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Gong K, Huang Y, Zheng Y, Zhu Y, Hao W, Shi K. Preclinical efficacy of CBR-5884 against epithelial ovarian cancer cells by targeting the serine synthesis pathway. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:154. [PMID: 38733440 PMCID: PMC11088592 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of the serine synthesis pathway (SSP) is intricately linked to the progression of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). CBR-5884, a selective small-molecule inhibitor targeting phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), effectively impedes the de novo synthesis of serine within cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of CBR-5884 on EOC cells and delineate its specific mechanism, thereby proposing a novel therapeutic approach for treating EOC. The suppression of serine biosynthesis after CBR-5884 treatment was evaluated using RNA sequencing and a serine assay kit, and the results showed that CBR-5884 effectively downregulated serine biosynthesis in EOC cells, particularly those expressing high levels of PHGDH. In vitro studies revealed that CBR-5884 demonstrated significant antitumor effects and suppressed migration and invasion of EOC cells through down-regulation of the integrin subunit beta 4 (ITGB4)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/epithelial-mesenchymal transition signal axis. Additionally, CBR-5884 mitigated the stemness of EOC cells and heightened their sensitivity to chemotherapy. Moreover, in vivo studies revealed that CBR-5884 significantly delayed tumor growth, with histological analysis indicating the safety profile of CBR-5884. Finally, the patient-derived organoid (PDO) models were utilized to explore the preclinical efficacy of CBR-5884 against EOC cells, and the results unveiled that CBR-5884 impeded proliferation and downregulated the expression of ITGB4 in EOC PDO models. Our findings supports the anticancer properties of CBR-5884 in EOC cells exhibiting high PHGDH expression, manifesting through the suppression of proliferation, migration, and invasion, while enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, suggesting that CBR-5884 holds promise as an efficacious strategy for the treatment of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxiang Gong
- Institute of Reproductive Health and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinger Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqin Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinfu Zhu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Kun Shi
- Institute of Reproductive Health and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
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Gong K, Huang Y, Zheng Y, Hao W, Shi K. ZSWIM4 inhibition improves chemosensitivity in epithelial ovarian cancer cells by suppressing intracellular glycine biosynthesis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:192. [PMID: 38383406 PMCID: PMC10880229 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc finger SWIM-type containing 4 (ZSWIM4) induces drug resistance in breast cancer cells. However, its role in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of ZSWIM4 expression in EOC and develop new clinical therapeutic strategies for EOC. METHODS ZSWIM4 expression in control and EOC tumor tissues was examined using immunohistochemistry. Lentiviral transduction, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, tumorsphere formation assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and animal xenograft model were used to assess the role of ZSWIM4 in chemotherapy. Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm FOXK1-mediated upregulation of ZSWIM4 expression. The mechanism by which ZSWIM4 inhibition improves chemosensitivity was evaluated using RNA-sequencing. A ZSWIM4-targeting inhibitor was explored by virtual screening and surface plasmon resonance analysis. Patient-derived organoid (PDO) models were constructed from EOC tumor tissues with ZSWIM4 expression. RESULTS ZSWIM4 was overexpressed in EOC tumor tissues and impaired patient prognoses. Its expression correlated positively with EOC recurrence. ZSWIM4 expression was upregulated following carboplatin treatment, which, in turn, contributed to chemoresistance. Silencing ZSWIM4 expression sensitized EOC cells to carboplatin treatment in vitro and in vivo. FOXK1 could bind to the GTAAACA sequence of the ZSWIM4 promoter region to upregulate ZSWIM4 transcriptional activity and FOXK1 expression increased following carboplatin treatment, leading to an increase in ZSWIM4 expression. Mechanistically, ZSWIM4 knockdown downregulated the expression of several rate-limiting enzymes involved in glycine synthesis, causing a decrease in intracellular glycine levels, thus enhancing intracellular reactive oxygen species production induced by carboplatin treatment. Compound IPN60090 directly bound to ZSWIM4 protein and exerted a significant chemosensitizing effect in both EOC cells and PDO models. CONCLUSIONS ZSWIM4 inhibition enhanced EOC cell chemosensitivity by ameliorating intracellular glycine metabolism reprogramming, thus providing a new potential therapeutic strategy for EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxiang Gong
- Institute of Reproductive Health and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinger Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqin Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Kun Shi
- Institute of Reproductive Health and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Chen L, Zhou M, Li H, Liu D, Liao P, Zong Y, Zhang C, Zou W, Gao J. Mitochondrial heterogeneity in diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:311. [PMID: 37607925 PMCID: PMC10444818 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As key organelles involved in cellular metabolism, mitochondria frequently undergo adaptive changes in morphology, components and functions in response to various environmental stresses and cellular demands. Previous studies of mitochondria research have gradually evolved, from focusing on morphological change analysis to systematic multiomics, thereby revealing the mitochondrial variation between cells or within the mitochondrial population within a single cell. The phenomenon of mitochondrial variation features is defined as mitochondrial heterogeneity. Moreover, mitochondrial heterogeneity has been reported to influence a variety of physiological processes, including tissue homeostasis, tissue repair, immunoregulation, and tumor progression. Here, we comprehensively review the mitochondrial heterogeneity in different tissues under pathological states, involving variant features of mitochondrial DNA, RNA, protein and lipid components. Then, the mechanisms that contribute to mitochondrial heterogeneity are also summarized, such as the mutation of the mitochondrial genome and the import of mitochondrial proteins that result in the heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA and protein components. Additionally, multiple perspectives are investigated to better comprehend the mysteries of mitochondrial heterogeneity between cells. Finally, we summarize the prospective mitochondrial heterogeneity-targeting therapies in terms of alleviating mitochondrial oxidative damage, reducing mitochondrial carbon stress and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis to relieve various pathological conditions. The possibility of recent technological advances in targeted mitochondrial gene editing is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Mengnan Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Delin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yao Zong
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Fujian, No. 16, Luoshan Section, Jinguang Road, Luoshan Street, Jinjiang City, Quanzhou, Fujian, China.
