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Liu Z, Li S, Anantha P, Thanakornsombut T, Wu L, Chen J, Tsuchiya R, Tripathi AK, Chen Y, Barman I. Plasmodium sporozoite shows distinct motility patterns in responses to three-dimensional environments. iScience 2024; 27:110463. [PMID: 39129829 PMCID: PMC11315120 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
During malaria infection, Plasmodium sporozoites, the fast-moving stage of the parasite, are injected by a mosquito into the skin of the mammalian host. In the skin, sporozoites need to migrate through the dermal tissue to enter the blood vessel. Sporozoite motility is critical for infection but not well understood. Here, we used collagen hydrogels with tunable fiber structures, as an in vitro model for the skin. After injecting sporozoites into the hydrogel, we analyzed their motility in three-dimension (3D). We found that sporozoites demonstrated chiral motility, in that they mostly follow right-handed helical trajectories. In high-concentration collagen gel, sporozoites have lower instantaneous speed, but exhibit straighter tracks compared to low-concentration collagen gel, which leads to longer net displacement and faster dissemination. Taken together, our study indicates an inner mechanism for sporozoites to adapt to the environment, which could help with their successful exit from the skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Songman Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pooja Anantha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lintong Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryohma Tsuchiya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abhai K. Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Rietbergen DDD, Buckle T, Slof LJ, van Meerbeek MP, de Korne CM, Welling MM, van Oosterom MN, Bauwens K, Roestenberg M, Kloetzl J, van Leeuwen FWB. hHEPATO-Cy5, a Bimodal Tracer for Image-Guided Hepatobiliary Surgery. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:1301-1306. [PMID: 39025649 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.266715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Surgical resection of superficial hepatic lesions is increasingly guided by the disrupted bile excretion of the fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG). To extend this approach to deeper lesions, a dedicated bimodal tracer that facilitates both fluorescence guidance and radioguidance was developed. Methods: A tracer comprising a methylated cyanine-5 (Cy5) fluorescent dye and a mercaptoacetyltriserine chelate (hHEPATO-Cy5) was synthesized and characterized. Cellular uptake and excretion were evaluated in hepatocyte cultures (2-dimensional culture and in vitro lesion model), using a fluorescent bile salt, MitoTracker dye, and methylated Cy5 as a control. After radiolabeling, the pharmacokinetics of 99mTc-hHEPATO-Cy5 were assessed in mice over 24 h (percentage injected dose and percentage injected dose per gram of tissue, SPECT/CT imaging and fluorescence imaging). The ability to provide real-time fluorescence guidance during robot-assisted hepatobiliary surgery was evaluated in a porcine model using ICG as a reference. Results: The unique molecular signature of hHEPATO-Cy5 promotes hepatobiliary excretion. In vitro studies on hepatocytes showed that where methylated Cy5 remained internalized, hHEPATO-Cy5 showed fast clearance (10 min) similar to that of fluorescent bile salt. In vivo use of 99mTc-hHEPATO-Cy5 in mice revealed liver accumulation and rapid biliary clearance. The effectiveness of bile clearance was best exemplified by the 2-orders-of-magnitude reduction in count rate for the gallbladder (P = 0.008) over time. During hepatobiliary surgery in a porcine model, hHEPATO-Cy5 enabled fluorescence-based lesion identification comparable to that of ICG. Conclusion: The bimodal 99mTc-hHEPATO-Cy5 provides an effective means to identify liver lesions. Uniquely, it helps overcome the shortcomings of fluorescence-only approaches by allowing for an extension to in-depth radioguidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne D D Rietbergen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leon J Slof
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten P van Meerbeek
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clarize M de Korne
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mick M Welling
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias N van Oosterom
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
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de Korne CM, van Lieshout L, van Leeuwen FWB, Roestenberg M. Imaging as a (pre)clinical tool in parasitology. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:212-226. [PMID: 36641293 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of parasites is central to diagnosis of many parasitic diseases and has thus far played an important role in the development of antiparasitic strategies. The development of novel imaging technologies has revolutionized medicine in fields other than parasitology and has also opened up new avenues for the visualization of parasites. Here we review the role imaging technology has played so far in parasitology and how it may spur further advancement. We point out possibilities to improve current microscopy-based diagnostic methods and how to extend them with radiological imaging modalities. We also highlight in vivo tracking of parasites as a readout for efficacy of new antiparasitic strategies and as a source of fundamental insights for rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarize Maria de Korne
