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Staebler S, Hoechst S, Thongmao A, Schneider N, Bosserhoff AK, Kuphal S. The Role of T-Cadherin (CDH13) in Treatment Options with Garcinol in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1853. [PMID: 38791932 PMCID: PMC11119778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies with chemotherapeutic agents and immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors are among the systemic therapies recommended in the guidelines for clinicians to treat melanoma. Although there have been constant improvements in the treatment of melanoma, resistance to the established therapies continues to occur. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the function of garcinol with regards to specific cancer properties such as proliferation and apoptosis. Garcinol, a natural compound isolated from the plant also known as mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), is a newly discovered option for cancer treatment. Numerous pharmaceutical substances are derived from plants. For example, the derivates of camptothecin, extracted from the bark of the Chinese tree of happiness (Camptotheca acuminate), or paclitaxel, extracted from the bark of the Western yew tree (Taxus brevifolia), are used as anti-cancer drugs. Here, we show that garcinol reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis in melanoma cell lines. In addition, we found that those cells that are positive for the expression of the cell-cell adhesion molecule T-cadherin (CDH13) respond more sensitively to treatment with garcinol. After knock-down experiments with an siRNA pool against T-cadherin, the sensitivity to garcinol decreased and proliferation and anti-apoptotic behavior of the cells was restored. We conclude that patients who are T-cadherin-positive could especially benefit from a therapy with garcinol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Silke Kuphal
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.S.); (S.H.); (A.T.); (N.S.); (A.-K.B.)
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2
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Almilaibary A. Phyto-therapeutics as anti-cancer agents in breast cancer: Pathway targeting and mechanistic elucidation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103935. [PMID: 38327657 PMCID: PMC10847379 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the breast is the mainly prevalent class of cancer in females diagnosed over the globe. It also happens to be the 2nd most prevalent reason of cancer-related deaths among females worldwide. Some of the most common type's therapies for carcinoma of the breast involve radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and resection. Many studies are being conducted to develop new therapeutic strategies for better diagnosis of breast cancer. An enormous number of anticancer medications have been developed as a result of growing understanding of the molecular pathways behind the advancement of cancer. Over the past few decades, the general survival rate has not greatly increased due to the usage of chemically manufactured medications. Therefore, in order to increase the effectiveness of current cancer treatments, new tactics and cutting-edge chemoprevention drugs are required. Phytochemicals, which are naturally occurring molecules derived from plants, are important sources for both cancer therapy and innovative medication development. These phytochemicals frequently work by controlling molecular pathways linked to the development and spread of cancer. Increasing antioxidant status, inactivating carcinogens, preventing proliferation, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and immune system control are some of the specific ways. This primary objective of this review is to provide an overview of the active ingredients found in natural goods, including information on their pharmacologic action, molecular targets, and current state of knowledge. We have given a thorough description of a number of natural substances that specifically target the pathways linked to breast carcinoma in this study. We've conducted a great deal of study on a few natural compounds that may help us identify novel targets for the detection of breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Almilaibary
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Rizvi SMD, Almazni IA, Moawadh MS, Alharbi ZM, Helmi N, Alqahtani LS, Hussain T, Alafnan A, Moin A, Elkhalifa AO, Awadelkareem AM, Khalid M, Tiwari RK. Targeting NF-κB signaling cascades of glioblastoma by a natural benzophenone, garcinol, via in vitro and molecular docking approaches. Front Chem 2024; 12:1352009. [PMID: 38435669 PMCID: PMC10904546 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1352009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is regarded as the most aggressive form of brain tumor delineated by high cellular heterogeneity; it is resistant to conventional therapeutic regimens. In this study, the anti-cancer potential of garcinol, a naturally derived benzophenone, was assessed against GBM. During the analysis, we observed a reduction in the viability of rat glioblastoma C6 cells at a concentration of 30 µM of the extract (p < 0.001). Exposure to garcinol also induced nuclear fragmentation and condensation, as evidenced by DAPI-stained photomicrographs of C6 cells. The dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose-dependent fashion was linked to the activation of caspases. Furthermore, it was observed that garcinol mediated the inhibition of NF-κB (p < 0.001) and decreased the expression of genes associated with cell survival (Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, and survivin) and proliferation (cyclin D1). Moreover, garcinol showed interaction with NF-κB through some important amino acid residues, such as Pro275, Trp258, Glu225, and Gly259 during molecular docking analysis. Comparative analysis with positive control (temozolomide) was also performed. We found that garcinol induced apoptotic cell death via inhibiting NF-κB activity in C6 cells, thus implicating it as a plausible therapeutic agent for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Almazni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdoh S. Moawadh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad M. Alharbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Helmi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena S. Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talib Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alafnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - AbdElmoneim O. Elkhalifa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Mahgoub Awadelkareem
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rohit Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Clinical Research, Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Gautam Budh Nagar, India
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4
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Nooreen Z, Tandon S, Wal A, Rai AK. An Updated Insight into Phytomolecules and Novel Approaches used in the Management of Breast Cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:201-219. [PMID: 38231060 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501277556231221072938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a widespread condition that kills more women from cancer-related causes than any other type of cancer globally. Women who have estrogen-dependent, initial metastatic breast cancer frequently receive treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. They may also get more specialized treatments like tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole or letrozole). The World Health Organisation reported in 2012 that by 2030, breast cancer will be more common worldwide. There are several phytochemicals, such as isoflavones, coumestans, lignans, and prenylflavonoides. Isoflavones have been shown in studies to prevent the spread of breast cancer and to trigger apoptosis. Targeting BCs in metastatic breast cancer may be made possible by combining well-formulated phytochemicals in nanoparticles or other novel drug delivery agents with currently accepted endocrine and/or conventional chemotherapies. Cell signaling, regulation of cell cycles, oxidative stress action, and inflammation could be positively impacted by phytoconstituents. They have the ability to alter non-coding RNAs, to prevent the proliferation and regeneration of cancer cells. The availability of novel approaches helps in disease targeting, safety, effectiveness and efficacy. The current literature helps to know the available drugs i.e. phytoconstituents or novel drug delivery like nanoparticle, microsphere, micelles, liposomes and neosomes. The literature has been taken from PubMed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, or other internet sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfa Nooreen
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhautipratapur, Uttar Pradseh 209305, India
| | - Sudeep Tandon
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O.- CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, India
| | - Ankita Wal
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhautipratapur, Uttar Pradseh 209305, India
| | - Awani Kumar Rai
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhautipratapur, Uttar Pradseh 209305, India
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5
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Lee RS, Sad K, Fawwal DV, Spangle JM. Emerging Role of Epigenetic Modifiers in Breast Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4005. [PMID: 37568822 PMCID: PMC10417282 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15154005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer pathogenesis, treatment, and patient outcomes are shaped by tumor-intrinsic genomic alterations that divide breast tumors into molecular subtypes. These molecular subtypes often dictate viable therapeutic interventions and, ultimately, patient outcomes. However, heterogeneity in therapeutic response may be a result of underlying epigenetic features that may further stratify breast cancer patient outcomes. In this review, we examine non-genetic mechanisms that drive functional changes to chromatin in breast cancer to contribute to cell and tumor fitness and highlight how epigenetic activity may inform the therapeutic response. We conclude by providing perspectives on the future of therapeutic targeting of epigenetic enzymes, an approach that holds untapped potential to improve breast cancer patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sean Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (R.S.L.); (K.S.); (D.V.F.)
- Department of Biology, Emory College, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kirti Sad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (R.S.L.); (K.S.); (D.V.F.)
| | - Dorelle V. Fawwal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (R.S.L.); (K.S.); (D.V.F.)
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30311, USA
| | - Jennifer Marie Spangle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (R.S.L.); (K.S.); (D.V.F.)
