carried out using more sophisticated surgical equipment for better tumour resection, recent findings in the tumour microenvironment have led to novel treatment options including immunotherapies and photodynamic therapy, able to target the tumour and improve the immune system. This review provides an update on the disease’s aetiology and the future of NPC treatments with a focus on therapies activating T cell immunity.
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Guo W, Li Y, Pang W, Shen H. Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Tool Targeting Communications between Tumor Cells and Macrophages. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1953-1964. [PMID: 32563274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes comprise extracellular vesicles (EVs) with diameters between 30 and 150 nm. They transfer proteins, RNA, and other molecules from cell to cell, playing an important role in the interactions between cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been found to contain various cells and molecules that have an important impact on tumor development. In the TME, macrophages have been found to have an important relationship with tumor cells, with tumors recruiting and inducing macrophages to become tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which promote tumor development. Recently, exosomes have been found to play a critical role in the interaction between tumor cells and macrophages. Thus, in this review, we summarize the roles and mechanisms of exosomes in the interaction between tumor cells and macrophages and the potential methods by which exosomes are used to target the communication between tumor cells and macrophages to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Guo
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yashan Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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Wang X, Shi Q, Cui L, Wang K, Gong P, He X, Xu R, Tan M, Cao Y. Tumor-derived exosomes facilitate tumor cells escape from drug therapy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:3416-3425. [PMID: 35117707 PMCID: PMC8798292 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-19-2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers in renal cancer patients. Currently, mTOR and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors are the main targets of clinical drugs used to treat ccRCC. However, the major clinical challenge with these treatments is drug resistance. So far, the mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer are not fully understood. Methods We applied tumor-derived exosomes to treat renal cells to detect the survival rate after co-treated with anti-tumor drugs—TNFα, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor or STAT3 inhibitor. Meanwhile, we also detected the expression change in the protein level related to the proliferation and exosome secretion. Results Exosomes derived from renal carcinoma cells facilitate resistance in tumors cells when given drug therapy via the mTOR-ERK-STAT-NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions Our results provide new insights on tumor cells resistance to drug therapies in general, and that exosomes could be the potential targets in treatment of ccRCC in future clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Pengfeng Gong
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Renfang Xu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Mingdian Tan
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.,Current Address Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yunjie Cao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
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Liu K, Gao L, Ma X, Huang JJ, Chen J, Zeng L, Ashby CR, Zou C, Chen ZS. Long non-coding RNAs regulate drug resistance in cancer. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:54. [PMID: 32164712 PMCID: PMC7066752 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance, whether intrinsic or acquired, is a major obstacle in the treatment of cancer. The resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs can result from various mechanisms. Over the last decade, it has been reported that 1ong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can mediate carcinogenesis and drug resistance/sensitivity in cancer cells. This article reviews, in detail, recent studies regarding the roles of lncRNAs in mediating drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshi Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan Huang
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Juan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Leli Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, NY, 11439, USA.,Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Charles R Ashby
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Chang Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, NY, 11439, USA.
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37
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Liu K, Gao L, Ma X, Huang JJ, Chen J, Zeng L, Ashby CR, Zou C, Chen ZS. Long non-coding RNAs regulate drug resistance in cancer. Mol Cancer 2020. [PMID: 32164712 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01162-0.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance, whether intrinsic or acquired, is a major obstacle in the treatment of cancer. The resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs can result from various mechanisms. Over the last decade, it has been reported that 1ong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can mediate carcinogenesis and drug resistance/sensitivity in cancer cells. This article reviews, in detail, recent studies regarding the roles of lncRNAs in mediating drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshi Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan Huang
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Juan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Leli Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, NY, 11439, USA.,Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Charles R Ashby
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Chang Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, NY, 11439, USA.
