1
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Di Virgilio F, Vultaggio-Poma V, Tarantini M, Giuliani AL. Overview of the role of purinergic signaling and insights into its role in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 262:108700. [PMID: 39111410 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Innovation of cancer therapy has received a dramatic acceleration over the last fifteen years thanks to the introduction of the novel immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). On the other hand, the conspicuous scientific knowledge accumulated in purinergic signaling since the early seventies is finally being transferred to the clinic. Several Phase I/II clinical trials are currently underway to investigate the effect of drugs interfering with purinergic signaling as stand-alone or combination therapy in cancer. This is supporting the novel concept of "purinergic immune checkpoint" (PIC) in cancer therapy. In the present review we will address a) the basic pharmacology and cell biology of the purinergic system; b) principles of its pathophysiology in human diseases; c) implications for cell death, cell proliferation and cancer; d) novel molecular tools to investigate nucleotide homeostasis in the extracellular environment; e) recent developments in the pharmacology of P1, P2 receptors and related ecto-enzymes; f) P1 and P2 ligands as novel diagnostic tools; g) current issues in PIC-based anti-cancer therapy. This review will provide an appraisal of the current status of purinergic signaling in cancer and will help identify future avenues of development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Tarantini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
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2
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Van Theemsche KM, Frans L, Van de Sande DV, Martinez-Morales E, Snyders DJ, Labro AJ. Evaluating the proarrhythmic risk of delayed-action compounds in serum free cell culture conditions; serum-starvation accelerates/amplifies the effect of probucol on the KCNQ1 + KCNE1 channel. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2024:107566. [PMID: 39357805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2024.107566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
In vitro testing procedures for evaluating acute effects of compound on ion channels, utilizing heterologous expression systems (HES), are well-established, while slowly manifesting delayed effects remain challenging to detect. For this, immortalized HES are exposed to the compounds for a longer time, in general 24 h. As these cells proliferate every 12-20 h, we evaluated if the proliferation status, and by extension cell metabolism, influences the delayed compound response. The intervention of halting cell proliferation by excluding serum from the culturing medium was evaluated on CHO cells, stably expressing the KCNQ1 + KCNE1 channel complex that mediates the slow delayed rectifier potassium current (Iks). No abnormal changes in KCNQ1 + KCNE1 current were observed upon serum-starvation, except for a negative shift in the voltage dependence of channel activation (GV-curve) after 72 h. The delayed effect of probucol, a compound reported to interfere with Iks expression, was evaluated after 24 and 72 h of incubation. In serum-free conditions the inhibitory effect of probucol was increased fourfold after 24 h, compared to serum supplemented conditions. After 72 h, the current inhibition was similar between both culture conditions. Besides decreasing current expression, probucol shifted the GV-curve more positive combined with a shallower voltage response, changes that were more pronounced in serum-depleted conditions. The results indicated that serum-starvation had no substantial effect on the KCNQ1 + KCNE1 current in the tested CHO cells, but it amplified or accelerated the response to probucol, suggesting that halting cell proliferation is a method for enhancing the detection of delayed compound effects in HES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny M Van Theemsche
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisse Frans
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter V Van de Sande
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelyn Martinez-Morales
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk J Snyders
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alain J Labro
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Liao Z, Tong B, Ke W, Yang C, Wu X, Lei M. Extracellular vesicles as carriers for mitochondria: Biological functions and clinical applications. Mitochondrion 2024; 78:101935. [PMID: 39002687 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, research has increasingly focused on the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the sorting mechanisms for their contents. Mitochondria can be selectively loaded into EVs, serving as a way to maintain cellular mitochondrial homeostasis. EV-mediated mitochondrial transfer has also been shown to greatly impact the function of target cells. Based on the mechanism of EV-mediated mitochondrial transfer, therapies can be developed to treat human diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in the biogenesis and molecular composition of EVs. It also highlights the sorting and trafficking mechanisms of mitochondrial components into EVs. Furthermore, it explores the current role of EV-mediated mitochondrial transfer in the development of human diseases, as well as its diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bide Tong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wencan Ke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xinghuo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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4