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6
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Michalkova R, Mirossay L, Kello M, Mojzisova G, Baloghova J, Podracka A, Mojzis J. Anticancer Potential of Natural Chalcones: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10354. [PMID: 37373500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no doubt that significant progress has been made in tumor therapy in the past decades. However, the discovery of new molecules with potential antitumor properties still remains one of the most significant challenges in the field of anticancer therapy. Nature, especially plants, is a rich source of phytochemicals with pleiotropic biological activities. Among a plethora of phytochemicals, chalcones, the bioprecursors of flavonoid and isoflavonoids synthesis in higher plants, have attracted attention due to the broad spectrum of biological activities with potential clinical applications. Regarding the antiproliferative and anticancer effects of chalcones, multiple mechanisms of action including cell cycle arrest, induction of different forms of cell death and modulation of various signaling pathways have been documented. This review summarizes current knowledge related to mechanisms of antiproliferative and anticancer effects of natural chalcones in different types of malignancies including breast cancers, cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, lung cancers, renal and bladder cancers, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Michalkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Mirossay
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Mojzisova
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Janette Baloghova
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Anna Podracka
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jan Mojzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
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7
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Triyasa KS, Diantini A, Barliana MI. A Review of Herbal Medicine-Based Phytochemical of Garcinia as Molecular Therapy for Breast Cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3573-3588. [PMID: 36248245 PMCID: PMC9554952 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s358229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from globocan statistic in 2020 indicate that breast cancer has become highest incidence rate of cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are known immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers that mediate cell growth and survival signaling. Furthermore, regulator proteins, receptors, and their downstream signaling pathways have emerged as critical components in breast cancer formation and proliferation, and have become well-established therapeutic targets and the core focus of breast cancer therapy research. Garcinia is a big genus in the Clusiaceae family that contains a wide spectrum of biologically active metabolites for the chemical composition of their isolated fruits, stem barks, seeds, leaves, and roots, have resulted including polyisoprenylated benzophenones, polyphenols, bioflavonoids, xanthones, lactones, and triterpenes. This review article aimed to analyze the potential of Garcinia phytochemicals as a molecular therapy of breast cancer. The results showed that phytochemicals of Garcinia (i.e., α-mangostin, Cambogin, Gambogic Acid [GA], Garcinol, Griffipavixanthone, Friedolanostane triterpenoid, Hexane, Neobractatin, 7-Epiclusianone, xanthochymol - guttiferone E, and isoxanthochymol - cycloxanthochymol) have anticancer properties, including apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, and metastasis. This review is important to provide information regarding phytochemicals of Garcinia as an alternative treatment for breast cancer patients. This article selected 28 article researches based on inclusion criteria with the keyword “Garcinia” and “Breast cancer”, in English, and available in full text and abstract searching on PubMed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komang Suma Triyasa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ajeng Diantini
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Intan Barliana
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Correspondence: Melisa Intan Barliana, Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Jatinangor, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia, Email
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8
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Prabhakar P, Pavankumar GS, Raghu SV, Rao S, Prasad K, George T, Baliga MS. Utility of Indian fruits in cancer prevention and treatment: Time to undertake translational and bedside studies. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1543-1560. [PMID: 35652402 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220601151931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization predicts a 70% increase in cancer incidents in developing nations over the next decade, and it will be the second leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional plant-based medicine systems play an important role against various diseases and provide health care to a large section of the population in developing countries. Indigenous fruits and their bioactive compounds with beneficial effects like antioxidant, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are shown to be useful in preventing the incidence of cancer. India is one of the biodiversity regions and is native to numerous flora and fauna in the world. Of the many fruiting trees indigenous to India, Mango (Mangifera indica), Black plum (Eugenia jambolana or Syzygium jambolana), Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica), kokum (Garcinia indica or Brindonia indica), stone apple or bael (Aegle marmelos), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Karaunda (Carissa carandas) and Phalsa (Grewia asiatica), Monkey Jackfruit (Artocarpus lakoocha) and Elephant apple (Dillenia indica) have been shown to be beneficial in preventing cancer and in