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38
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Wei L, Shi C, Zhang Y. Expression of miR-34a and Ki67 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:1273-1280. [PMID: 31966057 PMCID: PMC6956418 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression levels of miR-34a and Ki67 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and the relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis were studied. A prospective study was performed on 56 cases of NPC tissues and 56 cases of adjacent tissues collected in Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital. The expression levels of miR-34a, Ki67 in NPC and adjacent tissues were detected by RT-qPCR. The association among the expression levels of miR-34a and Ki67, the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients was analyzed. The relative expression levels of miR-34a in 56 cases of NPC were lower than those of the adjacent tissues. The expression of miR-34a in NPC was significantly associated with bone metastasis and TNM staging (P<0.001). The relative expression of Ki67 in 56 cases of NPC was higher than that of the adjacent tissues. The expression of Ki67 in NPC was significantly associated with lymphatic metastasis and TNM staging (P<0.001). The 5-year survival of patients with low expression of miR-34a was significantly lower than that of patients with high expression, and the survival of patients with high expression of Ki67 was significantly lower than that of patients with low expression. According to Pearson's correlation analysis, Ki67 expression was negatively correlated with miR-34a expression in NPC tissues. In conclusion, the expression of Ki67 in NPC was upregulated, while the expression of miR-34a in NPC was downregulated. miR-34a expression in NPC was significantly associated with bone metastasis and TNM staging, and Ki67 expression in NPC was significantly associated with lymphatic metastasis and TNM staging. In addition, there was a negative correlation between miR-34a and Ki67 expression levels, and the two can be used as predictors of NPC-associated mortality. The expression levels of miR-34a and Ki67, as well as TNM staging were associated with the prognosis of NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
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Han Y, Liao Q, Wang H, Rao S, Yi P, Tang L, Tian Y, Oyang L, Wang H, Shi Y, Zhou Y. High expression of calreticulin indicates poor prognosis and modulates cell migration and invasion via activating Stat3 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:5460-5468. [PMID: 31632490 PMCID: PMC6775705 DOI: 10.7150/jca.35362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Emerging evidence suggests that calreticulin (CALR) has great impacts on the tumor formation and progression of various cancers, but the role of CALR remains controversial. We investigated the expression and clinical significance of CALR in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of CALR in NPC tissues, and the correlation of CALR with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis were analyzed. The cell functions of CALR in NPC cells were also performed in vitro. Results: Compared with non-tumor nasopharyngeal epithelium (NPE) tissues, CALR expression was markedly up-regulated in NPC tissues (P < 0.001), and the high expression of CALR was positively associated with advanced clinical stage (P=0.003) and metastasis (P=0.023). Compared to the patients with low expression of CALR, patients who displayed high expression of CALR may achieve a poorer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that high expression of CALR was an independent predictor of poor prognosis. In addition, we found that knockdown of CALR significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of CNE2 and HONE1 cells in vitro, and the mechanism might be associated with inactivation of Stat3 signaling pathway. Conclusion: CALR may promote NPC progression and metastasis via involving Stat3 signaling pathway, and can be regarded as an effective potential predictor for progression and prognosis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Han
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Heran Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Rao
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Pin Yi
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yingrui Shi
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
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40
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Pardini B, Sabo AA, Birolo G, Calin GA. Noncoding RNAs in Extracellular Fluids as Cancer Biomarkers: The New Frontier of Liquid Biopsies. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1170. [PMID: 31416190 PMCID: PMC6721601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The last two decades of cancer research have been devoted in two directions: (1) understanding the mechanism of carcinogenesis for an effective treatment, and (2) improving cancer prevention and screening for early detection of the disease. This last aspect has been developed, especially for certain types of cancers, thanks also to the introduction of new concepts such as liquid biopsies and precision medicine. In this context, there is a growing interest in the application of alternative and noninvasive methodologies to search for cancer biomarkers. The new frontiers of the research lead to a search for RNA molecules circulating in body fluids. Searching for biomarkers in extracellular body fluids represents a better option for patients because they are easier to access, less painful, and potentially more economical. Moreover, the possibility for these types of samples to be taken repeatedly, allows a better monitoring of the disease progression or treatment efficacy for a better intervention and dynamic treatment of the patient, which is the fundamental basis of personalized medicine. RNA molecules, freely circulating in body fluids or packed in microvesicles, have all the characteristics of the ideal biomarkers owing to their high stability under storage and handling conditions and being able to be sampled several times for monitoring. Moreover, as demonstrated for many cancers, their plasma/serum levels mirror those in the primary tumor. There are a large variety of RNA species noncoding for proteins that could be used as cancer biomarkers in liquid biopsies. Among them, the most studied are microRNAs, but recently the attention of the researcher has been also directed towards Piwi-interacting RNAs, circular RNAs, and other small noncoding RNAs. Another class of RNA species, the long noncoding RNAs, is larger than microRNAs and represents a very versatile and promising group of molecules which, apart from their use as biomarkers, have also a possible therapeutic role. In this review, we will give an overview of the most common noncoding RNA species detectable in extracellular fluids and will provide an update concerning the situation of the research on these molecules as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pardini
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy.