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Zhu Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Li Z, Kong W, Zhao X, Chen S, Yan L, Wang L, Tong Y, Shao H. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A promotes mitochondrial fission by enhancing MFF succinylation in ovarian cancer. Commun Biol 2023; 6:618. [PMID: 37291333 PMCID: PMC10250469 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04993-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that are important for cell growth and proliferation. Dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics are highly associated with the initiation and progression of various cancers, including ovarian cancer. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying mitochondrial dynamics is still not fully understood. Previously, our study showed that carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) is highly expressed in ovarian cancer cells and promotes the development of ovarian cancer. Here, we find that CPT1A regulates mitochondrial dynamics and promotes mitochondrial fission in ovarian cancer cells. Our study futher shows that CPT1A regulates mitochondrial fission and function through mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) to promote the growth and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Mechanistically, we show that CPT1A promotes succinylation of MFF at lysine 302 (K302), which protects against Parkin-mediated ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of MFF. Finally, the study shows that MFF is highly expressed in ovarian cancer cells and that high MFF expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer. MFF inhibition significantly inhibits the progression of ovarian cancer in vivo. Overall, CPT1A regulates mitochondrial dynamics through MFF succinylation to promote the development of ovarian cancer. Moreover, our findings suggest that MFF is a potential therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongqi Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhui Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuting Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liting Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lenan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunli Tong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huanjie Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Qian L, Sun R, Xue Z, Guo T. Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics of Epithelial Ovarian Cancers: a Clinical Perspective. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023:100578. [PMID: 37209814 PMCID: PMC10388592 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing proteomic studies focused on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) have attempted to identify early disease biomarkers, establish molecular stratification, and discover novel druggable targets. Here we review these recent studies from a clinical perspective. Multiple blood proteins have been used clinically as diagnostic markers. The ROMA test integrates CA125 and HE4, while the OVA1 and OVA2 tests analyze multiple proteins identified by proteomics. Targeted proteomics has been widely used to identify and validate potential diagnostic biomarkers in EOCs, but none has yet been approved for clinical adoption. Discovery proteomic characterization of bulk EOC tissue specimens has uncovered a large number of dysregulated proteins, proposed new stratification schemes, and revealed novel targets of therapeutic potential. A major hurdle facing clinical translation of these stratification schemes based on bulk proteomic profiling is intra-tumor heterogeneity, namely that single tumor specimens may harbor molecular features of multiple subtypes. We reviewed over 2500 interventional clinical trials of ovarian cancers since 1990, and cataloged 22 types of interventions adopted in these trials. Among 1418 clinical trials which have been completed or are not recruiting new patients, about 50% investigated chemotherapies. Thirty-seven clinical trials are at phase 3 or 4, of which 12 focus on PARP, 10 on VEGFR, 9 on conventional anti-cancer agents, and the remaining on sex hormones, MEK1/2, PD-L1, ERBB, and FRα. Although none of the foregoing therapeutic targets were discovered by proteomics, newer targets discovered by proteomics, including HSP90 and cancer/testis antigens, are being tested also in clinical trials. To accelerate the translation of proteomic findings to clinical practice, future studies need to be designed and executed to the stringent standards of practice-changing clinical trials. We anticipate that the rapidly evolving technology of spatial and single-cell proteomics will deconvolute the intra-tumor heterogeneity of EOCs, further facilitating their precise stratification and superior treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujia Qian
- iMarker lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China.
| | - Rui Sun
- iMarker lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Zhangzhi Xue
- iMarker lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Tiannan Guo
- iMarker lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China.
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A 3D multi-cellular tissue model of the human omentum to study the formation of ovarian cancer metastasis. Biomaterials 2023; 294:121996. [PMID: 36689832 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.121996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reliable and predictive experimental models are urgently needed to study metastatic mechanisms of ovarian cancer cells in the omentum. Although models for ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion were previously investigated, the lack of certain omental cell types, which influence the metastatic behavior of cancer cells, limits the application of these tissue models. Here, we describe a 3D multi-cellular human omentum tissue model, which considers the spatial arrangement of five omental cell types. Reproducible tissue models were fabricated combining permeable cell culture inserts and bioprinting technology to mimic metastatic processes of immortalized and patient-derived ovarian cancer cells. The implementation of an endothelial barrier further allowed studying the interaction between cancer and endothelial cells during hematogenous dissemination and the impact of chemotherapeutic drugs. This proof-of-concept study may serve as a platform for patient-specific investigations in personalized oncology in the future.
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The lncRNA Punisher Regulates Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Homeostasis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Targeting miR-664a-5p and OPA1. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5477024. [PMID: 35663194 PMCID: PMC9159832 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5477024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators of various cellular functions. Recent studies have shown that a novel lncRNA termed Punisher is highly expressed in cardiovascular progenitors and has potential role in cardiovascular diseases. However, its role, especially in molecular mechanism, is unclear. In our present study, we observed that Punisher was obviously downregulated in atherosclerotic plaques. Further research proved that it can suppress the apoptosis of VSMCs potentially contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis. Intriguingly, Punisher revealed to regulate mitochondria fission as well as mitochondrial functions induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in VSMCs. Mechanistically, Punisher was further proved to serve as a ceRNA which directly binds to miR-664a-5p and consequently regulates its target OPA1, and finally contributes to the biological function of VSMCs. Particularly, Punisher overexpression distinctly suppressed neointima formation and VSMC apoptosis in vivo. Encouragingly, these results were in accordance with findings obtained with the clinical evaluation of patients with atherosclerosis. Our data provides the significant relationship among OPA1, mitochondrial homeostasis, VSMC apoptosis, and atherosclerosis. And lncRNA Punisher and miR-664a-5p could serve as the novel and potential targets in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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BCKDK Promotes Ovarian Cancer Proliferation and Migration by Activating the MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3691635. [PMID: 35498541 PMCID: PMC9054484 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3691635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most fatal gynecologic cancer. The branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) plays an important role in many serious human diseases, including cancers. Its function in promoting cell proliferation and migration has been reported in various cancers. However, the biological role of BCKDK and its molecular mechanisms underlying OC initiation and progression are unclear. Methods First, the expression level of BCKDK in OC cell lines or tissues was determined using tissue microarray- (TMA-) based immunohistochemistry or western blotting. Then, growth curve analysis, anchorage-independent cell transformation assays, wound healing assays, cell migration assays, and tumor xenografts were used to test whether BCKDK could promote cell transformation or metastasis. Finally, the signaling pathways involved in this process were investigated by western blotting or immunoprecipitation. Results We found that the expression of BCKDK was upregulated in OC tissues and the high expression of BCKDK was correlated with an advanced pathological grade in patients. The ectopic overexpression of BCKDK promoted the proliferation and migration of OC cells, and the knockdown of BCKDK with shRNAs inhibited the proliferation and migration of OC ex vivo and in vivo. Moreover, BCKDK promoted OC proliferation and migration by activating MEK. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that BCKDK promotes OC proliferation and migration by activating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Targeting the BCKDK-MEK axis may provide a new therapeutic strategy for treating patients with OC.
