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Castañeda-Sánchez CY, Chimal-Vega B, León-Gutiérrez R, Araiza-Robles AE, Serafín-Higuera N, Pulido-Capiz A, Rivero IA, Díaz-Molina R, Alatorre-Meda M, Rodríguez-Velázquez E, García-González V. Low-Density Lipoproteins Increase Proliferation, Invasion, and Chemoresistance via an Exosome Autocrine Mechanism in MDA-MB-231 Chemoresistant Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:742. [PMID: 38672098 PMCID: PMC11048396 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemias involving high concentrations of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) increase the risk of developing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), wherein cholesterol metabolism and protein translation initiation mechanisms have been linked with chemoresistance. Doxorubicin (Dox) treatment, a member of the anthracycline family, represents a typical therapeutic strategy; however, chemoresistance remains a significant challenge. Exosomes (Exs) secreted by tumoral cells have been implicated in cell communication pathways and chemoresistance mechanisms; the content of exosomes is an outcome of cellular cholesterol metabolism. We previously induced Dox resistance in TNBC cell models, characterizing a variant denominated as variant B cells. Our results suggest that LDL internalization in parental and chemoresistant variant B cells is associated with increased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and spheroid growth. We identified the role of eIF4F translation initiation factor and the down-regulation of tumor suppressor gene PDCD4, an inhibitor of eIF4A, in chemoresistant variant B cells. In addition, the exomes secreted by variant B cells were characterized by the protein content, electronic microscopy, and cell internalization assays. Critically, exosomes purified from LDL-treated variant B cell promoted cell proliferation, migration, and an increment in lactate concentration. Our results suggest that an autocrine phenomenon induced by exosomes in chemoresistant cells may induce modifications on signaling mechanisms of the p53/Mdm2 axis and activation of p70 ribosomal protein kinase S6. Moreover, the specific down-regulated profile of chaperones Hsp90 and Hsp70 secretion inside the exosomes of the chemoresistant variant could be associated with this phenomenon. Therefore, autocrine activation mediated by exosomes and the effect of LDL internalization may influence changes in exosome chaperone content and modulate proliferative signaling pathways, increasing the aggressiveness of MDA-MB-231 chemoresistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Y. Castañeda-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico; (C.Y.C.-S.); (B.C.-V.); (R.L.-G.); (A.E.A.-R.); (A.P.-C.); (R.D.-M.)
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Brenda Chimal-Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico; (C.Y.C.-S.); (B.C.-V.); (R.L.-G.); (A.E.A.-R.); (A.P.-C.); (R.D.-M.)
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Roberto León-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico; (C.Y.C.-S.); (B.C.-V.); (R.L.-G.); (A.E.A.-R.); (A.P.-C.); (R.D.-M.)
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ernesto Araiza-Robles
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico; (C.Y.C.-S.); (B.C.-V.); (R.L.-G.); (A.E.A.-R.); (A.P.-C.); (R.D.-M.)
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Nicolás Serafín-Higuera
- Facultad de Odontología Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico;
| | - Angel Pulido-Capiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico; (C.Y.C.-S.); (B.C.-V.); (R.L.-G.); (A.E.A.-R.); (A.P.-C.); (R.D.-M.)
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Ignacio A. Rivero
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Tijuana 22510, Mexico;
| | - Raúl Díaz-Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico; (C.Y.C.-S.); (B.C.-V.); (R.L.-G.); (A.E.A.-R.); (A.P.-C.); (R.D.-M.)
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Manuel Alatorre-Meda
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química-Grupo de Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CONAHCYT-Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Tijuana 22510, Mexico;
| | - Eustolia Rodríguez-Velázquez
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico;
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química-Grupo de Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Tijuana 22510, Mexico
| | - Victor García-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico; (C.Y.C.-S.); (B.C.-V.); (R.L.-G.); (A.E.A.-R.); (A.P.-C.); (R.D.-M.)
