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Zhou Y, Tao L, Qiu J, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Tian X, Guan X, Cen X, Zhao Y. Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:132. [PMID: 38763973 PMCID: PMC11102923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Qiu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinqi Guan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Shi Y, Jiang B, Zhao J. Induction mechanisms of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115984. [PMID: 38070244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (II/RI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer (CRC) has been gradually increasing, posing significant threats to human health. Autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) play important roles in II/RI. Damage caused by ischemia and cellular stress can activate ERS, which in turn initiates autophagy to clear damaged organelles and abnormal proteins, thereby alleviating ERS and maintaining the intestinal environment. In IBD, chronic inflammation damages intestinal tissues and activates autophagy and ERS. Autophagy is initiated by upregulating ATG genes and downregulating factors that inhibit autophagy, thereby clearing abnormal proteins, damaged organelles, and bacteria. Simultaneously, persistent inflammatory stimulation can also trigger ERS, leading to protein imbalance and abnormal folding in the ER lumen. The activation of ERS can maintain cellular homeostasis by initiating the autophagy process, thereby reducing inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis in the intestine. In CRC, excessive cell proliferation and protein synthesis lead to increased ERS. The activation of ERS, regulated by signaling pathways such as IRE1α and PERK, can initiate autophagy to clear abnormal proteins and damaged organelles, thereby reducing the negative effects of ERS. It can be seen that autophagy and ERS play a crucial regulatory role in the development of intestinal diseases. Therefore, the progress in targeted therapy for intestinal diseases based on autophagy and ERS provides novel strategies for managing intestinal diseases. In this paper, we review the advances in regulation of autophagy and ERS in intestinal diseases, emphasizing the potential molecular mechanisms for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Proctology, Baoji Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Baoji 721001, Shanxi, PR China.
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Elmetwalli A, Hashish SM, Hassan MG, El-Magd MA, El-Naggar SA, Tolba AM, Salama AF. Modulation of the oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis-related genes by dicinnamoyl-L-tartaric acid in liver cancer. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3087-3099. [PMID: 37160480 PMCID: PMC10567854 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells can become resistant to existing treatments over time, so it is important to develop new treatments that target different pathways to stay ahead of this resistance. Many cancer treatments have severe side effects that can be debilitating and even life-threatening. Developing drugs that can effectively treat cancer while minimizing the risks of these side effects is essential for improving the quality of life of cancer patients. The study was designed to explore whether the combination of dicinnamoyl-L-tartaric (CLT) and sorafenib ((SOR), an anti-cancer drug)) could be used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the animal model and to assess whether this combination would lead to changes in certain biomarkers associated with the tumour. In this study, 120 male mice were divided into 8 groups of 15 mice each. A number of biochemical parameters were measured, including liver functions, oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, (MDA); nitric oxide (NO)), and antioxidative activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)). Furthermore, the hepatic expressions of Bax, Beclin1, TNF-α, IL1β, and BCl-2 genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The combination of SOR and CLT was found to reduce the levels of liver enzymes, such as AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT, and reduce the pathological changes caused by DAB and PB. The upregulation of TNF-α, IL1β, and Bcl-2 genes suggests that the CLT was able to initiate an inflammatory response to combat the tumor, while the downregulation of the Bax and Beclin1 genes indicates that the CLT was able to reduce the risk of apoptosis in the liver. Furthermore, the combination therapy led to increased expression of cytokines, resulting in an enhanced anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Elmetwalli
- Department of Clinical Trial Research Unit and Drug Discovery, Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Mustafa Hashish
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mervat G Hassan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abu El-Magd
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Amina M Tolba
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afrah Fatthi Salama
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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4
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Hu D, Huo Y, Xue Y, Feng H, Sun W, Wang H, Wu J, Wang X. Clinical application of autophagy proteins as prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3537-3549. [PMID: 36189673 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the prognostic value of autophagy proteins in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Six potential autophagy proteins were analyzed (Beclin-1, LC3A, LC3B, ULK1, ATG10 and p62). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for overall survival (OS) of CRC patients were calculated. Results: A total of 20 studies were included. High expression of LC3B and p62 was associated with favorable OS (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.40-0.80; HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.61-0.96), whereas high expression of Beclin-1 (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.05-2.06) and ULK1 (HR: 1.92. 95% CI: 1.05-3.53) might predict worse OS in CRC patients. Conclusion: Beclin-1, LC3B and p62 might act as promising prognostic biomarkers for CRC. High LC3 and p62 expression can be reliable tools for metastasis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Hu
- Department of Healthcare Security Management, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China.,Tibetan Medicine Administration of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengguan District, Lhasa, China.,Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 42, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250011, China
| | - Yanming Huo
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Ye Xue
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 42, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250011, China
| | - Haixia Feng
- Department of Infection Management, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 42, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250011, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Huiqi Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Healthcare Security Management, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China.,Tibetan Medicine Administration of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengguan District, Lhasa, China
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5
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Albendazole-induced autophagy blockade contributes to elevated apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells through AMPK/mTOR activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 454:116214. [PMID: 36055539 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ) is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug that exhibits antitumor effects against several carcinomas. The effects of ABZ on cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Our study aims to investigate the role of ABZ in inducing autophagy-mediated apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells. The antitumor effects of ABZ were evaluated against CCA cells and HIBEC intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells. Furthermore, the apoptosis rates, and autophagy flux in RBE and FRH-0201 cells treated with ABZ were investigated. ABZ inhibited proliferation, induced cell death and apoptosis in CCA cells in vitro. In vivo, tumors from ABZ- treated BALB/c nude mice were significantly smaller than untreated mice. ABZ also induced the initiation of autophagy via AMPK/mTOR pathways, resulting in the formation of autophagosome. In addition, ABZ blocked autophagic flux by inhibiting the fusion of autophagosome-lysosome, which increased the apoptotic death of CCA cells. However, the apoptotic death of CCA cells induced by ABZ was reversed by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagosome formation inhibitor, but increased by chloroquine (CQ), an autophagosome-lysosome fusion inhibitor.Our work provides novel mechanisms for anti-tumor effects of ABZ on CCA, suggesting that ABZ may be used as a potent autophagy inhibitor in the treatment of CCA.