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands; Interventional Molecular Imaging laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fijs Willem Bernhard van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Saber S, Alomar SY, Yahya G. Blocking prostanoid receptors switches on multiple immune responses and cascades of inflammatory signaling against larval stages in snail fever. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43546-43555. [PMID: 35396684 PMCID: PMC9200668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever or bilharziasis, is a worm infection caused by trematode called schistosomes that affects humans and animals worldwide. Schistosomiasis endemically exists in developing countries. Inflammatory responses elicited in the early phase of infection represent the rate limiting step for parasite migration and pathogenesis and could be a valuable target for therapeutic interventions. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin (IL)-10 were found to be differentially affected in case of immune-modulation studies and cytokine analysis of hosts infected with either normal or radiation-attenuated parasite (RA) which switches off the development of an effective immune response against the migrating parasite in the early phase of schistosomiasis. Normal parasites induce predominantly a T helper 2 (Th2)-type cytokine response (IL-4 and IL-5) which is essential for parasite survival; here, we discuss in detail the downstream effects and cascades of inflammatory signaling of PGE2 and IL10 induced by normal parasites and the effect of blocking PGE2 receptors. We suggest that by selectively constraining the production of PGE2 during vaccination or therapy of susceptible persons or infected patients of schistosomiasis, this would boost IL-12 and reduce IL-10 production leading to a polarization toward the anti-worm Thl cytokine synthesis (IL-2 and Interferon (IFN)-γ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Suliman Y. Alomar
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharkia, 44519 Egypt
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Naturally Acquired Antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum: Friend or Foe? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070832. [PMID: 34357982 PMCID: PMC8308493 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are central to acquired immunity against malaria. Plasmodium falciparum elicits antibody responses against many of its protein components, but there is also formation of antibodies against different parts of the red blood cells, in which the parasites spend most of their time. In the absence of a decisive intervention such as a vaccine, people living in malaria endemic regions largely depend on naturally acquired antibodies for protection. However, these antibodies do not confer sterile immunity and the mechanisms of action are still unclear. Most studies have focused on the inhibitory effect of antibodies, but here, we review both the beneficial as well as the potentially harmful roles of naturally acquired antibodies, as well as autoantibodies formed in malaria. We discuss different studies that have sought to understand acquired antibody responses against P. falciparum antigens, and potential problems when different antibodies are combined, such as in naturally acquired immunity.
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6
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Boero E, Mnich ME, Manetti AGO, Soldaini E, Grimaldi L, Bagnoli F. Human Three-Dimensional Models for Studying Skin Pathogens. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 430:3-27. [PMID: 32601967 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the most exposed surface of the human body, separating the microbe-rich external environment, from the sterile inner part. When skin is breached or its homeostasis is perturbed, bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens can cause local infections or use the skin as an entry site to spread to other organs. In the last decades, it has become clear that skin provides niches for permanent microbial colonization, and it actively interacts with microorganisms. This crosstalk promotes skin homeostasis and immune maturation, preventing expansion of harmful organisms. Skin commensals, however, are often found to be skin most prevalent and dangerous pathogens. Despite the medical interest, mechanisms of colonization and invasion for most skin pathogens are poorly understood. This limitation is due to the lack of reliable skin models. Indeed, animal models do not adequately mimic neither the anatomy nor the immune response of human skin. Human 3D skin models overcome these limitations and can provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. Herein, we address the strengths and weaknesses of different types of human skin models and we review the main findings obtained using these models to study skin pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luca Grimaldi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Clustering and Erratic Movement Patterns of Syringe-Injected versus Mosquito-Inoculated Malaria Sporozoites Underlie Decreased Infectivity. mSphere 2021; 6:6/2/e00218-21. [PMID: 33827910 PMCID: PMC8546700 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00218-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria vaccine candidates based on live, attenuated sporozoites have led to high levels of protection. However, their efficacy critically depends on the sporozoites' ability to reach and infect the host liver. Administration via mosquito inoculation is by far the most potent method for inducing immunity but highly impractical. Here, we observed that intradermal syringe-injected Plasmodium berghei sporozoites (syrSPZ) were 3-fold less efficient in migrating to and infecting mouse liver than mosquito-inoculated sporozoites (msqSPZ). This was related to a clustered dermal distribution (2-fold-decreased median distance between syrSPZ and msqSPZ) and, more importantly, a 1.4-fold (significantly)-slower and more erratic movement pattern. These erratic movement patterns were likely caused by alteration of dermal tissue morphology (>15-μm intercellular gaps) due to injection of fluid and may critically decrease sporozoite infectivity. These results suggest that novel microvolume-based administration technologies hold promise for replicating the success of mosquito-inoculated live, attenuated sporozoite vaccines.IMPORTANCE Malaria still causes a major burden on global health and the economy. The efficacy of live, attenuated malaria sporozoites as vaccine candidates critically depends on their ability to migrate to and infect the host liver. This work sheds light on the effect of different administration routes on sporozoite migration. We show that the delivery of sporozoites via mosquito inoculation is more efficient than syringe injection; however, this route of administration is highly impractical for vaccine purposes. Using confocal microscopy and automated imaging software, we demonstrate that syringe-injected sporozoites do cluster, move more slowly, and display more erratic movement due to alterations in tissue morphology. These findings indicate that microneedle-based engineering solutions hold promise for replicating the success of mosquito-inoculated live, attenuated sporozoite vaccines.