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
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Guo L, Cheng H, Liu J, Shao W, Luo L, Zheng W, Sun S, Kong D, Chen C. Based on whole-exome sequencing to explore the rule of Herceptin and TKI resistance in breast cancer patients. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:25. [PMID: 38243282 PMCID: PMC10799408 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women, and drug resistance during treatment is a major challenge. However, the mechanisms underlying drug resistance are not fully understood. Here we applied whole-exome sequencing (WES) to clarify resistant rules to Herceptin and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). METHODS There are 12 HER2+ breast cancer patients who were done WES. Samples from tumor and surrounding tissues underwent DNA sequencing and analysis. Various experimental and bioinformatics techniques were employed, including genomic capture, mutation analysis (Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK), etc.), bioinformatics assessments, and drug-gene interaction investigations. Ultimately, the study explored the association of APOB gene expression with breast cancer recurrence rates, immune cell infiltration, and drug response. RESULTS The C > T mutation frequency was highest in the Herceptin-insensitive (HI) and verification groups, codenamed YI, contrasting with the Herceptin-sensitive (HE) group. No microsatellite instability (MSI)-H patients were in the HE group, but both HI and YI groups had 1 each. Significant differences in transition-transversion (TiTv) were observed in the HI and YI groups rather than the HE group. In the TKI- insensitive (TI) group, C > T mutations were highest, differing from the TKI-sensitive (TE) group. TE group included 2 MSI-H patients. Significant differences in TiTv were found in the TI group rather than the TE group. Mutated APOB may resist Herceptin and TKI, increasing immune infiltration. We identified potential drugs targeting it. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that a higher percentage of C > T mutations, significant differences in TiTv, and MSI-H status may indicate Herceptin resistance, while a higher percentage of C > T mutations, significant differences in TiTv, and the absence of MSI-H may indicate TKI resistance in breast cancer patients. For patients resistant to both Herceptin and TKI, mutated APOB may play a crucial role in resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liantao Guo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of breast surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer, No.116 Zhuo Daoquan South Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikang Shao
- Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28 Guiyi Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Zheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Deguang Kong
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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Coradini D. Impact of De Novo Cholesterol Biosynthesis on the Initiation and Progression of Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2024; 14:64. [PMID: 38254664 PMCID: PMC10813427 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol (CHOL) is a multifaceted lipid molecule. It is an essential structural component of cell membranes, where it cooperates in regulating the intracellular trafficking and signaling pathways. Additionally, it serves as a precursor for vital biomolecules, including steroid hormones, isoprenoids, vitamin D, and bile acids. Although CHOL is normally uptaken from the bloodstream, cells can synthesize it de novo in response to an increased requirement due to physiological tissue remodeling or abnormal proliferation, such as in cancer. Cumulating evidence indicated that increased CHOL biosynthesis is a common feature of breast cancer and is associated with the neoplastic transformation of normal mammary epithelial cells. After an overview of the multiple biological activities of CHOL and its derivatives, this review will address the impact of de novo CHOL production on the promotion of breast cancer with a focus on mammary stem cells. The review will also discuss the effect of de novo CHOL production on in situ and invasive carcinoma and its impact on the response to adjuvant treatment. Finally, the review will discuss the present and future therapeutic strategies to normalize CHOL biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Coradini
- Laboratory of Medical Statistics and Biometry, "Giulio A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Campus Cascina Rosa, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Vigne S, Pot C. Implication of Oxysterols and Phytosterols in Aging and Human Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:231-260. [PMID: 38036883 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is easily oxidized and can be transformed into numerous oxidation products, among which oxysterols. Phytosterols are plant sterols related to cholesterol. Both oxysterols and phytosterols can have an impact on human health and diseases.Cholesterol is a member of the sterol family that plays essential roles in biological processes, including cell membrane stability and myelin formation. Cholesterol can be metabolized into several molecules including bile acids, hormones, and oxysterols. On the other hand, phytosterols are plant-derived compounds structurally related to cholesterol, which can also have an impact on human health. Here, we review the current knowledge about the role of oxysterols and phytosterols on human health and focus on the impact of their pathways on diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), vascular diseases, and cancer in both experimental models and human studies. We will first discuss the implications of oxysterols and then of phytosterols in different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Yan S, Wang J, Chen H, Zhang D, Imam M. Divergent features of ERβ isoforms in triple negative breast cancer: progress and implications for further research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1240386. [PMID: 37936981 PMCID: PMC10626554 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1240386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) was