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Broggi G, Ieni A, Russo D, Varricchio S, Puzzo L, Russo A, Reibaldi M, Longo A, Tuccari G, Staibano S, Caltabiano R. The Macro-Autophagy-Related Protein Beclin-1 Immunohistochemical Expression Correlates With Tumor Cell Type and Clinical Behavior of Uveal Melanoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:589849. [PMID: 33330070 PMCID: PMC7714947 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.589849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma, in spite of its rarity, represents the most common primitive intraocular malignant neoplasm of the adults; it affects choroid, ciliary bodied and iris and remains clinically silent for a long time, being accidentally discovered by routine ophthalmic exams. Prognosis of uveal melanoma is poor and frequently characterized by liver metastases, within 10-15 years from diagnosis. Autophagy is a multi-step catabolic process by which cells remove damaged organelles and proteins and recycle nutrients. It has been hypothesized that in early stages of tumorigenesis autophagy has a tumor suppressor role while, in more advanced stages, it may represent a survival mechanism of neoplastic cells in response to stress. Several proteins related to autophagy cascade have been investigated in numerous subtypes of human cancer, with overall controversal results. In this paper we studied the immunohistochemical expression of 3 autophagy related proteins (Beclin-1, p62 and ATG7) in a cohort of 85 primary uveal melanoma treated by primary enucleation (39 with metastasis and 46 non metastatic) and correlated their expression with clinico-pathological parameters and blood vascular microvessel density, in order to investigate the potential prognostic role of autophagy in this rare neoplasm. We found that high immunohistochemical levels of Beclin-1 correlated with a lower risk of metastasis and higher disease-free survival times, indicating a positive prognostic role for Beclin-1 in uveal melanoma. No statistically significative differences regarding the expression of ATG7 and p62 between metastatic and non metastatic patients was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Broggi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Section of Pathology, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Russo
- Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Varricchio
- Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lidia Puzzo
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Surgical Science, Eye Clinic, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Longo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Section of Pathology, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Staibano
- Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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7
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Du H, Chen L, Luo F, Chen X, Li Y, Cheng Q. Beclin-1 expression is associated with prognosis in a Bcl-2-dependent manner in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:9. [PMID: 32802158 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 expression abnormalities have been confirmed in different types of cancer. As important regulators of autophagy and apoptosis, respectively, these molecules serve a complex role in tumorigenesis. However, limited information is currently available regarding the association between Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in (NSCLC). In the present study, the expression levels of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 were detected in lung cancer tissues, and their prognostic significance was analyzed for NSCLC. A total of 120 patients with lung cancer who underwent surgical resection were included in the present study. Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry and their associations with the overall survival (OS) in patients with NSCLC was examined. The expression rate of Beclin-1 was significantly lower in NSCLC tissues compared with that in adjacent tissues, whereas the expression rate of Bcl-2 was significantly higher in lung cancer tissues compared with that in adjacent tissues. Additionally, Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 protein expression was strongly associated (P<0.05) in NSCLC. Patients with NSCLC with low Beclin-1 expression were in more advanced stages, with more lymph node metastasis and more poorly differentiated tumors. Similarly, patients with NSCLC with high Bcl-2 expression were also in a more advanced stage and had more lymph node metastasis. Cox regression analysis revealed that the association between Bcl-2 expression and survival was not significant, while a multivariate analysis revealed that Beclin-1 expression was significantly associated with OS. Notably, Beclin-1 expression was significantly associated with OS only in patients with high Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, the present data indicated that the autophagy activity is decreased in NSCLC. Beclin-1 expression was downregulated, while Bcl-2 expression was upregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with that in adjacent tissues. Additionally, these two proteins were associated with the occurrence and progression of NSCLC. Beclin-1 may be a promising prognostic marker for patients with NSCLC with high Bcl-2 expression. The present findings provided a more accurate prognostic assessment for patients with NSCLC. Furthermore, they may be used to actively follow-up and promptly treat patients with a poor prognosis, which may benefit a greater number of patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailei Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, P.R. China
| | - Fangxiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, P.R. China
| | - Xueyu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, P.R. China
| | - Qijian Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, P.R. China