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Renò F, De Andrea M, Raviola S, Migliario M, Invernizzi M. Clodronate Reduces ATP-Containing Microvesicle Releasing Induced by Nociceptive Stimuli in Human Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8435. [PMID: 39126004 PMCID: PMC11312912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Clodronate (Clod), a first-generation bisphosphonate, acts as a natural analgesic inhibiting vesicular storage of the nociception mediator ATP by vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT). Epidermal keratinocytes participate in cutaneous nociception, accumulating ATP within vesicles, which are released following different stimulations. Under stress conditions, keratinocytes produce microvesicles (MVs) by shedding from plasma membrane evagination. MV secretion has been identified as a novel and universal mode of intercellular communication between cells. The aim of this project was to evaluate if two nociceptive stimuli, Capsaicin and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), could stimulate MV shedding from human keratinocytes, if these MVs could contain ATP, and if Clod could inhibit this phenomenon. In our cellular model, the HaCaT keratinocyte monolayer, both Capsaicin and KOH stimulated MV release after 3 h incubation, and the released MVs contained ATP. Moreover, Clod (5 µM) was able to reduce Caps-induced MV release and abolish the one KOH induced, while the Dansylcadaverine, an endocytosis inhibitor of Clod uptake, partially failed to block the bisphosphonate activity. Based on these new data and given the role of the activation of ATP release by keratinocytes as a vehicle for nociception and pain, the "old" bisphosphonate Clodronate could provide the pharmacological basis to develop new local analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Renò
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudini 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Corso Trieste, 15/A, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.D.A.); (S.R.)
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi 8, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Raviola
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Corso Trieste, 15/A, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.D.A.); (S.R.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Mario Migliario
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy;
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5
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Yang L, Shao Y, Gao T, Bajinka O, Yuan X. Current advances in cancer energy metabolism under dietary restriction: a mini review. Med Oncol 2024; 41:209. [PMID: 39060824 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The manipulation of the energy or source of food for cancer cells has attracted significant attention in oncology research. Metabolic reprogramming of the immune system allows for a deeper understanding of cancer cell mechanisms, thereby impeding their progression. A more targeted approach is the restriction of cancer cells through dietary restriction (CR), which deprives cancer cells of the preferred energy sources within the tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing immune cell efficacy. Although there is a plethora of CR strategies that can be employed to impede cancer progression, there is currently no comprehensive review that delineates the specific dietary restrictions that target the diverse metabolic pathways of cancer cells. This mini-review introduces amino acids as anti-cancer agents and discusses the role of dietary interventions in cancer prevention and treatment. It highlights the potential of a ketogenic diet as a therapeutic approach for cancer, elucidating its distinct mechanisms of action in tumor progression. Additionally, the potential of plant-based diets as anti-cancer agents and the role of polyphenols and vitamins in anti-cancer therapy were also discussed, along with some prospective interventions for CR as anti-tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxin Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24 Heping Street, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudian Shao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24 Heping Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33 Xidazhi Street, Harbin, 150006, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ousman Bajinka
- School of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24 Heping Street, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33 Xidazhi Street, Harbin, 150006, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Vardam-Kaur T, Banuelos A, Gabaldon-Parish M, Macedo BG, Salgado CL, Wanhainen KM, Zhou MH, van Dijk S, Santiago-Carvalho I, Beniwal AS, Leff CL, Peng C, Tran NL, Jameson SC, Borges da Silva H. The ATP-exporting channel Pannexin 1 promotes CD8 + T cell effector and memory responses. iScience 2024; 27:110290. [PMID: 39045105 PMCID: PMC11263643 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensing of extracellular ATP (eATP) controls CD8+ T cell function. Their accumulation can occur through export by specialized molecules, such as the release channel Pannexin 1 (Panx1). Whether Panx1 controls CD8+ T cell immune responses in vivo, however, has not been previously addressed. Here, we report that T-cell-specific Panx1 is needed for CD8+ T cell responses to viral infections and cancer. We found that CD8-specific Panx1 promotes both effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses. Panx1 favors initial effector CD8+ T cell activation through extracellular ATP (eATP) export and subsequent P2RX4 activation, which helps promote full effector differentiation through extracellular lactate accumulation and its subsequent recycling. In contrast, Panx1 promotes memory CD8+ T cell survival primarily through ATP export and subsequent P2RX7 engagement, leading to improved mitochondrial metabolism. In summary, Panx1-mediated eATP export regulates effector and memory CD8+ T cells through distinct purinergic receptors and different metabolic and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Vardam-Kaur