discovered more than 20 years ago. However, the extent and role of ERβ expression in breast cancer remain controversial, especially in the context of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ERβ exists as multiple isoforms, and a series of studies has revealed an inconsistent role of ERβ isoforms in TNBC. Our recent results demonstrated contrasting functions of ERβ1 and ERβ2/β5 in TNBC. Additional research should be conducted to explore the functions of individual ERβ isoforms and develop targeted drugs according to the relevant mechanisms. Consequently, a systematic review of ERβ isoforms is necessary. In this review, we overview the structure of ERβ isoforms and detail what is known about the function of ERβ isoforms in normal mammary tissue and breast cancer. Moreover, this review highlights the divergent features of ERβ isoforms in TNBC. This review also provides insights into the implications of targeting ERβ isoforms for clinical treatment. In conclusion, this review provides a framework delineating the roles and mechanisms of different ERβ isoforms in TNBC and sheds light on future directions for basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchao Yan
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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6
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Georgiev A, Chervenkov L, Koleva D, Anastasova V. Obesity control and liver health in breast cancer: Normalized hepatic elasticity after ketogenic diet. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20449. [PMID: 37780747 PMCID: PMC10539953 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most socially significant diseases, including breast cancer, are undeniably linked to obesity. Recently, a positive relationship between excessive weight and increased risk of breast cancer poor outcomes has been proved. Liver integrity is an essential point during chemotherapy. Consequently, a hepatic safe therapeutic approach for managing obesity in patients with breast cancer should be initiated. Our study aimed to assess the impact of the ketogenic diet on body mass index (BMI) and to evaluate its safety on liver function in female patients with breast cancer. The study comprised 520 women with ductal breast cancer who underwent a 60-day modified ketogenic diet. BMI, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin clotting time (aPTT), aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), and ultrasound liver elasticity was evaluated before and after the diet. The results showed a significant decrease in BMI and an improvement in ultrasound liver elasticity in all the participants after completing the diet. Before the KD, the participants' median BMI was 35.0 kg/m2, and after the 60-day diet, the median BMI was reduced to 30.0 kg/m2. No significant liver parameter changes were found after the diet. In conclusion, we can safely promote the keto diet amongst individuals with an increased chance of developing breast cancer for a better disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Georgiev
- Medical University of Plovdiv, Department of Diagnostic Imaging; 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
- Complex Oncology Center of Plovdiv, 62 Pere Toshev Str., Plovdiv, 4004, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubomir Chervenkov
- Medical University of Plovdiv, Department of Diagnostic Imaging; 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Koleva
- Medical University of Plovdiv, Department of Endocrinology; 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Vanya Anastasova
- Medical University of Plovdiv, Department of Plastic Surgery, 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
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DeRouen MC, Yang J, Li Y, Franke AA, Tome AN, White KK, Hernandez BY, Shvetsov Y, Setiawan V, Wu AH, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Loo LWM, Cheng I. Circulating 27-hydroxycholesterol, lipids, and steroid hormones in breast cancer risk: a nested case-control study of the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:95. [PMID: 37580793 PMCID: PMC10424359 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory studies have indicated that a cholesterol metabolite and selective estrogen receptor modulator, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), may be important in breast cancer etiology and explain associations between obesity and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Epidemiologic evidence for 27HC in breast cancer risk is limited, particularly in multiethnic populations. METHODS In a nested case-control study of 1470 breast cancer cases and 1470 matched controls within the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we examined associations of pre-diagnostic circulating 27HC with breast cancer risk among African American, Japanese American, Native Hawaiian, Latino, and non-Latino White postmenopausal females. We used multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, education, parity, body mass index, and smoking status. Stratified analyses were conducted across racial and ethnic groups, hormone receptor (HR) status, and use of lipid-lowering drugs. We assessed interactions of 27HC with steroid hormones. RESULTS 27HC levels were inversely related to breast cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58, 1.12), but the association was not statistically significant in the full model. Directions of associations differed by racial and ethnic group. Results suggested an inverse association with HR-negative breast cancer (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.20, 1.06). 27HC interacted with testosterone, but not estrone, on risk of breast cancer; 27HC was only inversely associated with risk among those with the highest levels of testosterone (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.24, 0.86). CONCLUSION This is the first US study to examine circulating 27HC and breast cancer risk and reports a weak inverse association that varies across racial and ethnic groups and testosterone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy C DeRouen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94538, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94538, USA.
