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Shi YJ, Zhang J, Wang YW, Ding K, Yan Y, Xia CY, Li XX, He J, Zhang WK, Xu JK. The untapped potential of spermidine alkaloids: Sources, structures, bioactivities and syntheses. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114600. [PMID: 35863273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine alkaloids are a kind of natural products possessing an aliphatic triamine structure with three or four methylene groups between two N-atoms. Spermidine alkaloids exist in plants, microorganisms, and marine organisms, which usually form amide structures with cinnamic acid or fatty acid derivatives. Their unique structures showed a wide range of biological activities such as neuroprotective, anti-aging, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial. In order to better understand the research status of spermidine alkaloids and promote their applications in human health, this paper systematically reviewed the biological sources, structures, pharmacological actions, and synthetic processes of spermidine alkaloids over the past two decades. This will help to open up new pharmacological investigation fields and better drug design based on these spermidine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jing Shi
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Kang Ding
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Yu Yan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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Dunaevsky YE, Popova VV, Semenova TA, Beliakova GA, Belozersky MA. Fungal inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes: classification, properties, possible biological roles, and perspectives for practical use. Biochimie 2013; 101:10-20. [PMID: 24355205 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peptidase inhibitors are ubiquitous regulatory proteins controlling catalytic activity of proteolytic enzymes. Interest in these proteins increased substantially after it became clear that they can be used for therapy of various important diseases including cancer, malaria, and autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review we summarize available data on peptidase inhibitors from fungi, emphasizing their properties, biological role, and possible practical applications of these proteins in the future. A number of fungal peptidase inhibitors with unique structure and specificity of action have no sequence homology with other classes of peptidase inhibitors, thus representing new and specific candidates for therapeutic use. The main classifications of inhibitors in current use are considered. Available data on structure, mechanisms and conditions of action, and diversity of functions of peptidase inhibitors of fungi are analyzed. It is mentioned that on one side the unique properties of some inhibitors can be used for selective inhibition of peptidases responsible for initiation and development of pathogenic processes. On the other side, general inhibitory activity of other inhibitors towards peptidases of various catalytic classes might be able to provide efficient defense of transgenic plants against insect pests by overcoming compensatory synthesis of new peptidases by these pests in response to introduction of a fungal inhibitor. Together, the data analyzed in this review reveal that fungal inhibitors extend the spectrum of known peptidase inhibitors potentially suitable for use in medicine and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Dunaevsky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - V V Popova
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - T A Semenova
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - G A Beliakova
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - M A Belozersky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Abstract
Structural and biosynthetic studies of the metabolites isolated from various Colletotrichum species are reviewed. These fungi are destructive post-harvest pathogens on a wide range of plants including cereals, legumes and fruits. The review includes a detailed study of the biological activity of these metabolites and their role in the development of plant diseases. The literature in this field to the present is reviewed and 60 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M García-Pajón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Apdo. 40, Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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Bienz S, Detterbeck R, Ensch C, Guggisberg A, Häusermann U, Meisterhans C, Wendt B, Werner C, Hesse M. Putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and related polyamine alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2003; 58:83-338. [PMID: 12534249 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(02)58003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bienz
- Organisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Microorganisms produce low-molar-mass secondary metabolites exhibiting different biological activities, which are used. e.g., in medicine as antimicrobial and antifungal agents, alkaloids and toxins. Some of these substances have highly diverse biological activities and unusual structures. They are produced by streptomycetes, fungi, and bacilli, but interesting products have also been obtained from microorganisms growing in extreme conditions. Several thousands of microbial products have so far been discovered and many other, which can be potentially useful and/or prospective for human use, can still be in the offing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bĕhal
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia.
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