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Cha HK, Cheon S, Kim H, Lee KM, Ryu HS, Han D. Discovery of Proteins Responsible for Resistance to Three Chemotherapy Drugs in Breast Cancer Cells Using Proteomics and Bioinformatics Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061762. [PMID: 35335125 PMCID: PMC8954867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a daunting obstacle to the effective treatment of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Although the mechanism of chemotherapy drug resistance has been explored broadly, the precise mechanism at the proteome level remains unclear. Especially, comparative studies between widely used anticancer drugs in breast cancer are very limited. In this study, we employed proteomics and bioinformatics approaches on chemoresistant breast cancer cell lines to understand the underlying resistance mechanisms that resulted from doxorubicin (DR), paclitaxel (PR), and tamoxifen (TAR). In total, 10,385 proteins were identified and quantified from three TMT 6-plex and one TMT 10-plex experiments. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Notch signaling, immune response, and protein re-localization processes were uniquely associated with DR, PR, and TAR resistance, respectively. In addition, proteomic signatures related to drug resistance were identified as potential targets of many FDA-approved drugs. Furthermore, we identified potential prognostic proteins with significant effects on overall survival. Representatively, PLXNB2 expression was associated with a highly significant increase in risk, and downregulation of ACOX3 was correlated with a worse overall survival rate. Consequently, our study provides new insights into the proteomic aspects of the distinct mechanisms underlying chemoresistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Kyeong Cha
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (H.K.C.); (H.K.)
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Seongmin Cheon
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Hyeyoon Kim
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (H.K.C.); (H.K.)
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Min Lee
- Center for Medical Innovation, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Han Suk Ryu
- Center for Medical Innovation, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.S.R.); (D.H.)
| | - Dohyun Han
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (H.K.C.); (H.K.)
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.S.R.); (D.H.)
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Tian M, Chen XS, Li LY, Wu HZ, Zeng D, Wang XL, Zhang Y, Xiao SS, Cheng Y. Inhibition of AXL enhances chemosensitivity of human ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin via decreasing glycolysis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1180-1189. [PMID: 33149145 PMCID: PMC8209001 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anexelekto (AXL), a member of the TYRO3-AXL-MER (TAM) family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), is overexpressed in varieties of tumor tissues and promotes tumor development by regulating cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In this study, we investigated the role of AXL in regulating glycolysis in human ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells. We showed that the expression of AXL mRNA and protein was significantly higher in OvCa tissue than that in normal ovarian epithelial tissue. In human OvCa cell lines suppression of AXL significantly inhibited cell proliferation, and increased the sensitivity of OvCa cells to cisplatin, which also proved by nude mice tumor formation experiment. KEGG analysis showed that AXL was significantly enriched in the glycolysis pathways of cancer. Changes in AXL expression in OvCa cells affect tumor glycolysis. We demonstrated that the promotion effect of AXL on glycolysis was mediated by phosphorylating the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) at Y105. AXL expression was significantly higher in cisplatin-resistant OvCa cells A2780/DDP compared with the parental A2780 cells. Inhibition of AXL decreased the level of glycolysis in A2780/DDP cells, and increased the cytotoxicity of cisplatin against A2780/DDP cells, suggesting that AXL-mediated glycolysis was associated with cisplatin resistance in OvCa. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that AXL is involved in the regulation of the Warburg effect. Our results not only highlight the clinical value of targeting AXL, but also provide theoretical basis for the combination of AXL inhibitor and cisplatin in the treatment of OvCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xi-Sha Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lan-Ya Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Da Zeng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xin-Luan Wang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Song-Shu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
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11
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Zhang T, Chen X, Sun L, Guo X, Cai T, Wang J, Zeng Y, Ma J, Ding X, Xie Z, Niu L, Zhang M, Tao N, Yang F. Proteomics reveals the function reverse of MPSSS-treated prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts to suppress PC-3 cell viability via the FoxO pathway. Cancer Med 2021; 10:2509-2522. [PMID: 33704935 PMCID: PMC7982613 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer‐associated fibroblasts (prostate CAFs) are essential components of the tumor microenvironment and can promote tumor progression through their immunosuppressive functions. MPSSS, a novel polysaccharide purified from Lentinus edodes, has been reported to have anti‐tumor activity. MPSSS could also inhibit the immunosuppressive function of prostate CAFs, which has been demonstrated through that the secretome of MPSSS‐treated prostate CAFs could inhibit the proliferation of T cells. However, how the secretome of MPSSS‐treated prostate CAFs influence prostate cancer progression is still unclear. Interestingly, we found that the low molecular weight (3–100kD) secretome of prostate CAFs (lmwCAFS) could promote the growth of PC‐3 cells, while that of MPSSS‐treated prostate CAFs (MT‐lmwCAFS) could inhibit their growth. We carried out comparative secretomic analysis of lmwCAFS and MT‐lmwCAFS to identify functional molecules that inhibit the growth of PC‐3 cells, and proteomic analysis of lmwCAFS‐treated PC‐3 cells and MT‐lmwCAFS‐treated PC‐3 cells to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. These analyses suggest that TGF‐β3 from MT‐lmwCAFS may inhibit the growth of PC‐3 cells. The validated experiments revealed that TGF‐β3 from MT‐lmwCAFS activated p21 expression in PC‐3 cells by regulating the FoxO pathway thereby inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest of PC‐3 cells. Overall, our data demonstrated that MPSSS reversed the ability of prostate CAFs to suppress the cell viability of PC‐3 cells, which might provide a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiulan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tanxi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiong Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhensheng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Tao