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94538, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94538, USA
| | - Adrian A Franke
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Anne N Tome
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kami K White
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Brenda Y Hernandez
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Yurii Shvetsov
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Veronica Setiawan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lenora W M Loo
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Iona Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94538, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94538, USA.
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Saha ST, Abdulla N, Zininga T, Shonhai A, Wadee R, Kaur M. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2828. [PMID: 37345165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol accumulation is documented in various malignancies including breast cancer. Consequently, depleting cholesterol in cancer cells can serve as a viable treatment strategy. We identified the potency of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), a cholesterol-depletor in vitro against two breast cancer cell lines: MCF-7 (Oestrogen-receptor positive, ER+) and MDA-MB-231 (Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)). The results were then compared against two non-cancerous cell lines using cytotoxic-, apoptosis-, and cholesterol-based assays. Treatment with HPβCD showed preferential and significant cytotoxic potential in cancer cells, inducing apoptosis in both cancer cell lines (p < 0.001). This was mediated due to significant depletion of cholesterol (p < 0.001). We further tested HPβCD in a MF-1 mice (n = 14) xenograft model and obtained 73.9%, 94% and 100% reduction in tumour size for late-, intermediate-, and early-stage TNBC, respectively. We also detected molecular-level perturbations in the expression patterns of several genes linked to breast cancer and cholesterol signalling pathways using RT2-PCR arrays and have identified SFRP1 as a direct binding partner to HPβCD through SPR drug interaction analysis. This work unravels mechanistic insights into HPβCD-induced cholesterol depletion, which leads to intrinsic apoptosis induction. Results from this study potentiate employing cholesterol depletion as a promising unconventional anticancer therapeutic strategy, which warrants future clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Taru Saha
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS-2050, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Naaziyah Abdulla
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS-2050, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Reubina Wadee
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand/National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS-2050, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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du Plessis TL, Abdulla N, Kaur M. The utility of 3D models to study cholesterol in cancer: Insights and future perspectives. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1156246. [PMID: 37077827 PMCID: PMC10106729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1156246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol remains a vital molecule required for life; however, increasing evidence exists implicating cholesterol in cancer development and progression. Numerous studies investigating the relationship between cholesterol and cancer in 2-dimensional (2D) culture settings exist, however these models display inherent limitations highlighting the incipient need to develop better models to study disease pathogenesis. Due to the multifaceted role cholesterol plays in the cell, researchers have begun utilizing 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems, namely, spheroids and organoids to recapitulate cellular architecture and function. This review aims to describe current studies exploring the relationship between cancer and cholesterol in a variety of cancer types using 3D culture systems. We briefly discuss cholesterol dyshomeostasis in cancer and introduce 3D in-vitro culture systems. Following this, we discuss studies performed in cancerous spheroid and organoid models that focused on cholesterol, highlighting the dynamic role cholesterol plays in various cancer types. Finally, we attempt to provide potential gaps in research that should be explored in this rapidly evolving field of study.
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Singhal SK, Al-Marsoummi S, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Lauckner B, Beyer T, Basson MD. Schlafen 12 Slows TNBC Tumor Growth, Induces Luminal Markers, and Predicts Favorable Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:402. [PMID: 36672349 PMCID: PMC9856841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) protein regulates triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) growth, differentiation, and proliferation. SLFN12 mRNA expression strongly correlates with TNBC patient survival. We sought to explore SLFN12 overexpression effects on in vivo human TNBC tumor xenograft growth and performed RNA-seq on xenografts to investigate related SLFN12 pathways. Stable SLFN12 overexpression reduced tumorigenesis, increased tumor latency, and reduced tumor volume. RNA-seq showed that SLFN12 overexpressing xenografts had higher luminal markers levels, suggesting that TNBC cells switched from an undifferentiated basal phenotype to a more differentiated, less aggressive luminal phenotype. SLFN12-overexpressing xenografts increased less aggressive BC markers, HER2 receptors ERBB2 and EGFR expression, which are not detectable by immunostaining in TNBC. Two cancer progression pathways, the NAD signaling pathway and the superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, were downregulated with SLFN12 overexpression. RNA-seq identified gene signatures associated with SLFN12 overexpression. Higher gene signature levels indicated good survival when tested on four independent BC datasets. These signatures behaved differently in African Americans than in Caucasian Americans, indicating a possible biological difference between these races that could contribute to the worse survival observed in African Americans with BC. These results suggest an increased SLFN12 expression modulates TNBC aggressiveness through a gene signature that could offer new treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Singhal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Sarmad Al-Marsoummi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Emilie E. Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Bo Lauckner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Trysten Beyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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11