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Haruki K, Kosumi K, Hamada T, Twombly TS, Väyrynen JP, Kim SA, Masugi Y, Qian ZR, Mima K, Baba Y, da Silva A, Borowsky J, Arima K, Fujiyoshi K, Lau MC, Li P, Guo C, Chen Y, Song M, Nowak JA, Nishihara R, Yanaga K, Zhang X, Wu K, Bullman S, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Meyerhardt JA, Giannakis M, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Association of autophagy status with amount of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer. J Pathol 2020; 250:397-408. [PMID: 31880318 PMCID: PMC7282529 DOI: 10.1002/path.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), which has been associated with colorectal carcinogenesis, can impair anti-tumour immunity, and actively invade colon epithelial cells. Considering the critical role of autophagy in host defence against microorganisms, we hypothesised that autophagic activity of tumour cells might influence the amount of F. nucleatum in colorectal cancer tissue. Using 724 rectal and colon cancer cases within the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we evaluated autophagic activity of tumour cells by immunohistochemical analyses of BECN1 (beclin 1), MAP1LC3 (LC3), and SQSTM1 (p62) expression. We measured the amount of F. nucleatum DNA in tumour tissue by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We conducted multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses to examine the association of tumour BECN1, MAP1LC3, and SQSTM1 expression with the amount of F. nucleatum, adjusting for potential confounders, including microsatellite instability status; CpG island methylator phenotype; long-interspersed nucleotide element-1 methylation; and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations. Compared with BECN1-low cases, BECN1-intermediate and BECN1-high cases were associated with lower amounts of F. nucleatum with odds ratios (for a unit increase in three ordinal categories of the amount of F. nucleatum) of 0.54 (95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.99) and 0.31 (95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.60), respectively (Ptrend < 0.001 across ordinal BECN1 categories). Tumour MAP1LC3 and SQSTM1 levels were not significantly associated with the amount of F. nucleatum (Ptrend > 0.06). Tumour BECN1, MAP1LC3, and SQSTM1 levels were not significantly associated with patient survival (Ptrend > 0.10). In conclusion, tumour BECN1 expression is inversely associated with the amount of F. nucleatum in colorectal cancer tissue, suggesting a possible role of autophagy in the elimination of invasive microorganisms. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Haruki
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler S. Twombly
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juha P. Väyrynen
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sun A. Kim
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Scientific Research Center and Digestive Disease Center, the seventh affiliated hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annacarolina da Silva
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Borowsky
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kota Arima
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Fujiyoshi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peilong Li
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunguang Guo
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Bullman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Cancer Epidemiology Programs, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Meng YC, Lou XL, Yang LY, Li D, Hou YQ. Role of the autophagy-related marker LC3 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1103-1113. [PMID: 32157437 PMCID: PMC7142043 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), an autophagic gene, has been reported as a vital marker for many diseases and cancers. However, the role of LC3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not still investigated. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the association of LC3 with its clinicopathological and prognostic in HCC. Methods We consulted the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wan Fang databases for published studies on LC3 in HCC. Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to screen the quality of the literature. The statistical analysis was calculated by STATA 14.2. Results Of the 1329 titles identified, 10 articles involving 949 patients in HCC were included in this meta-analysis. The results of our study show that increased LC3 expression is related to size of tumor, but not to gender, age, number of tumor, liver cirrhosis, HBsAg, TNM stage, alpha fetoprotein, vascular invasion and histological grade. Positive LC3 expression was associated with overall survival by pooled hazard ratio. Conclusions This meta-analysis indicated that positive LC3 expression was related to size of tumor, and could predict prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Meng
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Xiao-Li Lou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Li-Yuan Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Yan-Qiang Hou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China.
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10
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Perez-Montoyo H. Therapeutic Potential of Autophagy Modulation in Cholangiocarcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:E614. [PMID: 32143356 PMCID: PMC7140412 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a multistep catabolic process through which misfolded, aggregated or mutated proteins and damaged organelles are internalized in membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and ultimately fused to lysosomes for degradation of sequestered components. The multistep nature of the process offers multiple regulation points prone to be deregulated and cause different human diseases but also offers multiple targetable points for designing therapeutic strategies. Cancer cells have evolved to use autophagy as an adaptive mechanism to survive under extremely stressful conditions within the tumor microenvironment, but also to increase invasiveness and resistance to anticancer drugs such as chemotherapy. This review collects clinical evidence of autophagy deregulation during cholangiocarcinogenesis together with preclinical reports evaluating compounds that modulate autophagy to induce cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell death. Altogether, experimental data suggest an impairment of autophagy during initial steps of CCA development and increased expression of autophagy markers on established tumors and in invasive phenotypes. Preclinical efficacy of autophagy modulators promoting CCA cell death, reducing invasiveness capacity and resensitizing CCA cells to chemotherapy open novel therapeutic avenues to design more specific and efficient strategies to treat this aggressive cancer.