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | - Alma Banuelos
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | | | - Bruna Gois Macedo
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | | | | | - Maggie Hanqi Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | - Sarah van Dijk
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | | | - Angad S. Beniwal
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | - Chloe L. Leff
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | - Changwei Peng
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nhan L. Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | - Stephen C. Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Henrique Borges da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
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7
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Falzoni S, Vultaggio-Poma V, Chiozzi P, Tarantini M, Adinolfi E, Boldrini P, Giuliani AL, Morciano G, Tang Y, Gorecki DC, Di Virgilio F. The P2X7 Receptor is a Master Regulator of Microparticle and Mitochondria Exchange in Mouse Microglia. FUNCTION 2024; 5:zqae019. [PMID: 38984997 PMCID: PMC11237899 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are secreted by all cells, where they play a key role in intercellular communication, differentiation, inflammation, and cell energy transfer. P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activation by extracellular ATP (eATP) causes a large MP release and affects their contents in a cell-specific fashion. We investigated MP release and functional impact in microglial cells from P2X7R-WT or P2X7R-KO mice, as well as mouse microglial cell lines characterized for high (N13-P2X7RHigh) or low (N13-P2X7RLow) P2X7R expression. P2X7R stimulation promoted release of a mixed MP population enriched with naked mitochondria. Released mitochondria were taken up and incorporated into the mitochondrial network of the recipient cells in a P2X7R-dependent fashion. NLRP3 and the P2X7R itself were also delivered to the recipient cells. Microparticle transfer increased the energy level of the recipient cells and conferred a pro-inflammatory phenotype. These data show that the P2X7R is a master regulator of intercellular organelle and MP trafficking in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Falzoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Paola Chiozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Tarantini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Boldrini
- Center for Electron Microscopy, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Giuliani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling & Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 610075 Chengdu, China
| | - Dariusz C Gorecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, P01 2DT Portsmouth, UK
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8
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Deng Z, Ding J, Bu J, Li J, Liu H, Gao P, Gong Z, Qin X, Yang Y, Zhong S. Fluorophore Label-Free Light-up Near Infrared Deoxyribonucleic Acid Nanosensor for Monitoring Extracellular Potassium Levels. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4023-4030. [PMID: 38412242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent DNA nanosensors have been widely used due to their unique advantages, among which the near-infrared (NIR) imaging mode can provide deeper penetration depth and lower biological background for the nanosensors. However, efficient NIR quenchers require ingenious design, complex synthesis, and modification, which severely limit the development of NIR DNA nanosensors. Label-free strategies based on G-quadruplex (G4) and NIR G4 dyes were first introduced into in situ extracellular imaging, and a novel NIR sensing strategy for the specific detection of extracellular targets is proposed. The strategy avoids complex synthesis and site-specific modification by controlling the change of the NIR signal through the formation of a G4 nanostructure. A light-up NIR DNA nanosensor based on potassium ion (K+)-sensitive G4 chain PS2.M was constructed to verify the strategy. PS2.M forms a stable G4 nanostructure in the presence of K+ and activates the NIR G4 dye CSTS, thus outputting NIR signals. The nanosensor can rapidly respond to K+ with a linear range of 5-50 mM and has good resistance to interference. The nanosensor with cholesterol can provide feedback on the changes in extracellular K+ concentration in many kinds of cells, serving as a potential tool for the study of diseases such as epilepsy and cancer, as well as the development of related drugs. The strategy can be potentially applied to the NIR detection of a variety of extracellular targets with the help of functional DNAs such as aptamer and DNAzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Bu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Peiru Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Zan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Xiangxiang Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yanjing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Shian Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, the "Double-First Class" Application Characteristic Discipline of Hunan Province (Pharmaceutical Science), Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, PR China
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9
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Winzer R, Nguyen DH, Schoppmeier F, Cortesi F, Gagliani N, Tolosa E. Purinergic enzymes on extracellular vesicles: immune modulation on the go. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362996. [PMID: 38426088 PMCID: PMC10902224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