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Huang J, Li H, Wang X, Liang X, Zhao T, Hu J, Bai H, Ge J, Sun S, He J. Impacts of ezetimibe on risks of various types of cancers: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Cancer Prev 2023; 32:89-97. [PMID: 35352704 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ezetimibe is a widely used medication to reduce the plasma cholesterol level, particularly low-density lipoprotein level. However, its impact on cancer remains controversial. Here, its impacts on risks of various types of cancers were meta-analyzed. METHODS PubMed and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched and randomized controlled trials with followed up for at least 24 weeks were selected and included. The experimental group was defined as those patients treated with ezetimibe alone or with other medications, and the control group was defined as those who received a placebo or the matched medication. The number of new cancer cases or cancer-related deaths was extracted. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager (version 5.3). RESULTS Nine trials enrolling 35 222 patients were included in the analyses. Compared with the control group, ezetimibe increased the number of new intestine cancer patients [relative risk (RR), 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.67; P = 0.03] and had a trend to increase the number of new breast cancer patients (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.98-1.98; P = 0.07). There was no significant difference in new hepatobiliary cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer or cancer of other sites. Ezetimibe did not significantly increase the risk of new cancer in total (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.96-1.11; P = 0.38), cancer-related death (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.98-1.26; P = 0.10) or cancer events (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97-1.12; P = 0.30). In terms of lipid-lowering effect, ezetimibe significantly reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSION Ezetimibe may increase the risk of intestine cancer and has a trend of increasing the risk of breast cancer. There is no evidence to support that it increases or decreases the risk of other types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Huijing Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xi Liang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Tianhe Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jingnan Hu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Haiyan Bai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jianli Ge
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Shijiang Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jianming He
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Gastroenterology Research (Hebei), Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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12
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Hwang HJ, Lee KH, Cho JY. ABCA9, an ER cholesterol transporter, inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation via SREBP-2 signaling. Cancer Sci 2022; 114:1451-1463. [PMID: 36576228 PMCID: PMC10067411 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between cholesterol metabolism and cancer development and progression has been recently highlighted. However, the role and function of many cholesterol transporters remain largely unknown. Here, we focused on the ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 9 (ABCA9) transporter given that its expression is significantly downregulated in both canine mammary tumors and human breast cancers, which in breast cancer patients correlates with poor prognosis. We found that ABCA9 is mainly present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is responsible for promoting cholesterol accumulation in this structure. Accordingly, ABCA9 inhibited sterol-regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) translocation from the ER to the nucleus, a crucial step for cholesterol synthesis, resulting in the downregulation of cholesterol synthesis gene expression. ABCA9 expression in breast cancer cells attenuated cell proliferation and reduced their colony-forming abilities. We identified ABCA9 expression to be regulated by Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). Inhibition of PI3K induced enhanced ABCA9 expression through the activation of the PI3K-Akt-FOXO1 pathway in breast cancer cells. Altogether, our study suggests that ABCA9 functions as an ER cholesterol transporter that suppresses cholesterol synthesis via the inhibition of SREBP-2 signaling and that its restoration halts breast cancer cell proliferation. Our findings provide novel insight into the vital role of ABCA9 in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ji Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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González-Ortiz A, Pulido-Capiz A, Castañeda-Sánchez CY, Ibarra-López E, Galindo-Hernández O, Calderón-Fernández MA, López-Cossio LY, Díaz-Molina R, Chimal-Vega B, Serafín-Higuera N, Córdova-Guerrero I, García-González V. eIF4A/PDCD4 Pathway, a Factor for Doxorubicin Chemoresistance in a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Model. Cells 2022; 11:4069. [PMID: 36552834 PMCID: PMC9776898 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells employ several adaptive mechanisms under conditions of accelerated cell division, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is