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11
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Interaction between DNA damage response and autophagy in colorectal cancer. Gene 2020; 730:144323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Lu M, Zhang X, Xu Y, He G, Liu Q, Zhu J, Zhang C. Elevated histone H3 citrullination is associated with increased Beclin1 expression in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1221-1230. [PMID: 31900950 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Citrullinated histone H3 (H3Cit) is the product of the conversion of peptidylarginine to citrulline in histone H3. We evaluated the H3Cit level in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and assessed its association with Beclin1 messenger RNA (mRNA) (a key autophagic regulator). The level of H3Cit was detected by a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while Beclin1 mRNA was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction in 80 HBV-related patients with HCC. We found that the mean level of H3Cit was 72.25 ng/mg in HCC and 44.02 ng/mg in nontumor tissues. The mean HCC/nontumor ratio of Beclin1 mRNA was higher (0.096) in tumor samples than in nontumor specimens (0.056). Specifically, Beclin1 mRNA was elevated in 51 HCC cases (63.75%) and decreased in 29 cases (36.25%). Moreover, the levels of H3Cit and Beclin1 mRNA were significantly associated with vascular invasion and serum AFP levels. A shorter survival (19 months) was associated with a high H3Cit level. We also found increased levels of Beclin1 mRNA in the H3Cit (high) group compared with the H3Cit (low) group. The results implied that elevated histone H3 citrullination is associated with increased Beclin1 expression during the development of HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Lu
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xianjing Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nanyang Center Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Guangzhao He
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Laboratory, the Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Changsong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, the Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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Cytotoxic effects of a sesquiterpene β-elemene on THP-1 leukemia cells is mediated via crosstalk between beclin-1 mediated autophagy and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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lncRNA GAS5 Inhibits Cell Migration and Invasion and Promotes Autophagy by Targeting miR-222-3p via the GAS5/PTEN-Signaling Pathway in CRC. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:644-656. [PMID: 31400607 PMCID: PMC6698928 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequently occurring lethal disorder with heterogeneous outcomes and drug responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in carcinogenesis. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of lncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) in CRC cells via mediation of the microRNA-222-3p (miR-222-3p)/GAS5/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-signaling pathway. HCT116 and SW480 cells were collected and treated with small interfering (si)-lncRNA GAS5, overexpressing (oe)-lncRNA GAS5, miR-222-3p mimic, miR-222-3p inhibitor, or si-lncRNA GAS5 + miR-222-3p mimic. The miR-222-3p level and mRNA and protein levels of GAS5, Beclin1, light-chain 3B (LC3B), PTEN, and Akt were detected. Besides, cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis as well as acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) were examined respectively. Xenografts in nude mice were also performed to detect tumorigenesis in vivo. Results suggested that the downregulation of lncRNA GAS5 decreased the expressions of Beclin1, LC3B, and PTEN. When treated with oe-lncRNA GAS5 or miR-222-3p inhibitor, HCT116 and SW480 cells exhibited suppressed invasion and migration abilities and increased apoptotic cells and autophagosome and AVO activities. Moreover, overexpression of GAS5 inhibited the tumorigenesis of CRC cells in vivo. Taken together, lncRNA GAS5 upregulated the expression of PTEN by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-222-3p, thus inhibiting CRC cell migration and invasion and promoting cell autophagy.
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Skarkova V, Kralova V, Vitovcova B, Rudolf E. Selected Aspects of Chemoresistance Mechanisms in Colorectal Carcinoma-A Focus on Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030234. [PMID: 30871055 PMCID: PMC6468859 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance has been found in all malignant tumors including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Nowadays chemoresistance is understood as a major reason for therapy failure, with consequent tumor growth and spreading leading ultimately to the patient's premature death. The chemotherapy-related resistance of malignant colonocytes may be manifested in diverse mechanisms that may exist both prior to the onset of the therapy or after it. The ultimate function of this chemoresistance is to ensure the survival of malignant cells through continuing adaptation within an organism, therefore, the nature and spectrum of cell-survival strategies in CRC represent a highly significant target of scientific inquiry. Among these survival strategies employed by CRC cells, three unique but significantly linked phenomena stand out-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, and cell death. In this mini-review, current knowledge concerning all three mechanisms including their emergence, timeline, regulation, and mutual relationships will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Skarkova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Vera Kralova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Vitovcova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Zheng T, Li D, He Z, Feng S, Zhao S. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of Beclin-1 in non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4167-4175. [PMID: 30050308 PMCID: PMC6056151 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s164987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy plays a key role in the development of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Beclin-1 is essential for the initiation and regulation of autophagy. Accumulated studies have investigated the prognostic role of Beclin-1 in NSCLC, but conclusions remain controversial. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to assess the potential significance of Beclin-1 in NSCLC. Materials and methods PubMed and Embase databases were searched for eligible studies published before December 31, 2017. Odds ratio (OR) was pooled to evaluate the clinicopathological significance of Beclin-1 in NSCLC. Hazard ratio (HR) was adopted to assess the association of Beclin-1 with overall survival (OS). Results Eight studies involving 1,159 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that high Beclin-1 expression was significantly correlated with earlier tumor grade (OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.36-0.81, P=0.003), less nodal involvement (OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.37-0.86, P=0.007), earlier TNM stage (OR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.43-0.89, P=0.010), smaller tumor size (OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.36-0.81, P=0.003), better differentiation (OR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.36-0.64, P<0.001), and less recurrence (OR=0.24, 95% CI: 0.14-0.41, P<0.001). Moreover, high level of Beclin-1 was significantly associated with better OS in NSCLC (HR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.26-0.64, P<0.001). Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggests that high Beclin-1 expression predicts a better clinicopathological status and a better prognosis in NSCLC. Beclin-1 might act as a promising prognostic biomarker for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianliang Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,
| | - Deping Li
- Department of Pain Management, Zhengzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhanfeng He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,
| | - Shuaibing Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,
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17