An increase in the extracellular concentration of ATP as a consequence of cellular stress or cell death results in the activation of immune cells. To prevent inflammation, extracellular ATP is rapidly metabolized to adenosine, which deploys an anti-inflammatory signaling cascade upon binding to P1 receptors on immune cells. The ectonucleotidases necessary for the degradation of ATP and generation of adenosine are present on the cell membrane of many immune cells, and their expression is tightly regulated under conditions of inflammation. The discovery that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry purinergic enzyme activity has brought forward the concept of EVs as a new player in immune regulation. Adenosine-generating EVs derived from cancer cells suppress the anti-tumor response, while EVs derived from immune or mesenchymal stem cells contribute to the restoration of homeostasis after infection. Here we will review the existing knowledge on EVs containing purinergic enzymes and molecules, and discuss the relevance of these EVs in immune modulation and their potential for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riekje Winzer
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Du Hanh Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Schoppmeier
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Filippo Cortesi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Vultaggio-Poma V, Scussel Bergamin L, Falzoni S, Tarantini M, Giuliani AL, Sandonà D, Polverino De Laureto P, Di Virgilio F. Fetal bovine serum contains biologically available ATP. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:83-89. [PMID: 37074620 PMCID: PMC10828325 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP is a ubiquitous extracellular messenger released in a wide number of pathophysiological conditions. ATP is known to be present in minute amounts in the extracellular space in healthy tissues and in the blood, and to modulate a multiplicity of cell responses. Cell culture systems are widely used to explore purinergic signaling. We show here that currently used fetal bovine sera contain ATP in the 300-1300 pmol/L range. Serum ATP is associated with albumin as well as with microparticle/microvesicle fraction. Serum microparticles/microvesicles affect in vitro cell responses due to their content of miRNAs, growth factors, and other bioactive molecules. ATP is likely to be one of these bioactive factors found in a variable amount in sera of different commercial sources. ATP in serum supports ATP-dependent biochemical reactions such as the hexokinase-dependent phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, and affects purinergic signaling. These findings show that cells growing in vitro in serum-supplemented media are exposed to varying levels of extracellular ATP, and thus to varying degrees of purinergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Tarantini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Giuliani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dorianna Sandonà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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11
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Zeng J, Liu J, Ni H, Zhang L, Wang J, Li Y, Jiang W, Wu Z, Zhou M. Mitochondrial transplantation reduces lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury by increasing skeletal muscle energy and adipocyte browning. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101152. [PMID: 38027061 PMCID: PMC10667789 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial transplantation can repair lower limb IRI, but the underlying mechanism of the repair effect remains unclear. In this study, we found that in addition to being taken up by skeletal muscle cells, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)-derived mitochondria were also taken up by adipocytes, which was accompanied by an increase in optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and uncoupling protein 1. Transplantation of hMSCs-derived mitochondria could not only supplement the original damaged mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle, but also promote adipocyte browning by increasing the expression of OPA1. In this process, mitochondrial transplantation can reduce cell apoptosis and repair muscle tissue, which promotes the recovery of motor function in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study on the therapeutic mechanism of mitochondrial transplantation from this perspective, which could provide a theoretical basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Kunshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Haiya Ni
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yazhou Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Wentao Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
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12
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Di Vincenzo A, Granzotto M, Crescenzi M, Vettor R, Rossato M. Non-aromatizable androgens modulate the lipopolysaccharide induced expression of the P2X7 receptor in human adipocytes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1251035. [PMID: 37936906 PMCID: PMC10627236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1251035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The activation of the P2X7 receptor subtype (P2X7R) has a main role in orchestrating the cellular inflammatory response in many different tissues. Obesity is characterized by dysfunctional fat deposition leading to a tissue-specific and systemic low-grade inflammation. Androgens and estrogens contribute to the whole adipose tissue inflammatory state, but the involvement of sex steroids in the purinergic signaling modulation in adipocytes is still unknown. Methods: We performed an in vitro study to evaluate the possible role of sex hormones on the P2X7R gene expression in human adipocytes, at baseline and after stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We evaluated P2X7R gene expression during in vitro differentiation of human adipocytes, in the absence and presence of testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) in the presence and absence of LPS. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of incubation with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a non-aromatizable androgen, using the co-incubation of isolated human adipocytes with T alone or in combination with anastrozole, an inhibitor of aromatase, the enzyme responsible of T conversion to E2. Results: At baseline, incubation of adipocytes with T or E2 did not significantly affect P2X7R gene expression. On the contrary, the incubation with DHT was associated with a significant reduction of P2X7R gene expression. LPS incubation significantly increased gene expression of P2X7R with respect to baseline. Interestingly, after LPS stimulation, DHT exposure showed an additional effect, markedly increasing the P2X7R gene expression. This amplificatory effect was confirmed by the incubation of adipocytes to both anastrozole and testosterone. In these experimental conditions, while no effect was observed at baseline, an amplification of the expression of the P2X7R mRNA was observed after stimulation with LPS. Discussion: The purinergic system is involved in the inflammatory response of adipocytes, and androgens may modulate its activity. In particular DHT, a non-aromatizable androgen, amplifies the LPS-induced P2X7R gene expression in human adipocytes thus showing a gender regulated response of the expression of this purinergic receptor strongly involved in the inflammatory response in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marco Rossato
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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13
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Ai Y, Wang H, Liu L, Qi Y, Tang S, Tang J, Chen N. Purine and purinergic receptors in health and disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e359. [PMID: 37692109 PMCID: PMC10484181 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purines and purinergic receptors are widely distributed throughout the human body. Purine molecules within cells play crucial roles in regulating energy metabolism and other cellular processes, while extracellular purines transmit signals through specific purinergic receptors. The ubiquitous purinergic signaling maintains normal neural excitability, digestion and absorption, respiratory movement, and other complex physiological activities, and participates in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and death. Pathological dysregulation of purinergic signaling can result in the development of various diseases, including neurodegeneration, inflammatory reactions, and malignant tumors. The dysregulation or dysfunction of purines and purinergic receptors has been demonstrated to be closely associated with tumor progression. Compared with other subtypes of purinergic receptors, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) exhibits distinct characteristics (i.e., a low affinity for ATP, dual functionality upon activation, the mediation of ion channels, and nonselective pores formation) and is considered a promising target for antitumor therapy, particularly in patients with poor response to immunotherapy This review summarizes the physiological and pathological significance of purinergic signaling and purinergic receptors, analyzes their complex relationship with tumors, and proposes potential antitumor immunotherapy strategies from tumor P2X7R inhibition, tumor P2X7R overactivation, and host P2X7R activation. This review provides a reference for clinical immunotherapy and mechanism investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Ai
- Department of OncologyHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Hengyi Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Lu Liu
- School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Yulin Qi
- Department of OphthalmologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Shiyun Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Nianzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and EngineeringCollege of Biomedical EngineeringChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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14
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Adinolfi E, De Marchi E, Grignolo M, Szymczak B, Pegoraro A. The P2X7 Receptor in Oncogenesis and Metastatic Dissemination: New Insights on Vesicular Release and Adenosinergic Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13906. [PMID: 37762206 PMCID: PMC10531279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor niche is an environment rich in extracellular ATP (eATP) where purinergic receptors have essential roles in different cell subtypes, including cancer, immune, and stromal cells. Here, we give an overview of recent discoveries regarding the role of probably the best-characterized purinergic receptor in the tumor microenvironment: P2X7. We cover the activities of the P2X7 receptor and its human splice variants in solid and liquid cancer proliferation, dissemination, and crosstalk with immune and endothelial cells. Particular attention is paid to the P2X7-dependent release of microvesicles and exosomes, their content, including ATP and miRNAs, and, in general, P2X7-activated mechanisms favoring metastatic spread and niche conditioning. Moreover, the emerging role of P2X7 in influencing the adenosinergic axis, formed by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 and the adenosine receptor A2A in cancer, is analyzed. Finally, we cover how antitumor therapy responses can be influenced by or can change P2X7 expression and function. This converging evidence suggests that P2X7 is an attractive therapeutic target for oncological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Adinolfi
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Marianna Grignolo
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Bartosz Szymczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Anna Pegoraro
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (A.P.)