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Helmerich DA, Beliu G, Matikonda SS, Schnermann MJ, Sauer M. Photoblueing of organic dyes can cause artifacts in super-resolution microscopy. Nat Methods 2021; 18:253-257. [PMID: 33633409 PMCID: PMC10802917 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Illumination of fluorophores can induce a loss of the ability to fluoresce, known as photobleaching. Interestingly, some fluorophores photoconvert to a blue-shifted fluorescent molecule as an intermediate on the photobleaching pathway, which can complicate multicolor fluorescence imaging, especially under the intense laser irradiation used in super-resolution fluorescence imaging. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of photoblueing of fluorophores and its impact on fluorescence imaging, and show how it can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Helmerich
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerti Beliu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Siddharth S Matikonda
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Winkel BMF, de Korne CM, van Oosterom MN, Staphorst D, Meijhuis M, Baalbergen E, Ganesh MS, Dechering KJ, Vos MW, Chevalley-Maurel SC, Franke-Fayard B, van Leeuwen FWB, Roestenberg M. Quantification of wild-type and radiation attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite motility in human skin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13436. [PMID: 31530862 PMCID: PMC6748968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the number of global malaria cases and deaths, the need for a vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) remains pressing. Administration of live, radiation-attenuated Pf sporozoites can fully protect malaria-naïve individuals. Despite the fact that motility of these attenuated parasites is key to their infectivity and ultimately protective efficacy, sporozoite motility in human tissue (e.g. skin) remains wholly uncharacterized to date. We show that the ability to quantitatively address the complexity of sporozoite motility in human tissue provides an additional tool in the development of attenuated sporozoite vaccines. We imaged Pf movement in the skin of its natural host and compared wild-type and radiation-attenuated GFP-expressing Pf sporozoites. Using custom image analysis software and human skin explants we were able to quantitatively study their key motility features. This head-to-head comparison revealed that radiation attenuation impaired the capacity of sporozoites to vary their movement angle, velocity and direction, promoting less refined movement patterns. Understanding and overcoming these changes in motility will contribute to the development of an efficacious attenuated parasite malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice M F Winkel
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clarize M de Korne
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias N van Oosterom
- Interventional Molecular Imaging laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Staphorst
- Interventional Molecular Imaging laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Meijhuis
- Interventional Molecular Imaging laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els Baalbergen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Munisha S Ganesh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Koen J Dechering
- TropIQ Health Sciences, Transistorweg 5, 6534, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn W Vos
- TropIQ Health Sciences, Transistorweg 5, 6534, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine C Chevalley-Maurel
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Blandine Franke-Fayard
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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de Korne CM, Lageschaar LT, van Oosterom MN, Baalbergen E, Winkel BMF, Chevalley-Maurel SC, Velders AH, Franke-Fayard BMD, van Leeuwen FWB, Roestenberg M. Regulation of Plasmodium sporozoite motility by formulation components. Malar J 2019; 18:155. [PMID: 31046772 PMCID: PMC6498664 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protective efficacy of the most promising malaria whole-parasite based vaccine candidates critically depends on the parasite's potential to migrate in the human host. Key components of the parasite motility machinery (e.g. adhesive proteins, actin/myosin-based motor, geometrical properties) have been identified, however the regulation of this machinery is an unknown process. METHODS In vitro microscopic live imaging of parasites in different formulations was performed and analysed, with the quantitative analysis software SMOOTIn vitro, their motility; their adherence capacity, movement pattern and velocity during forward locomotion. RESULTS SMOOTIn vitro enabled the detailed analysis of the regulation of the motility machinery of Plasmodium berghei in response to specific (macro)molecules in the formulation. Albumin acted as an essential supplement to induce parasite attachment and movement. Glucose, salts and other whole serum components further increased the attachment rate and regulated the velocity of the movement. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings can be concluded that a complex interplay of albumin, glucose and certain salts and amino acids regulates parasite motility. Insights in parasite motility regulation by supplements in solution potentially provide a way to optimize the whole-parasite malaria vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarize M de Korne
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Axis, Building 118, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk T Lageschaar
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Axis, Building 118, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias N van Oosterom
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els Baalbergen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice M F Winkel
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Severine C Chevalley-Maurel
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aldrik H Velders
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Axis, Building 118, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Blandine M D Franke-Fayard
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Axis, Building 118, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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