composed of a tripartite signaling system that involves ATF6, PERK, and IRE1, which maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis). However, deregulation of protein translation initiation could be associated with breast cancer (BC) chemoresistance. Specifically, eukaryotic initiation factor-4A (eIF4A) is involved in the unfolding of the secondary structures of several mRNAs at the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR), as well as in the regulation of targets involved in chemoresistance. Importantly, the tumor suppressor gene PDCD4 could modulate this process. This regulation might be disrupted in chemoresistant triple negative-BC (TNBC) cells. Therefore, we characterized the effect of doxorubicin (Dox), a commonly used anthracycline medication, on human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Here, we generated and characterized models of Dox chemoresistance, and chemoresistant cells exhibited lower Dox internalization levels followed by alteration of the IRE1 and PERK arms of the UPR and triggering of the antioxidant Nrf2 axis. Critically, chemoresistant cells exhibited PDCD4 downregulation, which coincided with a reduction in eIF4A interaction, suggesting a sophisticated regulation of protein translation. Likewise, Dox-induced chemoresistance was associated with alterations in cellular migration and invasion, which are key cancer hallmarks, coupled with changes in focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Moreover, eIF4A knockdown via siRNA and its overexpression in chemoresistant cells suggested that eIF4A regulates FAK. Pro-atherogenic low-density lipoproteins (LDL) promoted cellular invasion in parental and chemoresistant cells in an MMP-9-dependent manner. Moreover, Dox only inhibited parental cell invasion. Significantly, chemoresistance was modulated by cryptotanshinone (Cry), a natural terpene purified from the roots of Salvia brandegeei. Cry and Dox co-exposure induced chemosensitization, connected with the Cry effect on eIF4A interaction. We further demonstrated the Cry binding capability on eIF4A and in silico assays suggest Cry inhibition on the RNA-processing domain. Therefore, strategic disruption of protein translation initiation is a druggable pathway by natural compounds during chemoresistance in TNBC. However, plasmatic LDL levels should be closely monitored throughout treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina González-Ortiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Angel Pulido-Capiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - César Y. Castañeda-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Ibarra-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Octavio Galindo-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Maritza Anahí Calderón-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Leslie Y. López-Cossio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Raul Díaz-Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Brenda Chimal-Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Nicolás Serafín-Higuera
- Facultad de Odontología Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
| | - Iván Córdova-Guerrero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22424, Mexico
| | - Victor García-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico
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14
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Wang X, Wang Y, Wang M, Chen X, Cui W, Chen X. The association between serum lipid levels and histological type of breast cancer. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:154. [PMID: 35986413 PMCID: PMC9389787 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have investigated the association between serum lipids level or apolipoprotein levels and breast cancer (BC) risk. However, the relationship between serum lipids level and apolipoprotein levels and histological type of breast cancer remains unclear. This study was aimed to explore the association between serum lipids level and the histological type of BC, particularly to estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positive BC. Materials and methods 220 cases of pathology-confirmed BC were retrospectively collected in this study. Patients’ demographic information, clinical data, and pathological features were obtained from medical records. Serum levels including high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A (ApoA), ApoB, ApoE and lipoprotein a(LP(a)) were collected before treatment. Logistic regression analyses were used to show the association between serum lipids and subtypes of BC. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to analyze the predictive performance. Results There were 70 ER-negative and 73 PR-negative BC. Patients with ER-negative BC had higher HDL-c, higher LDL-c, and higher LP(a) than those in ER-positive one (p < 0.05). Patients with PR-negative BC were more likely to have high LDL-c and high LP(a) levels than patients with PR-positive one (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum HDL-c (odds ratio (OR): 0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10–0.76), LDL-c (OR: 0.19, 95%CI 0.04–0.93) and LP(a) (OR: 0.23,95%CI 0.07–0.80) levels were negatively associated with ER-positive BC, and serum HDL-c and LDL-c levels were significantly negatively associated with PR-positive BC (OR: 0.32, 95%CI 0.12–0.82; OR: 0.14, 95%CI 0.03–0.77). In addition, ER and PR positive BC was negatively associated with serum HDL-c and LDL-c levels (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.17–0.91; OR = 0.22, 95% CI 0.06–0.85) after adjusting with confounders. Serum HDL-c level (OR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.02–0.87) was still independently associated with ER and PR positive BC in postmenopausal women. The area under the curves (AUCs) of HDL-c to identify ER-positive BC, PR-positive BC, and ER and PR positive BC were 0.65 (95%CI 0.58–0.73, P < 0.01), 0.62 (95%CI 0.54–0.69, P < 0.01) and 0.64 (95%CI 0.56–0.72, P < 0.01), respectively. Conclusions Serum HDL-c and LDL-c levels were related to ER or PR positive BC. Lipid levels may also have acceptable performance in identifying BC histological type.