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15
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Stagg J, Golden E, Wennerberg E, Demaria S. The interplay between the DNA damage response and ectonucleotidases modulates tumor response to therapy. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabq3015. [PMID: 37418547 PMCID: PMC10394739 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular nucleoside adenosine reduces tissue inflammation and is generated by irreversible dephosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) mediated by the ectonucleotidase CD73. The pro-inflammatory nucleotides adenosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and cyclic guanosine -monophosphate-AMP (cGAMP), which are produced in the tumor microenvironment (TME) during therapy-induced immunogenic cell death and activation of innate immune signaling, can be converted into AMP by ectonucleotidases CD39, CD38, and CD203a/ENPP1. Thus, ectonucleotidases shape the TME by converting immune-activating signals into an immunosuppressive one. Ectonucleotidases also hinder the ability of therapies including radiation therapy, which enhance the release of pro-inflammatory nucleotides in the extracellular milieu, to induce immune-mediated tumor rejection. Here, we review the immunosuppressive effects of adenosine and the role of different ectonucleotidases in modulating antitumor immune responses. We discuss emerging opportunities to target adenosine generation and/or its ability to signal via adenosine receptors expressed by immune and cancer cells in the context of combination immunotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de
l’Université de Montréal, 900 St-Denis street, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Encouse Golden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine,
New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erik Wennerberg
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer
Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine,
New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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16
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Zanoni M, Pegoraro A, Adinolfi E, De Marchi E. Emerging roles of purinergic signaling in anti-cancer therapy resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1006384. [PMID: 36200041 PMCID: PMC9527280 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1006384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease with a rapid growing incidence and often characterized by a poor prognosis. Although impressive advances have been made in cancer treatments, resistance to therapy remains a critical obstacle for the improvement of patients outcome. Current treatment approaches as chemo-, radio-, and immuno-therapy deeply affect the tumor microenvironment (TME), inducing an extensive selective pressure on cancer cells through the activation of the immune system, the induction of cell death and the release of inflammatory and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS), including nucleosides (adenosine) and nucleotides (ATP and ADP). To survive in this hostile environment, resistant cells engage a variety of mitigation pathways related to metabolism, DNA repair, stemness, inflammation and resistance to apoptosis. In this context, purinergic signaling exerts a pivotal role being involved in mitochondrial function, stemness, inflammation and cancer development. The activity of ATP and adenosine released in the TME depend upon the repertoire of purinergic P2 and adenosine receptors engaged, as well as, by the expression of ectonucleotidases (CD39 and CD73) on tumor, immune and stromal cells. Besides its well established role in the pathogenesis of several tumors and in host–tumor interaction, purinergic signaling has been recently shown to be profoundly involved in the development of therapy resistance. In this review we summarize the current advances on the role of purinergic signaling in response and resistance to anti-cancer therapies, also describing the translational applications of combining conventional anticancer interventions with therapies targeting purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zanoni
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Zanoni,
| | - Anna Pegoraro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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17