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Liang C, Li W, Ge H, Zhang K, Li G, Wu J. Role of Beclin1 expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2387-2397. [PMID: 29740214 PMCID: PMC5931235 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s151751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Beclin1 has been reported as a vital marker for a number of malignant tumors. However, the role of Beclin1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains inconclusive. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the correlation between Beclin1 and its clinicopathological and prognostic values in HCC. Methods PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, Chinese CNKI, and Chinese WanFang databases were searched for published articles on Beclin1 expression in hepatocellular tissues. Standard-compliant articles were screened using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for strict quality control of the literature. The correlation of Beclin1 expression with the clinicopathological features and survival outcomes was analyzed. Pooled odds ratios and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using STATA14.2. Results Eleven articles with 1,279 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Positive Beclin1 expression was found to be correlated with alpha fetoprotein, liver cirrhosis, and vascular invasion, but not with gender, age, HBsAg, size of tumor, number of tumors, differentiation, and TNM stage. Positive Beclin1 expression was also associated with favorable 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates. Conclusion Our meta-analysis indicated that positive Beclin1 expression was negatively related to alpha fetoprotein, liver cirrhosis, and vascular invasion in HCC. Beclin1 could be used as a prognostic biomarker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaitong Zhang
- Department of Tumor Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Wechman SL, Pradhan AK, DeSalle R, Das SK, Emdad L, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. New Insights Into Beclin-1: Evolution and Pan-Malignancy Inhibitor Activity. Adv Cancer Res 2017; 137:77-114. [PMID: 29405978 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a functionally conserved self-degradation process that facilitates the survival of eukaryotic life via the management of cellular bioenergetics and maintenance of the fidelity of genomic DNA. The first known autophagy inducer was Beclin-1. Beclin-1 is expressed in multicellular eukaryotes ranging throughout plants to animals, comprising a nonmonophyllic group, as shown in this report via aggressive BLAST searches. In humans, Beclin-1 is a haploinsuffient tumor suppressor as biallelic deletions have not been observed in patient tumors clinically. Therefore, Beclin-1 fails the Knudson hypothesis, implicating expression of at least one Beclin-1 allele is essential for cancer cell survival. However, Beclin-1 is frequently monoallelically deleted in advanced human cancers and the expression of two Beclin-1 allelles is associated with greater anticancer effects. Overall, experimental evidence suggests that Beclin-1 inhibits tumor formation, angiogenesis, and metastasis alone and in cooperation with the tumor suppressive molecules UVRAG, Bif-1, Ambra1, and MDA-7/IL-24 via diverse mechanisms of action. Conversely, Beclin-1 is upregulated in cancer stem cells (CSCs), portending a role in cancer recurrence, and highlighting this molecule as an intriguing molecular target for the treatment of CSCs. Many aspects of Beclin-1's biological effects remain to be studied. The consequences of these BLAST searches on the molecular evolution of Beclin-1, and the eukaryotic branches of the tree of life, are discussed here in greater detail with future inquiry focused upon protist taxa. Also in this review, the effects of Beclin-1 on tumor suppression and cancer malignancy are discussed. Beclin-1 holds significant promise for the development of novel targeted cancer therapeutics and is anticipated to lead to a many advances in our understanding of eukaryotic evolution, multicellularity, and even the treatment of CSCs in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Wechman
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Anjan K Pradhan
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Minamoto T, Nakayama K, Nakamura K, Katagiri H, Sultana R, Ishibashi T, Ishikawa M, Yamashita H, Sanuki K, Iida K, Nakayama S, Otsuki Y, Ishikawa N, Kyo S. Loss of beclin 1 expression in ovarian cancer: A potential biomarker for predicting unfavorable outcomes. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1170-1176. [PMID: 29399172 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of the expression of proteins associated with autophagy, beclin 1 (BECN1), 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1), were investigated in patients with ovarian carcinoma, receiving combination chemotherapy with a platinum agent and a taxane. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for autophagy-associated proteins in tumor tissues from 141 patients with ovarian carcinoma. Clinical data were collected retrospectively by reviewing medical charts, and the association between protein expression, clinicopathological features and survival was investigated. Amongst 141 ovarian carcinoma samples, the loss of BECN1, LC3, and HMGB-1 expression was identified in 59 (41.8%), 35 (24.8%), and 66 (46.8%) samples, respectively. Clinicopathological factors were not significantly associated with the loss of BECN1 expression. However, significant associations were demonstrated between the expression of BECN1, LC3, and HMGB-1. In addition, loss of BECN1 expression demonstrated a significant association with poor progression-free and poor overall survival. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that loss of BECN1 expression and postoperative residual tumor were significant independent predictors of poor progression-free survival and poor overall survival. These results indicated that loss of BECN1 expression in ovarian carcinoma is a negative prognosticator in patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. Assessment of BECN1 expression may be useful for predicting an unfavorable response to platinum-based chemotherapy in ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Minamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katagiri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Razia Sultana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Tomoka Ishibashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Masako Ishikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Kaori Sanuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Kouji Iida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4308558, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Otsuki
- Department of Pathology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 4308558, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Organ Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 6938501, Japan
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Song S, Wang B, Gu S, Li X, Sun S. Expression of Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 in pancreatic neoplasms and its effect on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma prognosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7849-7861. [PMID: 29344231 PMCID: PMC5755265 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of Beclin 1 and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) has been identified in a variety of human tumors; however, little information is available for pancreatic neoplasms. The present study analyzed the expression of Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas, and evaluated their prognostic significance for PDAC. The present study included 117 PDAC, 43 SPN and 32 chronic pancreatitis (CP) cases. Levels of Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 expression were evaluated semiquantitatively by immunohistochemistry, and their correlation with the survival of patients with PDAC was determined. Beclin 1 was upregulated in 74 (63.2%) PDAC, 26 (60.5%) SPN, and 14 (43.8%) CP cases. Bcl-2 was upregulated in 38 (32.5%) PDAC, 11 (25.6%) SPN and 24 (75.0%) CP cases. High Beclin 1 and low Bcl-2 expression was significantly correlated with poor differentiation and distant metastasis in PDAC, and associated with the presence of nuclear pleomorphism in SPN and with advanced Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage in PDAC. Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 levels were inversely correlated in PDAC, whereas they were positively correlated in SPN. Low Beclin 1 and high Bcl-2 expression was associated with improved disease-free survival and overall survival (OS). However, the association of Beclin 1 with survival was not significant in the Cox analysis, whereas Bcl-2 expression was significantly correlated with OS in the multivariate analysis. In conclusion, Beclin 1 upregulation exacerbated the progression and aggressiveness of pancreatic neoplasms, and Bcl-2 downregulated expression was an independently poor prognostic factor for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Song