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Moro L. The Mitochondrial Proteome of Tumor Cells: A SnapShot on Methodological Approaches and New Biomarkers. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120479. [PMID: 33353059 PMCID: PMC7766083 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mitochondria are central hubs of cellular signaling, energy metabolism, and redox balance. The plasticity of these cellular organelles is an essential requisite for the cells to cope with different stimuli and stress conditions. Cancer cells are characterized by changes in energy metabolism, mitochondrial signaling, and dynamics. These changes are driven by alterations in the mitochondrial proteome. For this reason, in the last years a focus of basic and cancer research has been the implementation and optimization of technologies to investigate changes in the mitochondrial proteome during cancer initiation and progression. This review presents an overview of the most used technologies to investigate the mitochondrial proteome and recent evidence on changes in the expression levels and delocalization of certain proteins in and out the mitochondria for shaping the functional properties of tumor cells. Abstract Mitochondria are highly dynamic and regulated organelles implicated in a variety of important functions in the cell, including energy production, fatty acid metabolism, iron homeostasis, programmed cell death, and cell signaling. Changes in mitochondrial metabolism, signaling and dynamics are hallmarks of cancer. Understanding whether these modifications are associated with alterations of the mitochondrial proteome is particularly relevant from a translational point of view because it may contribute to better understanding the molecular bases of cancer development and progression and may provide new potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers as well as novel molecular targets for anti-cancer treatment. Making an inventory of the mitochondrial proteins has been particularly challenging given that there is no unique consensus targeting sequence that directs protein import into mitochondria, some proteins are present at very low levels, while other proteins are expressed only in some cell types, in a particular developmental stage or under specific stress conditions. This review aims at providing the state-of-the-art on methodologies used to characterize the mitochondrial proteome in tumors and highlighting the biological relevance of changes in expression and delocalization of proteins in and out the mitochondria in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Moro
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetic and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy
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13
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Wang L, Li C, Song Y, Yan Z. Inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A-induced fatty acid oxidation suppresses cell progression in gastric cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108664. [PMID: 33157102 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) has a high rate of metastasis which thereason leading to death. Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (CPT1A) has been reported to play a critical obstacle to various types of cancer progression, which is an attractive focus in anti-cancer therapy. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of CPT1A involved in GC have not been clarified clear. METHODS To determine the expression of CPT1A in human GC tissues and cells and illustrate whether it is correlated with the clinical pathologic characteristics and prognosis in GC patients. Its roles and potential mechanisms in regulating tumor growth and invasion were evaluated by CPT1A knockdown/overexpression of GC cells in vitro. RESULTS Marked upregulation of CPT1A protein expression was observed in GC cells and tissues, which was associated with grade, pathological stage, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with GC. CPT1A overexpression also promoted the proliferation, invasion, EMT process of GC cells. In addition, CPT1A upregulation activated GC cell fatty acid oxidation (FAO) via increasing NADP+/NADPH ratio, whereas inhibiting of FAO abolished the effects of CPT1A on GC cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION Our results examine that CPT1A-mediated FAO activation increases GC cell proliferation and migration, supporting that CPT1A is a useful prognostic biomarker and an attractive focus for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Wang
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - Yumei Song
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - ZhenKun Yan
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130033, China.
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14
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Wei S, Bi J, Yang L, Zhang J, Wan Y, Chen X, Wang Y, Wu Z, Lv Y, Wu R. Serum irisin levels are decreased in patients with sepsis, and exogenous irisin suppresses ferroptosis in the liver of septic mice. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e173. [PMID: 32997405 PMCID: PMC7522760 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis remains a major health issue without an effective therapy. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent programmed cell death, has been proposed to be related to the pathogenesis of sepsis. Irisin, a myokine released during exercise, improves mitochondrial function under various conditions. Ferroptosis is closely related to mitochondrial function. However, the role of irisin in sepsis-induced ferroptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver remained unknown. Thus, we hypothesize that irisin treatment suppresses ferroptosis and improves mitochondrial function in sepsis. METHODS To study this, we first explored the role of serum irisin levels in patients with sepsis, and then determined the effect of irisin administration on ferroptosis and mitochondrial function in the liver of septic mice. RESULTS Serum irisin levels were decreased and negatively correlated with the APACHE II scores in patients with sepsis. In mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), exogenous irisin administration suppressed ferroptosis, inhibited inflammatory response, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, restored abnormal mitochondrial morphology, and increased mtDNA copy number and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. The effect of irisin on ferroptosis was confirmed in LPS-treated hepatocytes and CLP-induced septic mice. Inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a central regulator of ferroptosis, reduced irisin's protective effects in LPS-treated hepatocytes and CLP-induced septic mice, while blocking the irisin receptor with RGD peptide or Echistain decreased irisin-induced GPX4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Serum irisin levels are decreased and negatively correlated with disease severity in patients with sepsis, and irisin treatment suppresses ferroptosis and restores mitochondrial function in experimental sepsis. Irisin may offer therapeutic potential in the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Wei
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative MedicineShaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical EngineeringFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Jianbin Bi
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative MedicineShaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical EngineeringFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Lifei Yang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative MedicineShaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical EngineeringFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Jia Zhang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative MedicineShaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical EngineeringFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Yafeng Wan
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative MedicineShaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical EngineeringFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Xue Chen