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15
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Muñoz-Ayala A, Chimal-Vega B, García-González V. Translation initiation and its relationship with metabolic mechanisms in cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 132:111-141. [PMID: 36088073 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pathways that regulate protein homeostasis (proteostasis) in cells range from mRNA processing to protein degradation; perturbations in regulatory mechanisms of these pathways can lead to oncogenic cellular processes. Protein synthesis modulation failures are common phenomena in cancer cells, wherein specific conditions that promote the translation of protein factors promoting carcinogenesis are present. These specific conditions may be favored by metabolic lipid alterations like those found in metabolic syndrome and obesity. Protein translation modifications have been described in obesity, favoring the translation of protein targets that benefit lipid accumulation; a determining factor is the activity of the cap-binding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), a crosstalk in protein translation and lipogenesis. Besides, alterations of protein translation initiation steps are critical participants for the development of both pathogenic conditions, cancer, and obesity. This chapter is focused on the regulation of recognition and processing of carcinogenic-mRNA and the connections among lipid metabolism and cell signaling pathways that promote oncogenesis, tumoral microenvironment generation and potentially the development of chemoresistance. We performed an in-depth analysis of events, such as those occurring in obesity and dyslipidemias, that may influence protein translation, driving the recognition of certain mRNAs and favoring cancer development and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Muñoz-Ayala
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México; Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - Brenda Chimal-Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México; Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - Victor García-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México; Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Estudios Metabólicos y Cáncer, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México.
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16
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Benitez-Amaro A, Martínez-Bosch N, Manero-Rupérez N, Claudi L, La Chica Lhoëst MT, Soler M, Ros-Blanco L, Navarro P, Llorente-Cortés V. Peptides against Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Aggregation Inhibit Intracellular Cholesteryl Ester Loading and Proliferation of Pancreatic Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040890. [PMID: 35205638 PMCID: PMC8869901 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dyslipidemia is a modifiable risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most lethal cancers. A key component of dyslipidemia is a high level of small and dense low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). These LDLs have a high probability to be entrapped and modified (aggregated) in the extracellular matrix (ECM), becoming a source of cholesterol for tumor cells. However, the effect of aggregated LDLs on tumor progression has been unexplored. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of modified LDLs on intracellular cholesteryl ester/free cholesterol ratio (CE/FC) and cancer cell growth, and the efficacy of peptides designed to inhibit LDL aggregation on these processes. Our results show that aggregated LDL upregulates the intracellular CE/FC ratio and cell growth in pancreatic cancer and that these upregulatory effects were blocked by peptides against LDL aggregation. We propose that anti-LDL aggregation peptides deserve to be further investigated as anti-tumoral strategies. Abstract Dyslipidemia, metabolic disorders and/or obesity are postulated as risk factors for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The majority of patients with these metabolic alterations have low density lipoproteins (LDLs) with increased susceptibility to become aggregated in the extracellular matrix (ECM). LDL aggregation can be efficiently inhibited by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-based peptides. The objectives of this work were: (i) to determine if aggregated LDLs affect the intracellular cholesteryl ester (CE)/free cholesterol (FC) ratio and/or the tumor pancreatic cell proliferation, using sphingomyelinase-modified LDL particles (Aggregated LDL, AgLDL); and (ii) to test whether LRP1-based peptides, highly efficient against LDL aggregation, can interfere in these processes. For this, we exposed human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, RWP-1 and Capan-1) to native (nLDL) or AgLDLs in the absence or presence of LRP1-based peptides (DP3) or irrelevant peptides (IP321). Results of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) following lipid extraction indicate that AgLDLs induce a higher intracellular CE/FC ratio than nLDL, and that DP3 but not IP321 counteracts this effect. AgLDLs also increase PANC-1 cell proliferation, which is inhibited by the DP3 peptide. Our results indicate that AgLDL-induced intracellular CE accumulation plays a crucial role in the proliferation of pancreatic tumor cell lines. Peptides with anti-LDL aggregation properties may thus exhibit anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyda Benitez-Amaro
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Neus Martínez-Bosch
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.-B.); (N.M.-R.)
| | - Noemí Manero-Rupérez
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.-B.); (N.M.-R.)
| | - Lene Claudi
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Maria Teresa La Chica Lhoëst
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Marta Soler
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Lia Ros-Blanco
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.-B.); (N.M.-R.)