- Department of Pancreas and Endocrine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Baosheng Wang
- Department of Pancreas and Endocrine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shuailin Gu
- Department of Pancreas and Endocrine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Department of Pancreas and Endocrine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shaolong Sun
- Department of Pancreas and Endocrine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Bortnik S, Gorski SM. Clinical Applications of Autophagy Proteins in Cancer: From Potential Targets to Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071496. [PMID: 28696368 PMCID: PMC5535986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosome-mediated intracellular degradation and recycling pathway, plays multiple context-dependent roles in tumorigenesis and treatment resistance. Encouraging results from various preclinical studies have led to the initiation of numerous clinical trials with the intention of targeting autophagy in various cancers. Accumulating knowledge of the particular mechanisms and players involved in different steps of autophagy regulation led to the ongoing discovery of small molecule inhibitors designed to disrupt this highly orchestrated process. However, the development of validated autophagy-related biomarkers, essential for rational selection of patients entering clinical trials involving autophagy inhibitors, is lagging behind. One possible source of biomarkers for this purpose is the autophagy machinery itself. In this review, we address the recent trends, challenges and advances in the assessment of the biomarker potential of clinically relevant autophagy proteins in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Bortnik
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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22
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Qian HR, Shi ZQ, Zhu HP, Gu LH, Wang XF, Yang Y. Interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62759-62768. [PMID: 28977986 PMCID: PMC5617546 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are two pivotal mechanisms in mediating cell survival and death. Cross-talk of autophagy and apoptosis has been documented in the tumorigenesis and progression of cancer, while the interplay between the two pathways in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not yet been comprehensively summarized. In this study, we outlined the basis of apoptosis and autophagy machinery firstly, and then reviewed the recent evidence in cellular settings or animal studies regarding the interplay between them in CRC. In addition, several key factors that modulate the cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis as well as its significance in clinical practice were discussed. Understanding of the interplay between the cell death mechanisms may benefit the translation of CRC treatment from basic research to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhao-Qi Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - He-Pan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Li-Hu Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xian-Fa Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, PR China
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23
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Dimitrova EG, Chaushev BG, Conev NV, Kashlov JK, Zlatarov AK, Petrov DP, Popov HB, Stefanova NT, Klisarova AD, Bratoeva KZ, Donev IS. Role of the pretreatment 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography maximal standardized uptake value in predicting outcomes of colon liver metastases and that value's association with Beclin-1 expression. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:221-228. [PMID: 28250335 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The current study sought to evaluate the predictive and prognostic performance of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) prior to treatment in 43 patients with colon cancer and unresectable liver metastases. Patients with colon cancer who underwent 18F-FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) scans for staging before the start of first-line 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Expression of Beclin-1 in cancer cells was evaluated in primary tumors using immunohistochemical staining. The pretreatment SUVmax for liver metastases was not able to predict progression-free survival but was significantly associated with poorer overall survival, with a hazard ratio of 2.05 (95 % CI, 1.016-4.155). Moreover, a negative correlation was noted between SUVmax and expression of a marker of autophagy - Beclin-1 (rho = -0.42, p = 0.006). This suggests that the pretreatment SUVmax in 18F-FDG PET/CT is a useful tool to help predict survival outcome in patients with colon cancer and unresectable liver metastases and may significantly distinguish between patients with low and high levels of Beclin-1 expression (AUC = 0.809, 95% CI: 0.670-0.948, p = 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora G Dimitrova
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, UMHAT "St. Marina".,Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Varna
| | | | - Nikolay V Conev
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, UMHAT "St. Marina".,Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Varna
| | - Javor K Kashlov
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Varna
| | - Aleksandar K Zlatarov
- Clinic of Surgery, UMHAT "St. Marina".,Department of General and Operative Surgery, Medical University of Varna
| | - Dilyan P Petrov
- Clinic of Surgery, UMHAT "St. Marina".,Department of General and Operative Surgery, Medical University of Varna
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivan S Donev
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, UMHAT "St. Marina".,Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Varna
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24
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Ke P, Shao BZ, Xu ZQ, Chen XW, Liu C. Intestinal Autophagy and Its Pharmacological Control in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 7:695. [PMID: 28119697 PMCID: PMC5220102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal barrier, mainly composed of the intestinal mucus layer and the epithelium, plays a critical role in nutrient absorption as well as protection from pathogenic microorganisms. It is widely acknowledged that the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier or the disturbance of microorganism balance in the intestinal tract contributes greatly to the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which mainly includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that involves degradation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles for recycling. The roles of autophagy in the pathogenesis and progression of IBD have been increasingly studied. This present review mainly describes the roles of autophagy of Paneth cells, macrophages, and goblet cells in IBD, and finally, several potential therapeutic strategies for IBD taking advantage of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhe-Qi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiong-Wen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
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25