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative MedicineShaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical EngineeringFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Yawen Wang
- BioBank, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Yi Lv
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative MedicineShaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical EngineeringFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Rongqian Wu
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative MedicineShaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical EngineeringFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi ProvinceChina
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15
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Proteomic profiling of MIN6 cell-derived exosomes. J Proteomics 2020; 224:103841. [PMID: 32461166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes have been widely used in research on the early clinical diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of various cancers due to their features of small size (30-120 nm), non-immunogenicity and ability to cross biological barriers. However, few studies have investigated exosomes involved in metabolic diseases. Early studies have found that adipose tissue can be a source of exosomes regulating metabolism, but the related functions of exosomes secreted by other tissues in the regulation of metabolic diseases have not been determined. In addition, islets were found to be able to secrete miRNA via exosomes, suggesting that islet exosomes may be among the sources of exosomes involved in the regulation of metabolic diseases and that the relevant protein profiles have not been characterized to date. Therefore, identifying the protein contents of pancreatic β cell-derived exosomes would benefit further research investigating the protein functions and mechanisms associated with diabetes-related metabolic diseases. SIGNIFICANCE: Exosomes are emerging tools for investigating metabolic diseases in recent years, but little research has been done. In our work, functional identification of MIN6 cell-derived exosomal proteins and comparative analysis of islet β cell exosomal protein data from different cell lines or from different species revealed that exosomes secreted by islet β cells may be involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism. These results may suggest that intercellular communication induced by exosome transfer among tissues may account for the major reason of diabetic metabolic disorder. In addition, these results may provide a theoretical basis for the study of the physiological and pathological functions of islet β cell exosomes for the future studies.
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16
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Guo W, Dong W, Li M, Shen Y. Mitochondria P-glycoprotein confers paclitaxel resistance on ovarian cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:3881-3891. [PMID: 31190887 PMCID: PMC6529025 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s193433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Subcellular expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) may play an essential role in multidrug resistance (MDR) in many cancers. However, the mitochondria expression and functional activity of P-gp in ovarian cancer are still unclear. In this study, we isolated mitochondria from A2780 cell line and its paclitaxel-resistant subline A2780T and investigated the expression and function of mitochondria P-gp. Methods: Immunocytochemistry was used to evaluate P-gp expression and subcellular localization in cancer cells. Immunofluorescence and laser confocal microscopy were used to detect the co-localization of P-gp and mitochondria both in ovarian cancer tissues and in cell lines. Western blotting (WB), transmission electron microscopy and JC-1 kit were used to evaluate the purity, integrity and activity of the isolated mitochondria. P-gp expression in the whole cell and the isolated mitochondria was evaluated by WB. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the efflux function of mitochondria P-gp. Results: P-gp expression was detected at the membrane, cytoplasm and nuclei of the A2780T cells, but not in the A2780 cells. Co-localization of P-gp and mitochondria was observed in the A2780T cell line and ovarian cancer tissues, but not in A2780 cells. The purity, integration and activity of the isolated mitochondria are high. P-gp was highly expressed in the A2780T cells and the isolated mitochondria, but was not found in A2780 cells. Rho123 efflux rate was significantly increased in isolated A2780T mitochondria compared to those in A2780 (43.2% vs 9.6%), but it was partly reversed by cyclosporin A (CsA, a P-gp inhibitor). Conclusion: P-gp is highly expressed in mitochondria of taxol-resistant ovarian cancer cells and ovarian cancer tissues and mediates the drug efflux, which probably protect cancer cells from chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Weihong Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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17
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An Y, Zhou L, Huang Z, Nice EC, Zhang H, Huang C. Molecular insights into cancer drug resistance from a proteomics perspective. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:413-429. [PMID: 30925852 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1601561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resistance to chemotherapy and development of specific and effective molecular targeted therapies are major obstacles facing current cancer treatment. Comparative proteomic approaches have been employed for the discovery of putative biomarkers associated with cancer drug resistance and have yielded a number of candidate proteins, showing great promise for both novel drug target identification and personalized medicine for the treatment of drug-resistant cancer. Areas covered: Herein, we review the recent advances and challenges in proteomics studies on cancer drug resistance with an emphasis on biomarker discovery, as well as understanding the interconnectivity of proteins in disease-related signaling pathways. In addition, we highlight the critical role that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play in the mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. Expert opinion: Revealing changes in proteome profiles and the role of PTMs in drug-resistant cancer is key to deciphering the mechanisms of treatment resistance. With the development of sensitive and specific mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and related technologies, it is now possible to investigate in depth potential biomarkers and the molecular mechanisms of cancer drug resistance, assisting the development of individualized therapeutic strategies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao An
- a West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China.,b Department of Oncology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- a West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Zhao Huang
- a West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- b Department of Oncology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Canhua Huang
- a West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China.,b Department of Oncology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
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18