- August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (V.L.-C.)
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortés
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (V.L.-C.)
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17
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Raftopulos NL, Washaya TC, Niederprüm A, Egert A, Hakeem-Sanni MF, Varney B, Aishah A, Georgieva ML, Olsson E, Dos Santos DZ, Nassar ZD, Cochran BJ, Nagarajan SR, Kakani MS, Hastings JF, Croucher DR, Rye KA, Butler LM, Grewal T, Hoy AJ. Prostate cancer cell proliferation is influenced by LDL-cholesterol availability and cholesteryl ester turnover. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:1. [PMID: 35033184 PMCID: PMC8760736 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer growth is driven by androgen receptor signaling, and advanced disease is initially treatable by depleting circulating androgens. However, prostate cancer cells inevitably adapt, resulting in disease relapse with incurable castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy has many side effects, including hypercholesterolemia, and more aggressive and castrate-resistant prostate cancers typically feature cellular accumulation of cholesterol stored in the form of cholesteryl esters. As cholesterol is a key substrate for de novo steroidogenesis in prostate cells, this study hypothesized that castrate-resistant/advanced prostate cancer cell growth is influenced by the availability of extracellular, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived, cholesterol, which is coupled to intracellular cholesteryl ester homeostasis. METHODS C4-2B and PC3 prostate cancer cells were cultured in media supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS), charcoal-stripped FCS (CS-FCS), lipoprotein-deficient FCS (LPDS), or charcoal-stripped LPDS (CS-LPDS) and analyzed by a variety of biochemical techniques. Cell viability and proliferation were measured by MTT assay and Incucyte, respectively. RESULTS Reducing lipoprotein availability led to a reduction in cholesteryl ester levels and cell growth in C4-2B and PC3 cells, with concomitant reductions in PI3K/mTOR and p38MAPK signaling. This reduced growth in LPDS-containing media was fully recovered by supplementation of exogenous low-density lipoprotein (LDL), but LDL only partially rescued growth of cells cultured with CS-LPDS. This growth pattern was not associated with changes in androgen receptor signaling but rather increased p38MAPK and MEK1/ERK/MSK1 activation. The ability of LDL supplementation to rescue cell growth required cholesterol esterification as well as cholesteryl ester hydrolysis activity. Further, growth of cells cultured in low androgen levels (CS-FCS) was suppressed when cholesteryl ester hydrolysis was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these studies demonstrate that androgen-independent prostate cancer cell growth can be influenced by extracellular lipid levels and LDL-cholesterol availability and that uptake of extracellular cholesterol, through endocytosis of LDL-derived cholesterol and subsequent delivery and storage in the lipid droplet as cholesteryl esters, is required to support prostate cancer cell growth. This provides new insights into the relationship between extracellular cholesterol, intracellular cholesterol metabolism, and prostate cancer cell growth and the potential mechanisms linking hypercholesterolemia and more aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki L Raftopulos
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tinashe C Washaya
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas Niederprüm
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonia Egert
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mariam F Hakeem-Sanni
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bianca Varney
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Atqiya Aishah
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mariya L Georgieva
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellinor Olsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Diandra Z Dos Santos
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Biotechnology Program/RENORBIO, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Zeyad D Nassar
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Blake J Cochran
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shilpa R Nagarajan
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meghna S Kakani
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan F Hastings
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Molecular Profile Study of Extracellular Vesicles for the Identification of Useful Small “Hit” in Cancer Diagnosis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the main mediators of cell-cell communication, permitting cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and metabolites in varying physiological and pathological conditions. They contain signature tumor-derived molecules that reflect the intracellular status of their cell of origin. Recent studies have shown that tumor cell-derived EVs can aid in cancer metastasis through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, suppression of the immune system, pre-metastatic niche formation, and subsequent metastasis. EVs can easily be isolated from a variety of biological fluids, and their content makes them useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, monitorization of cancer progression, and response to treatment. This review aims to explore the biomarkers of cancer cell-derived EVs obtained from liquid biopsies, in order to understand cancer progression and metastatic evolution for early diagnosis and precision therapy.
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