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Shim BY, Sun DS, Won HS, Lee MA, Hong SU, Jung JH, Cho HM, Ko YH. Role of autophagy-related protein expression in patients with rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:207. [PMID: 26965179 PMCID: PMC4787053 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy, a cellular degradation process, has complex roles in tumourigenesis and resistance to cancer treatment in humans. The aim of this study was to explore the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins in patients with rectal cancer and evaluate their clinical role in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy setting. Methods All specimens evaluated were obtained from 101 patients with colorectal cancer who had undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and curative surgery. The primary outcomes measured were the expression levels of two autophagy-related proteins (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3β) and beclin-1) by immunohistochemistry and their association with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. Results Among the 101 patients, the frequency of high expression of beclin-1 was 31.7 % (32/101) and that of LC3β was 46.5 % (47/101). A pathologic complete response was inversely associated with LC3β expression (P = 0.003) and alterations in the expression of autophagy-related proteins (P = 0.046). In the multivariate analysis, however, autophagy-related protein expression did not show prognostic significance for relapse-free survival or overall survival. Conclusions High expression of autophagy-related proteins shows a strong negative association with the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. Autophagy has clear implications as a therapeutic target with which to improve the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Yong Shim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Der Sheng Sun
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Won
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ah Lee
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Uk Hong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Han Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Min Cho
- Department of General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Ko
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Abbastabar H, Roustazadeh A, Alizadeh A, Hamidifard P, Valipour M, Valipour AA. Relationships of colorectal cancer with dietary factors and public health indicators: an ecological study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:3991-5. [PMID: 25987074 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in Iranian women and fifth in men. The aims of this study were to investigate the relation of dietary factors and public health indicators to its development. MATERIALS AND METHODS The required information (2001-2006) about risk factors was obtained from the Non- Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (NCDSC) of Iran. Risk factor data (RFD) from 89,404 individuals (15-64 years old) were gathered by questionnaire and laboratory examinations through a cross sectional study in all provinces by systematic clustering sampling method. CRC incidence segregated by age and gender was obtained from Cancer Registry Ministry of Health (CRMH) of Iran. First, correlation coefficients were used for data analysis and then multiple regression analysis was performed to control for confounding factors. RESULTS Colorectal cancer incidence showed a positive relationship with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lacking or low physical activity, high education, high intake of dairy products, and non-consumption of vegetables and fruits. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that many dietary factors and public health indicators have positive relationships with CRC and might therefore be targets of preliminary prevention. However, since this is an ecological study limited by potential ecological fallacy the results must be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedayat Abbastabar
- Department of Epidemiology, Schools of Health and Nutrition, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran E-mail :
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27
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Sun Y, Liu JH, Jin L, Sui YX, Han LL, Huang Y. Effect of autophagy-related beclin1 on sensitivity of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2785-91. [PMID: 25854363 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of autophagy related gene Beclin1 at different levels of expression on the sensitivity of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3/DDP) to different chemotherapeutics. In pSUPER-Beclin1 transfected cells, real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that expression was significantly inhibited. Flow cytometry revealed that the mean fluorescence intensity (MDC), reflecting autophagy, and cells in the G0/G1 phase were markedly reduced. When compared with the blank control group, inhibition of Beclin1 expression in SKOV3/DDP cells not only increased the rate of apoptosis following treatment with chemotherapeutics, but also increased the sensitivity. These findings suggest that Beclin1 expression plays an important role in chemotherapeutic agent-induced death of SKOV3/DDP cells. Inhibition of autophagy related gene Beclin1 expression in SKOV3/DDP cells may increase the rate of apoptosis and elevate the sensitivity to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China E-mail :
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28
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Li HL, Gu J, Wu JJ, Ma CL, Yang YL, Wang HP, Wang J, Wang Y, Chen C, Wu HY. Heparanase mRNA and Protein Expression Correlates with Clinicopathologic Features of Gastric Cancer Patients: a Meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:8653-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.18.8653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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29
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Liu JL, Chen FF, Chang SF, Chen CN, Lung J, Lo CH, Lee FH, Lu YC, Hung CH. Expression of Beclin Family Proteins Is Associated with Tumor Progression in Oral Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141308. [PMID: 26506105 PMCID: PMC4624707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Beclin 1 and Beclin 2 are autophagy-related proteins that show similar amino acid sequences and domain structures. Beclin 1 established the first connection between autophagy and cancer. However, the role of Beclin 2 in cancer is unclear. The aims of this study were to analyze Beclin 1 and Beclin 2 expressions in oral cancer tissues and in cell lines, and to evaluate their possible roles in cancer progression. Methods We investigated Beclin 1 and Beclin 2 expressions by immunohistochemistry in 195 cases of oral cancer. The prognostic roles of Beclin 1 and Beclin 2 were analyzed statistically. In vitro, overexpression and knockdown of Beclin proteins were performed on an oral cancer cell line, SAS. The immunofluorescence and autophagy flux assays confirmed that Beclin proteins were involved in autophagy. The impacts of Beclin 1 and Beclin 2 on autophagy and tumor growth were evaluated by conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and by clonogenic assays, respectively. Results Oral cancer tissues exhibited aberrant expressions of Beclin 1 and Beclin 2. The cytoplasmic Beclin 1 and Beclin 2 expressions were unrelated in oral cancer tissues. In survival analyses, high cytoplasmic Beclin 1 expression was associated with low disease specific survival, and negative nuclear Beclin 1 expression was associated with high recurrent free survival. Patients with either high or low cytoplasmic Beclin 2 expression had significantly lower overall survival and disease specific survival rates than those with moderate expression. In oral cancer cells, overexpression of either Beclin 1 or Beclin 2 led to autophagy activation and increased clonogenic survival; knockdown of Beclin 2 impaired autophagy and increased clonogenic survival. Conclusions Our results indicated that distinct patterns of Beclin 1 and Beclin 2 were associated with aggressive clinical outcomes. Beclin 1 overexpression, as well as Beclin 2 overexpression and depletion, contributed to tumor growth. These findings suggest Beclin proteins are associated with tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Lan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fen-Fen Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jrhau Lung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsing Lo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hui Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chou Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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30