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Swiatly A, Plewa S, Matysiak J, Kokot ZJ. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques and their application in ovarian cancer research. J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:88. [PMID: 30270814 PMCID: PMC6166298 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has emerged as one of the leading cause of gynecological malignancies. So far, the measurement of CA125 and HE4 concentrations in blood and transvaginal ultrasound examination are essential ovarian cancer diagnostic methods. However, their sensitivity and specificity are still not sufficient to detect disease at the early stage. Moreover, applied treatment may appear to be ineffective due to drug-resistance. Because of a high mortality rate of ovarian cancer, there is a pressing need to develop innovative strategies leading to a full understanding of complicated molecular pathways related to cancerogenesis. Recent studies have shown the great potential of clinical proteomics in the characterization of many diseases, including ovarian cancer. Therefore, in this review, we summarized achievements of proteomics in ovarian cancer management. Since the development of mass spectrometry has caused a breakthrough in systems biology, we decided to focus on studies based on this technique. According to PubMed engine, in the years 2008-2010 the number of studies concerning OC proteomics was increasing, and since 2010 it has reached a plateau. Proteomics as a rapidly evolving branch of science may be essential in novel biomarkers discovery, therapy decisions, progression predication, monitoring of drug response or resistance. Despite the fact that proteomics has many to offer, we also discussed some limitations occur in ovarian cancer studies. Main difficulties concern both complexity and heterogeneity of ovarian cancer and drawbacks of the mass spectrometry strategies. This review summarizes challenges, capabilities, and promises of the mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques in ovarian cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Swiatly
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Plewa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Zenon J. Kokot
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
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19
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Eremina L, Pashintseva N, Kovalev L, Kovaleva M, Shishkin S. Proteomics of mammalian mitochondria in health and malignancy: From protein identification to function. Anal Biochem 2018; 552:4-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Shi Y, Pang X, Wang J, Liu G. NanoTRAIL-Oncology: A Strategic Approach in Cancer Research and Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2018. [PMID: 29527836 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TRAIL is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that can largely trigger apoptosis in a wide variety of cancer cells, but not in normal cells. However, insufficient exposure to cancer tissues or cells and drug resistance has severely impeded the clinical application of TRAIL. Recently, nanobiotechnology has brought about a revolution in advanced drug delivery for enhanced anticancer therapy using TRAIL. With the help of materials science, immunology, genetic engineering, and protein engineering, substantial progress is made by expressing fusion proteins with TRAIL, engineering TRAIL on biological membranes, and loading TRAIL into functional nanocarriers or conjugating it onto their surfaces. Thus, the nanoparticle-based TRAIL (nanoTRAIL) opens up intriguing opportunities for efficient and safe bioapplications. In this review, the mechanisms of action and biological function of TRAIL, as well as the current status of TRAIL treatment, are comprehensively discussed. The application of functional nanotechnology combined with TRAIL in cancer therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Xin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Guangxi Biological Medicine and the; Medical and Scientific Research Center; Guangxi Medical University; Nanning 530021 China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
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21
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Tan Z, Xiao L, Tang M, Bai F, Li J, Li L, Shi F, Li N, Li Y, Du Q, Lu J, Weng X, Yi W, Zhang H, Fan J, Zhou J, Gao Q, Onuchic JN, Bode AM, Luo X, Cao Y. Targeting CPT1A-mediated fatty acid oxidation sensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma to radiation therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:2329-2347. [PMID: 29721083 PMCID: PMC5928893 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a particularly high prevalence in southern China, southeastern Asia and northern Africa. Radiation resistance remains a serious obstacle to successful treatment in NPC. This study aimed to explore the metabolic feature of radiation-resistant NPC cells and identify new molecular-targeted agents to improve the therapeutic effects of radiotherapy in NPC. Methods: Radiation-responsive and radiation-resistant NPC cells were used as the model system in vitro and in vivo. Metabolomics approach was used to illustrate the global metabolic changes. 13C isotopomer tracing experiment and Seahorse XF analysis were undertaken to determine the activity of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). qRT-PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of essential FAO genes including CPT1A. NPC tumor tissue microarray was used to investigate the prognostic role of CPT1A. Either RNA interference or pharmacological blockade by Etomoxir were used to inhibit CPT1A. Radiation resistance was evaluated by colony formation assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis and neutral lipid content were measured by flow cytometry analysis using JC-1, Annexin V and LipidTOX Red probe respectively. Molecular markers of mitochondrial apoptosis were detected by western blot. Xenografts were treated with Etomoxir, radiation, or a combination of Etomoxir and radiation. Mitochondrial apoptosis and lipid droplets content of tumor tissues were detected by cleaved caspase 9 and Oil Red O staining respectively. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry approach was used to identify CPT1A-binding proteins. The interaction of CPT1A and Rab14 were detected by immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and in situ proximity ligation analysis. Fragment docking and direct coupling combined computational protein-protein interaction prediction method were used to predict the binding interface. Fatty acid trafficking was measured by pulse-chase assay using BODIPY C16 and MitoTracker Red probe. Results: FAO was active in radiation-resistant NPC cells, and the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 A (CPT1A), was consistently up-regulated in these cells. The protein level of CPT1A was significantly associated with poor overall survival of NPC patients following radiotherapy. Inhibition of CPT1A re-sensitized NPC cells to radiation therapy by activating mitochondrial apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we identified Rab14 as a novel CPT1A binding protein. The CPT1A-Rab14 interaction facilitated fatty acid trafficking from lipid droplets to mitochondria, which decreased radiation-induced lipid accumulation and maximized ATP production. Knockdown of Rab14 attenuated CPT1A-mediated fatty acid trafficking and radiation resistance. Conclusion: An active FAO is a vital signature of NPC radiation resistance. Targeting CPT1A could be a beneficial regimen to improve the therapeutic effects of radiotherapy in NPC patients. Importantly, the CPT1A-Rab14 interaction plays roles in CPT1A-mediated radiation resistance by facilitating fatty acid trafficking. This interaction could be an attractive interface for the discovery of novel CPT1A inhibitors.
