TRIM37 contributes to malignant outcomes and CDDP resistance in gastric cancer

Nanobubble-mediated co-delivery of siTRIM37 and IR780 for gene and sonodynamic combination therapy against triple negative breast cancer

Gene therapy often fails due to enzyme degradation and low transfection efficiency, and single gene therapy usually cannot completely kill tumor cells. Several studies have reported that tripartite motif-containing protein 37 (TRIM37) plays a significant role in promoting the occurrence and development of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Herein, we constructed siTRIM37 and IR780 co-loaded nanobubbles (NBs) to achieve the combination of gene therapy and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) against TNBC. On the one hand, ultrasound irradiation causes siRNA@IR780 NBs rupture to produce ultrasound targeted NB destruction effect, which promotes the entry of IR780 and siTRIM37 into cells, increasing the local concentration of IR780 and gene transfection efficiency. On the other hand, under the stimulation of ultrasound, IR780 generates reactive oxygen species to kill TNBC cells. Mechanism studies reveal that TRIM37 is an anti-apoptotic gene in TNBC, and inhibiting TRIM37 expression can induce cell death through the apoptotic pathway. And the combination of siTRIM37 and SDT can aggravate the degree of apoptosis to increase cell death. Therefore, siRNA@IR780 NBs-mediated combination therapy may provide a new treatment approach for TNBC in the future.

Intricate confrontation: Research progress and application potential of TRIM family proteins in tumor immune escape

BACKGROUND

Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins have more than 80 members and are widely found in various eukaryotic cells. Most TRIM family proteins participate in the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation system as E3-ubiquitin ligases; therefore, they play pivotal regulatory roles in the occurrence and development of tumors, including tumor immune escape. Due to the diversity of functional domains of TRIM family proteins, they can extensively participate in multiple signaling pathways of tumor immune escape through different substrates. In current research and clinical contexts, immune escape has become an urgent problem. The extensive participation of TRIM family proteins in curing tumors or preventing postoperative recurrence and metastasis makes them promising targets.

AIM OF REVIEW

The aim of the review is to make up for the gap in the current research on TRIM family proteins and tumor immune escape and propose future development directions according to the current progress and problems.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This up-to-date review summarizes the characteristics and biological functions of TRIM family proteins, discusses the mechanisms of TRIM family proteins involved in tumor immune escape, and highlights the specific mechanism from the level of structure-function-molecule-pathway-phenotype, including mechanisms at the level of protein domains and functions, at the level of molecules and signaling pathways, and at the level of cells and microenvironments. We also discuss the application potential of TRIM family proteins in tumor immunotherapy, such as possible treatment strategies for combination targeting TRIM family protein drugs and checkpoint inhibitors for improving cancer treatment.

Autophagy-Related Gene WD Repeat Domain 45B Promotes Tumor Proliferation and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma through the Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor. It has been found that autophagy plays a role both as a tumor promoter and inhibitor in HCC carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism behind is still unveiled. This study aims to explore the functions and mechanism of the key autophagy-related proteins, to shed light on novel clinical diagnoses and treatment targets of HCC. Bioinformation analyses were performed by using data from public databases including TCGA, ICGC, and UCSC Xena. The upregulated autophagy-related gene WDR45B was identified and validated in human liver cell line LO2, human HCC cell line HepG2 and Huh-7. Immunohistochemical assay (IHC) was also performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of 56 HCC patients from our pathology archives. By using qRT-PCR and Western blots we found that high expression of WDR45B influenced the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Autophagy marker LC3- II/LC3-I was downregulated, and p62/SQSTM1 was upregulated after knockdown of WDR45B. The effects of WDR45B knockdown on autophagy and Akt/mTOR signaling pathways can be reversed by the autophagy inducer rapamycin. Moreover, proliferation and migration of HCC can be inhibited after the knockdown of WDR45B through the CCK8 assay, wound-healing assay and Transwell cell migration and invasion assay. Therefore, WDR45B may become a novel biomarker for HCC prognosis assessment and potential target for molecular therapy.

Circular RNAs as emerging players in cervical cancer tumorigenesis; A review to roles and biomarker potentials

Cervical cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer among women worldwide. Most of the patients are diagnosed at the advanced stages due to late diagnosis and lack of accessible and valuable approaches for early detection of the disease. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a distinguishable class of non-coding RNAs with characteristic loop structures. Although their function has not been completely elucidated; however, recent evidence has suggested regulatory functions for circRNAs on gene expression controlling various biological functions like cell growth and apoptosis, development, embryogenesis, and pathogenesis of human diseases particularly cancers. Studies show the role of dysregulated circRNAs in biological processes including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance contributing to affect tumorigenesis in ovarian cancer cells, animal, and clinical studies. These effects can be defined as consistent with several tumorigenesis characteristics, which are defined as "hallmarks of cancer". Additionally, dysregulated circRNAs exhibit prognostic, and diagnostic potentials both in the prediction of prognosis in ovarian cancer patients, and also their discrimination from healthy individuals. Furthermore, targeting circRNAs has shown positive results in the suppression of malignant features of cancer cells, and also in overcoming chemoresistance. In this review, I have gathered the majority of studies evaluating the role of circRNAs in the development, and progression of cervical cancer, and also have discussed prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic potentials of circRNAs for clinical applications in cervical cancer patients.

Upregulation of ECT2 Predicts Adverse Clinical Outcomes and Increases 5-Fluorouracil Resistance in Gastric Cancer Patients

Background

The abnormal expression and prognosis prediction of epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2) in gastric cancer (GC) has been reported. However, the effect of ECT2 on 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) resistance in GC is unclear. This research aims to solve the abovementioned problems.

Methods

Gene expression was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. Cell viability was evaluated by the colony formation assay, MTT assay, and flow cytometric analysis. Transwell and wound healing assays were used to detect cell metastasis.

Results

Upregulation of ECT2 was found in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) and GC tissues. In addition, high ECT2 expression can predict adverse clinical outcomes in GC patients. More importantly, ECT2 knockdown weakened the resistance of 5-FU in GC cells. ECT2 silencing reduced the cell migratory and invasive abilities of GC cells treated with 5-FU. We also found that downregulation of ECT2 increased 5-FU sensitivity in GC cells by downregulating P-gp, MRP1, and Bcl-2.

Conclusion

Upregulation of ECT2 can predict adverse clinical outcomes and increase 5-FU resistance in GC patients.