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Nishikawa M, Miyake H, Liu B, Fujisawa M. Expression pattern of autophagy-related markers in non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: association with disease recurrence following radical nephrectomy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1585-91. [PMID: 25638048 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the expression of multiple molecular markers associated with autophagy, a cellular degradation pathway for the clearance of damaged or superfluous proteins and organelles, in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) in order to identify the prognostic significance of these markers in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy. METHODS Expression levels of five markers, including autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5), Atg9, Beclin 1, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), in radical nephrectomy specimens from a total of 100 patients with non-metastatic CCRCC were measured by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS All the five markers were significantly correlated with some pathological factors reflecting an aggressive phenotype, including the pathological T stage, tumor grade, and microvascular invasion. During the follow-up period of this series (median 58.0 months), disease recurrence developed in 41 of the 100 patients, with a 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate of 61.3%. On univariate analysis, expression levels of Atg5 and Beclin 1, in addition to the pathological T stage, microvascular invasion, and preoperative CRP level, were identified as significant predictors of disease recurrence. Of these factors, the expression of Beclin 1 and preoperative CRP level were independently correlated with RFS on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the combined assessment of expression levels of autophagy-associated markers, particularly Beclin 1, in radical nephrectomy specimens with conventional prognostic parameters, would contribute to the precise prediction of postoperative disease recurrence in patients with non-metastatic CCRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatomo Nishikawa
- Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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Pandey S. Aldose Reductase Inhibitor Fidarestat as a Promising Drug Targeting Autophagy in Colorectal Carcinoma: a Pilot Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:4981-5. [PMID: 26163626 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.12.4981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Targeting autophagic cell death is emerging as a novel strategy in cancer chemotherapy. Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the rate limiting step of the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism; besides reducing glucose to sorbitol, AR reduces lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes and their glutathione conjugates. A complex interplay between autophagic cell death and/or survival may in turn govern tumor metastasis. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the potential role of AR inhibition using a novel inhibitor Fidarestat in the regulation of autophagy in CRC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS For glucose depletion (GD), HT-29 and SW480 CRC cells were rinsed with glucose-free RPMI-1640, followed by incubation in GD medium+/-Fidarestat (10μM). Proteins were extracted by a RIPA-method followed by Western blotting (35-50 μg of protein; n=3). RESULTS Autophagic regulatory markers, primarily, microtubule associated protein light chain (LC) 3, autophagy-related gene (ATG) 5, ATG 7 and Beclin-1 were expressed in CRC cells; glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal reference. LC3 II (14 kDa) expression was relatively high compared to LC3A/B I levels in both CRC cell lines, suggesting occurrence of autophagy. Expression of non-autophagic markers, high mobility group box (HMG)-1 and Bcl-2, was comparatively low. CONCLUSIONS GD+/-ARI induced autophagy in HT-29 and SW-480 cells, thereby implicating Fidarestat as a promising therapeutic agent for colorectal cancer; future studies with more potent ARIs are warranted to fully dissect the molecular regulatory networks for autophagy in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Pandey
- Research Cell, Department of Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA E-mail : ;
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32
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Zaanan A, Park JM, Tougeron D, Huang S, Wu TT, Foster NR, Sinicrope FA. Association of beclin 1 expression with response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in patients with locally advanced rectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1498-502. [PMID: 25708267 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beclin 1 is an essential regulator of autophagy that is induced in response to cellular stress and serves to maintain cell survival in established tumors. We recently demonstrated that Beclin 1 suppression can sensitize colorectal cancer cells to radiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Therefore, we hypothesized that the level of Beclin 1 expression may be associated with radiation sensitivity in vivo. We determined the association of Beclin 1 expression in pretreatment rectal cancer tissues with response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in surgical resection specimens. Stages II and III (n = 96) rectal adenocarcinoma patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgical resection with curative intent. Beclin 1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the expression level was dichotomized at the median value with categorization into low and high groups. We identified 56 (58.3%) and 40 (41.7%) patients whose tumors had high- versus low-level Beclin 1 expression, respectively. Rectal cancers with high versus low Beclin 1 expression were significantly less likely to be downstaged after chemoradiation treatment (45% [25/55] vs. 58% [22/38]; p = 0.02). In a multivariable analysis adjusted for age, sex, histological grade and baseline tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, the impact of Beclin 1 expression on tumor downstaging remained statistically significant (p = 0.03). The association of the level of Beclin 1 expression with the rate of tumor downstaging after chemoradiation is consistent with in vitro data, and suggests that Beclin 1 may be a predictive biomarker for the efficacy of chemoradiation in patients with rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Zaanan
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Jae Myung Park
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - David Tougeron
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Shengbing Huang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Tsung-Teh Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Nathan R Foster
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Frank A Sinicrope
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, MN.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
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Oxamate-mediated inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase induces protective autophagy in gastric cancer cells: involvement of the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2014; 358:17-26. [PMID: 25524555 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells produce a substantial amount of energy through aerobic glycolysis even in the presence of adequate oxygen. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a key regulator of glycolysis, reversibly catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Recently, oxamate, an inhibitor of LDH, has been shown to be a promising anticancer agent. However, the detailed mechanism remains largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that oxamate inhibits the viability of human gastric cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with oxamate induces protective autophagy in gastric cancer cells. Moreover, autophagy inhibited by chloroquine or Beclin 1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhances oxamate-induced apoptosis and proliferation inhibition. Further study has shown that oxamate treatment significantly augments reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, cells pretreated with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a ROS inhibitor, display significantly reduced ROS production and attenuated oxamate-induced autophagy. Finally, functional studies reveal that the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, a major negative regulator of autophagy, is inhibited by oxamate. Together, our results provide new insights regarding the biological and anti-proliferative activities of oxamate against gastric cancer, and may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.
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