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Ji Y, Wei S, Hou J, Zhang C, Xue P, Wang J, Chen X, Guo X, Yang F. Integrated proteomic and N-glycoproteomic analyses of doxorubicin sensitive and resistant ovarian cancer cells reveal glycoprotein alteration in protein abundance and glycosylation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13413-13427. [PMID: 28077793 PMCID: PMC5355108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common cancer among women in the world, and chemotherapy remains the principal treatment for patients. However, drug resistance is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of ovarian cancers and the underlying mechanism is not clear. An increased understanding of the mechanisms that underline the pathogenesis of drug resistance is therefore needed to develop novel therapeutics and diagnostic. Herein, we report the comparative analysis of the doxorubicin sensitive OVCAR8 cells and its doxorubicin-resistant variant NCI/ADR-RES cells using integrated global proteomics and N-glycoproteomics. A total of 1525 unique N-glycosite-containing peptides from 740 N-glycoproteins were identified and quantified, of which 253 N-glycosite-containing peptides showed significant change in the NCI/ADR-RES cells. Meanwhile, stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) based comparative proteomic analysis of the two ovarian cancer cells led to the quantification of 5509 proteins. As about 50% of the identified N-glycoproteins are low-abundance membrane proteins, only 44% of quantified unique N-glycosite-containing peptides had corresponding protein expression ratios. The comparison and calibration of the N-glycoproteome versus the proteome classified 14 change patterns of N-glycosite-containing peptides, including 8 up-regulated N-glycosite-containing peptides with the increased glycosylation sites occupancy, 35 up-regulated N-glycosite-containing peptides with the unchanged glycosylation sites occupancy, 2 down-regulated N-glycosite-containing peptides with the decreased glycosylation sites occupancy, 46 down-regulated N-glycosite-containing peptides with the unchanged glycosylation sites occupancy. Integrated proteomic and N-glycoproteomic analyses provide new insights, which can help to unravel the relationship of N-glycosylation and multidrug resistance (MDR), understand the mechanism of MDR, and discover the new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Ji
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shasha Wei
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Hou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengqian Zhang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Xue
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiulan Chen
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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El Bairi K, Amrani M, Kandhro AH, Afqir S. Prediction of therapy response in ovarian cancer: Where are we now? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 54:233-266. [PMID: 28443762 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1313190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapy resistance is a major challenge in the management of ovarian cancer (OC). Advances in detection and new technology validation have led to the emergence of biomarkers that can predict responses to available therapies. It is important to identify predictive biomarkers to select resistant and sensitive patients in order to reduce important toxicities, to reduce costs and to increase survival. The discovery of predictive and prognostic biomarkers for monitoring therapy is a developing field and provides promising perspectives in the era of personalized medicine. This review article will discuss the biology of OC with a focus on targetable pathways; current therapies; mechanisms of resistance; predictive biomarkers for chemotherapy, antiangiogenic and DNA-targeted therapies, and optimal cytoreductive surgery; and the emergence of liquid biopsy using recent studies from the Medline database and ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Bairi
- a Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy , Mohamed Ist University , Oujda , Morocco
| | - Mariam Amrani
- b Equipe de Recherche ONCOGYMA, Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Department , National Institute of Oncology, Université Mohamed V , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Abdul Hafeez Kandhro
- c Department of Biochemistry , Healthcare Molecular and Diagnostic Laboratory , Hyderabad , Pakistan
| | - Said Afqir
- d Department of Medical Oncology , Mohamed VI University Hospital , Oujda , Morocco
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24
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Deng J, Wang L, Ni J, Beretov J, Wasinger V, Wu D, Duan W, Graham P, Li Y. Proteomics discovery of chemoresistant biomarkers for ovarian cancer therapy. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:905-915. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1233065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junli Deng
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Ni
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
| | - Julia Beretov
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
| | - Valerie Wasinger
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
| | - Duojia Wu
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
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25
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Li J, Chen X, Yi J, Liu Y, Li D, Wang J, Hou D, Jiang X, Zhang J, Wang J, Zen K, Yang F, Zhang CY, Zhang Y. Identification and Characterization of 293T Cell-Derived Exosomes by Profiling the Protein, mRNA and MicroRNA Components. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163043. [PMID: 27649079 PMCID: PMC5029934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-derived exosomes are leading candidates for in vivo drug delivery carriers. In particular, exosomes derived from 293T cells are used most frequently, although exosome dosing has varied greatly among studies. Considering their biological origin, it is crucial to characterize the molecular composition of exosomes if large doses are to be administered in clinical settings. In this study, we present the first comprehensive analysis of the protein, messenger RNA and microRNA profiles of 293T cell-derived exosomes; then, we characterized these data using Gene Ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia for Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. Our study will provide the basis for the selection of 293T cell-derived exosome drug delivery systems. Profiling the exosomal signatures of 293T cells will lead to a better understanding of 293T exosome biology and will aid in the identification of any harmful factors in exosomes that could cause adverse clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiulan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dameng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (CZ); (FY)
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (CZ); (FY)
| | - Yujing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (CZ); (FY)
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Elzek MA, Rodland KD. Proteomics of ovarian cancer: functional insights and clinical applications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 34:83-96. [PMID: 25736266 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been an increasing interest in applying proteomics to assist in understanding the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, elucidating the mechanism of drug resistance, and in the development of biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer. Although ovarian cancer is a spectrum of different diseases, the strategies for diagnosis and treatment with surgery and adjuvant therapy are similar across ovarian cancer types, increasing the general applicability of discoveries made through proteomics research. While proteomic experiments face many difficulties which slow the pace of clinical applications, recent advances in proteomic technology contribute significantly to the identification of aberrant proteins and networks which can serve as targets for biomarker development and individualized therapies. This review provides a summary of the literature on proteomics' contributions to ovarian cancer research and highlights the current issues, future directions, and challenges. We propose that protein-level characterization of primary lesion in ovarian cancer can decipher the mystery of this disease, improve diagnostic tools, and lead to more effective screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elzek
- Egybiotech for Research and Biotechnology, Alexandria, Egypt,
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27
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Berberine Regulated Lipid Metabolism in the Presence of C75, Compound C, and TOFA in Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:396035. [PMID: 26351511 PMCID: PMC4550799 DOI: 10.1155/2015/396035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Berberine interfering with cancer reprogramming metabolism was confirmed in our previous study. Lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function were also the core parts in reprogramming metabolism. In the presence of some energy-related inhibitors, including C75, compound C, and TOFA, the discrete roles of berberine in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function were elucidated. An altered lipid metabolism induced by berberine was observed under the inhibition of FASN, AMPK, and ACC in breast cancer cell MCF-7. And the reversion of berberine-induced lipid suppression indicated that ACC inhibition might be involved in that process instead of FASN inhibition. A robust apoptosis induced by berberine even under the inhibition of AMPK and lipid synthesis was also indicated. Finally, mitochondrial function regulation under the inhibition of AMPK and ACC might be in an ACL-independent manner. Undoubtedly, the detailed mechanisms of berberine interfering with lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function combined with energy-related inhibitors need further investigation, including the potential compensatory mechanisms for ATP production and the upregulation of ACL.