- Unit of Molecular Epidemiology and Exposome, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Alexandru Anton Sabo
- Department of Pediatrics, Marie Curie Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, 077120 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Giovanni Birolo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Unit of Molecular Epidemiology and Exposome, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - George Adrian Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in its etiological association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, hidden anatomical location, remarkable racial and geographical distribution, and high incidence of locoregional recurrence or metastasis. Thanks to the advancements in proteomics in recent decades, more understanding of the disease etiology, carcinogenesis, and progression has been gained, potentially deciphering the molecular characteristics of the malignancy. Areas covered: In this review, we provide an overview of the proteomic aberrations that are likely involved or drive NPC development and progression, focusing on the contributions of major EBV-encoded factors, intercommunication with environment, protein features of high metastasis and therapy resistance, and protein-protein interactions that allow NPC cells to evade immune recognition and elimination. Finally, multistep carcinogenesis and subtypes of NPC from a proteomic perspective are inquired. Expert commentary: Proteomic studies have covered various aspects involved in NPC pathogenesis, yet much remains to be uncovered. Coherent study designs, optimal conditions for obtaining high-quality data, and compelling interpretation are critical in ensuring the emergence of good science out of NPC proteomics. NPC proteogenomics and proteoform analysis are two promising fields to promote the application of the proteomic findings from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhefeng Xiao
- a NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- a NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
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42
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Xie Y, Dang W, Zhang S, Yue W, Yang L, Zhai X, Yan Q, Lu J. The role of exosomal noncoding RNAs in cancer. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:37. [PMID: 30849983 PMCID: PMC6408816 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) membranes enclose nanosized vesicles with a size range of 30-150 nm and are plentiful in our body in both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes, a type of EV, are important mediators of intracellular communication among tumor cells, immune cells, and stromal cells. They can shuttle bioactive molecules, such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA; however, the precise function of EVs remains largely unknown. In recent years, tumor-associated cargo in exosomes has been a hot topic in research, especially with respect to noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Herein, we review the role of exosomal ncRNAs, including miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, in tumor biological processes. Clinically, exosomal ncRNAs may eventually become novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Wei Dang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Wenxing Yue
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xingyu Zhai
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Qijia Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China. .,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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43
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Li SL, An N, Liu B, Wang SY, Wang JJ, Ye Y. Exosomes from LNCaP cells promote osteoblast activity through miR-375 transfer. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4463-4473. [PMID: 30988815 PMCID: PMC6447935 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that exosomes influence tumour metastasis, diagnosis and treatment. In addition, exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are closely associated with the metastatic microenvironment; however, the regulatory role of exosomal miRNAs from prostate cancer cells on bone metastasis remains poorly understood. In the present study, a series of experiments were performed to determine whether exosomal miR-375 from LNCaP cells promote osteoblast activity. Exosomes were isolated and purified by ultracentrifugation, total RNA from cells and total miRNA from exosomes were then extracted, and miR-375 levels were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Exosome libraries from LNCaP and RWPE-1 cells were sequenced and selected using an Illumina HiSeq™ 2500 system. The effects of exosomes on osteoblasts were determined and osteoblast activity was evaluated by measuring the activity of alkaline phosphatase, the extent of extracellular matrix mineralisation and the expression of osteoblast activity-associated marker genes. Morphological observations, particle size analysis and molecular phenotyping confirmed that cell supernatants contained exosomes. Differential expression analysis confirmed high miR-375 expression levels in LNCaP cell-derived exosomes. The ability of exosomes to enter osteoblasts and increase their levels of miR-375 was further analysed. The results demonstrated that exosomal miR-375 significantly promoted osteoblast activity. In conclusion, the present study may lead to further investigation of the function role of exosomal miR-375 in the activation and differentiation of osteoblasts in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Liang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Na An
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shaanxi Jiaotong Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Yun Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
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44
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Spugnini EP, Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. A Role of Tumor-Released Exosomes in Paracrine Dissemination and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3968. [PMID: 30544664 PMCID: PMC6321583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic diffusion is thought to be a multi-step phenomenon involving the release of cells from the primary tumor and their diffusion through the body. Currently, several hypotheses have been put forward in order to explain the origin of cancer metastasis, including epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition, mutagenesis of stem cells, and a facilitating role of macrophages, involving, for example, transformation or fusion hybridization with neoplastic cells. In this paradigm, tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, play a pivotal role in cell communications, delivering a plethora of biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. For their natural role in shuttling molecules, EVs have been newly considered a part of the metastatic cascade. They have a prominent role in preparing the so-called "tumor niches" in target organs. However, recent evidence has pointed out an even more interesting role of tumor EVs, consisting in their ability to induce malignant transformation in resident mesenchymal stem cells. All in all, in this review, we discuss the multiple involvements of EVs in the metastatic cascade, and how we can exploit and manipulate EVs in order to reduce the metastatic spread of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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