the treatment of cancer in validated preclinical models of study. In this review, efforts are also made to collate the fruits' anticancer effects and the important phytochemicals. Efforts are also made at emphasizing the underlying mechanism/s responsible for the beneficial effects in cancer prevention and treatment. These fruits have been a part of the diet, are non-toxic, and easily acceptable for human application. The plants and some of their phytochemicals possess diverse medicinal properties. The authors propose that future studies should be directed at detailed studies with various preclinical models of study with both composite fruit extract/juice and the individual phytochemicals. Additionally, translational studies should be planned with the highly beneficial, well-investigated and pharmacologically multifactorial amla to understand its usefulness as a cancer preventive in the high-risk population and as a supportive agent in cancer survivors. The outcome of both preclinical and clinical studies will be useful for patients, the healthcare fraternity, pharmaceutical, and agro-based sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (IGIMS), Sheikhpura, Patna, Bihar, 800014, India
| | - Giriyapura Srikantachar Pavankumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, India.,Sri Lakshmi Group of Institution, Magadi Main Road, Sunkadakatte, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shamprasad Varija Raghu
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Konaje, Karnataka India
| | - Suresh Rao
- Radiation Oncology, c Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Medical Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Thomas George
- Research Unit, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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9
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Islam MR, Islam F, Nafady MH, Akter M, Mitra S, Das R, Urmee H, Shohag S, Akter A, Chidambaram K, Alhumaydhi FA, Emran TB, Cavalu S. Natural Small Molecules in Breast Cancer Treatment: Understandings from a Therapeutic Viewpoint. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072165. [PMID: 35408561 PMCID: PMC9000328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) is the most common malignancy in women and the second most significant cause of death from cancer. BrCa is one of the most challenging malignancies to treat, and it accounts for a large percentage of cancer-related deaths. The number of cases requiring more effective BrCa therapy has increased dramatically. Scientists are looking for more productive agents, such as organic combinations, for BrCa prevention and treatment because most chemotherapeutic agents are linked to cancer metastasis, the resistance of the drugs, and side effects. Natural compounds produced by living organisms promote apoptosis and inhibit metastasis, slowing the spread of cancer. As a result, these compounds may delay the spread of BrCa, enhancing survival rates and reducing the number of deaths caused by BrCa. Several natural compounds inhibit BrCa production while lowering cancer cell proliferation and triggering cell death. Natural compounds, in addition to therapeutic approaches, are efficient and potential agents for treating BrCa. This review highlights the natural compounds demonstrated in various studies to have anticancer properties in BrCa cells. Future research into biological anti-BrCa agents may pave the way for a new era in BrCa treatment, with natural anti-BrCa drugs playing a key role in improving BrCa patient survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.I.); (F.I.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.I.); (F.I.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohamed H. Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12568, Egypt;
| | - Muniya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.I.); (F.I.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Humaira Urmee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh;
| | - Sheikh Shohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh;
| | - Aklima Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.I.); (F.I.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (T.B.E.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.E.); (S.C.)
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10
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Epigenetic Factors as Etiological Agents, Diagnostic Markers, and Therapeutic Targets for Luminal Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040748. [PMID: 35453496 PMCID: PMC9031900 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminal breast cancer, an etiologically heterogeneous disease, is characterized by high steroid hormone receptor activity and aberrant gene expression profiles. Endocrine therapy and chemotherapy are promising therapeutic approaches to mitigate breast cancer proliferation and recurrence. However, the treatment of therapy-resistant breast cancer is a major challenge. Recent studies on breast cancer etiology have revealed the critical roles of epigenetic factors in luminal breast cancer tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Tumorigenic epigenetic factor-induced aberrant chromatin dynamics dysregulate the onset of gene expression and consequently promote tumorigenesis and metastasis. Epigenetic dysregulation, a type of somatic mutation, is a high-risk factor for breast cancer progression and therapy resistance. Therefore, epigenetic modulators alone or in combination with other therapies are potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer. Several clinical trials have analyzed the therapeutic efficacy of potential epi-drugs for breast cancer and reported beneficial clinical outcomes, including inhibition of tumor cell adhesion and invasiveness and mitigation of endocrine therapy resistance. This review focuses on recent findings on the mechanisms of epigenetic factors in the progression of luminal breast cancer. Additionally, recent findings on the potential of epigenetic factors as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer are discussed.