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28
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Shu Q, Cai T, Chen X, Zhu HH, Xue P, Zhu N, Xie Z, Wei S, Zhang Q, Niu L, Gao WQ, Yang F. Proteomic Comparison and MRM-Based Comparative Analysis of Metabolites Reveal Metabolic Shift in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3390-402. [PMID: 26147661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in prostate cancer therapy remains the development of effective treatments for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), as the underlying mechanisms for its progression remain elusive. Previous studies showed that androgen receptor (AR) is crucially involved in regulation of metabolism in prostate cancer (PCa) cells throughout the transition from early stage, androgen-sensitive PCa to androgen-independent CRPC. AR achieves such metabolic rewiring directively either via its transcriptional activity or via interactions with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, due to the heterogeneous expression and activity status of AR in PCa cells, it remains a challenge to investigate the links between AR status and metabolic alterations. To this end, we compared the proteomes of three pairs of androgen-sensitive (AS) and androgen-independent (AI) PCa cell lines, namely, PC3-AR(+)/PC3, 22Rv1/Du145, and LNCaP/C42B, using an iTRAQ labeling approach. Our results revealed that most of the differentially expressed proteins between each pair function in metabolism, indicating a metabolic shift between AS and AI cells, as further validated by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based quantification of nucleotides and relative comparison of fatty acids between these cell lines. Furthermore, increased adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 (AK1) in AS relative to AI cells may result in activation of AMPK, representing a major regulatory factor involved in the observed metabolic shift in PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Shu
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | | | - Helen He Zhu
- §State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Qing Zhang
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- §State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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29
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Chen X, Wei S, Ji Y, Guo X, Yang F. Quantitative proteomics using SILAC: Principles, applications, and developments. Proteomics 2015; 15:3175-92. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics; Institute of Biophysics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shasha Wei
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics; Institute of Biophysics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics; Institute of Biophysics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics; Institute of Biophysics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics; Institute of Biophysics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
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Zhang W, Li J, Suzuki K, Qu J, Wang P, Zhou J, Liu X, Ren R, Xu X, Ocampo A, Yuan T, Yang J, Li Y, Shi L, Guan D, Pan H, Duan S, Ding Z, Li M, Yi F, Bai R, Wang Y, Chen C, Yang F, Li X, Wang Z, Aizawa E, Goebl A, Soligalla RD, Reddy P, Esteban CR, Tang F, Liu GH, Belmonte JCI. Aging stem cells. A Werner syndrome stem cell model unveils heterochromatin alterations as a driver of human aging. Science 2015; 348:1160-3. [PMID: 25931448 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is a premature aging disorder caused by WRN protein deficiency. Here, we report on the generation of a human WS model in human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Differentiation of WRN-null ESCs to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) recapitulates features of premature cellular aging, a global loss of H3K9me3, and changes in heterochromatin architecture. We show that WRN associates with heterochromatin proteins SUV39H1 and HP1α and nuclear lamina-heterochromatin anchoring protein LAP2β. Targeted knock-in of catalytically inactive SUV39H1 in wild-type MSCs recapitulates accelerated cellular senescence, resembling WRN-deficient MSCs. Moreover, decrease in WRN and heterochromatin marks are detected in MSCs from older individuals. Our observations uncover a role for WRN in maintaining heterochromatin stability and highlight heterochromatin disorganization as a potential determinant of human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ping Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junzhi Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruotong Ren
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiuling Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Alejandro Ocampo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tingting Yuan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiping Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Oral Disease, the 306th Hospital of the PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Dee Guan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huize Pan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shunlei Duan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhichao Ding
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mo Li
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fei Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruijun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yayu Wang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Oral Disease, the 306th Hospital of the PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zimei Wang
- The Center for Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Emi Aizawa
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Goebl
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rupa Devi Soligalla
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pradeep Reddy
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Concepcion Rodriguez Esteban
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing 100871, China. Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine (CMTM), Beijing 100101, China. Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. The Center for Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine (CMTM), Beijing 100101, China. Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Anticancer properties of lamellarins. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1105-23. [PMID: 25706633 PMCID: PMC4377975 DOI: 10.3390/md13031105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1985 the first lamellarins were isolated from a small oceanic sea snail. Today, more than 50 lamellarins have been inventoried and numerous derivatives synthesized and tested as antiviral or anticancer agents. The lead compound in the family is lamellarin D, characterized as a potent inhibitor of both nuclear and mitochondrial topoisomerase I but also capable of directly interfering with mitochondria to trigger cancer cell death. The pharmacology and chemistry of lamellarins are discussed here and the mechanistic portrait of lamellarin D is detailed. Lamellarins frequently serve as a starting point in the design of anticancer compounds. Extensive efforts have been devoted to create novel structures as well as to improve synthetic methods, leading to lamellarins and related pyrrole-derived marine alkaloids.
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Hu TY. Multidisciplinary efforts driving translational theranostics. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:1209-10. [PMID: 25285169 PMCID: PMC4183998 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This themed issue summarizes significant efforts aimed at using "biological language" to discern between "friends" and "foes" in the context of theranostics for true clinical application. It is expected that the success of theranostics depends on multidisciplinary efforts, combined to expedite our understanding of host responses to "customized" theranostic agents and formulating individualized therapies.
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