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Karlinsey K, Matz A, Qu L, Zhou B. Extracellular RNAs from immune cells under obesity-a narrative review. EXRNA 2022; 4:18. [PMID: 36866026 PMCID: PMC9977143 DOI: 10.21037/exrna-22-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Obesity affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and is characterized by chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, leading to Type II diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are among the components which effect immune actions under obese conditions, and technological advances in recent years have rapidly increased our understanding of their roles and functions. Here we review essential background information on exRNAs and vesicles as well as the impact of immune-derived exRNAs in obesity-related disease. We also offer perspectives on clinical applications of exRNAs and future research directions. Methods We searched PubMed for articles relevant to immune-derived exRNAs in obesity. Articles written in English and published prior to May 25, 2022 were included. Key Content and Findings We report findings on the roles of immune-derived exRNAs which are important in obesity-related disease. We also highlight several exRNAs derived from other cell lineages which act on immune cells in metabolic disease. Conclusions ExRNAs produced by immune cells have profound local and systemic effects under obese conditions and can impact metabolic disease phenotypes. Immune-derived exRNAs represent an important target for future research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton Karlinsey
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Matz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Lili Qu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
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18
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Carotti V, Rigalli JP, van Asbeck-van der Wijst J, G J Hoenderop J. Interplay between purinergic signalling and extracellular vesicles in health and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115192. [PMID: 35905971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signalling is a receptor-mediated process characterized by the binding of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides to purinergic receptors, which results in the activation intracellular signalling pathways, and, ultimately, leads to changes in cell physiology. Purinergic signalling has been related to the regulation of important physiological processes (e.g., renal electrolyte reabsorption; platelet aggregation; immune response). In addition, it has been associated with pathophysiological situations such as cancer and inflammation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released by all cells of the organism, which play a key role in cell-cell communication. In this regard, EVs can mediate effects on target cells located at distant locations. Within their cargo, EVs contain molecules with the potential to affect purinergic signalling at the target cells and tissues. Here, we review the studies addressing the regulation of purinergic signalling by EVs based on the cell type or tissue where the regulation takes place. In this regard, EVs are found to play a major role in modulating the extracellular ATP levels and, specially, adenosine. This has a clear impact on, for instance, the inflammatory and immune response against cancer cells. Furthermore, we discuss the data available on the regulation of EV secretion and its cargo by purinergic signalling. Here, a major role of the purinergic receptor P2X7 and again, an impact on processes such as inflammation, immune response and cancer pathogenesis has been established. Finally, we highlight uninvestigated aspects of these two regulatory networks and address their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carotti
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Juan P Rigalli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny van Asbeck-van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Da M, Chen L, Enk A, Ring S, Mahnke K. The Multifaceted Actions of CD73 During Development and Suppressive Actions of Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914799. [PMID: 35711418 PMCID: PMC9197450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine (Ado) has been shown to have immunosuppressive effects in a variety of diseases. It can either be released directly into the extracellular environment by cells, or it can be produced by degradation of ATP within the extracellular spaces. This extracellular pathway is facilitated by the concerted actions of the ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73. In a first step CD39 dephosphorylates ATP to ADP and AMP, respectively, and in a second step CD73 converts AMP to Ado. Thus, activity of CD73 on the cell surface of cells is the rate limiting step in the generation of extracellular Ado. Among T cells, CD73 is most abundantly expressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is even upregulated after their activation. Functionally, the generation of Ado by CD73+ Tregs has been shown to play a role in immune suppression of dendritic cells, monocytes and T cells, and the defined expression of CD73 by Tregs in immunosuppressive environments, such as tumors, made CD73 a novel checkpoint inhibitor. Therefore, therapeutical intervention by anti-CD73 antibodies or by chemical inhibitors of the enzymatic function is currently under investigation in some preclinical animal models. In the following we summarize the expression pattern and the possible functions of CD73 in T cells and Tregs, and exemplify novel ways to manipulate CD73 functions in Tregs to stimulate anti-tumor immunity.
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