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11
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Ullah MF, Usmani S, Shah A, Abuduhier FM. Dietary molecules and experimental evidence of epigenetic influence in cancer chemoprevention: An insight. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:319-334. [PMID: 33152485 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The world-wide rate of incidence of cancer disease has been only modestly contested by the past and current preventive and interventional strategies. Hence, the global effort towards novel ideas to contain the disease still continues. Constituents of human diets have in recent years emerged as key regulators of carcinogenesis, with studies reporting their inhibitory potential against all the three stages vis-a-vis initiation, promotion and progression. Unlike drugs which usually act on single targets, these dietary factors have an advantage of multi-targeted effects and pleiotropic action mechanisms, which are effective against cancer that manifest as a micro-evolutionary and multi-factorial disease. Since most of the cellular targets have been identified and their consumption considered relatively safe, these diet-derived agents often appear as molecules of interest in repurposing strategies. Currently, many of these molecules are being investigated for their ability to influence the aberrant alterations in cell's epigenome for epigenetic therapy against cancer. Targeting the epigenetic regulators is a new paradigm in cancer chemoprevention which acts to reverse the warped-up epigenetic alterations in a cancer cell, thereby directing it towards a normal phenotype. In this review, we discuss the significance of dietary factors and natural products as chemopreventive agents. Further, we corroborate the experimental evidence from existing literature, reflecting the ability of a series of such molecules to act as epigenetic modifiers in cancer cells, by interfering with molecular events that map the epigenetic imprints such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation and non-coding RNA mediated gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fahad Ullah
- Prince Fahad Research Chair, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shazia Usmani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Aaliya Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | - Faisel M Abuduhier
- Prince Fahad Research Chair, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
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Bicyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols and their derivatives: structural modification, structure-activity relationship, biological activity and mechanism of action. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112646. [PMID: 32791400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (BPAPs), the principal bioactive benzophenone products isolated from plants of genera Garcinia and Hypericum, have attracted noticeable attention from the synthetic and biological communities due to their fascinating chemical structures and promising biological activities. However, the potential drug interaction, undesired physiochemical properties and toxicity have limited their potential use and development. In the last decade, pharmaceutical research on the structural modifications, structure-activity relationships (SARs) and mechanisms of action of BPAPs has been greatly developed to overcome the challenges. A comprehensive review of these scientific literature is extremely needed to give an overview of the rapidly emerging area and facilitate research related to BPAPs. This review, containing over 226 references, covers the progress made in the chemical synthesis-based structure modifications, SARs and the mechanism of action of BPAPs in vivo and vitro. The most relevant articles will focus on the discovery of lead compounds via synthetic modifications and the important BPAPs for which the direct targets have been deciphered. From this review, several key points of the SARs and mode of actions of this novel class of compounds have been summarized. The perspective and future direction of the research on BPAPs are concluded. This review would be helpful to get a better grasp of medicinal research of BPAPs and become a compelling guide for chemists dedicated to the synthesis of these compounds.
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13
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Garcinol Exhibits Anti-Neoplastic Effects by Targeting Diverse Oncogenic Factors in Tumor Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050103. [PMID: 32365899 PMCID: PMC7277375 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, is the medicinal component obtained from fruits and leaves of Garcinia indica (G. indica) and has traditionally been extensively used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, it has been also been experimentally illustrated to elicit anti-cancer properties. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have illustrated the potential therapeutic efficiency of garcinol in management of different malignancies. It mainly acts as an inhibitor of cellular processes via regulation of transcription factors NF-κB and JAK/STAT3 in tumor cells and have been demonstrated to effectively inhibit growth of malignant cell population. Numerous studies have highlighted the anti-neoplastic potential of garcinol in different oncological transformations including colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. However, use of garcinol is still in its pre-clinical stage and this is mainly attributed to the limitations of conclusive evaluation of pharmacological parameters. This necessitates evaluation of garcinol pharmacokinetics to precisely identify an appropriate dose and route of administration, tolerability, and potency under physiological conditions along with characterization of a therapeutic index. Hence, the research is presently ongoing in the dimension of exploring the precise metabolic mechanism of garcinol. Despite various lacunae, garcinol has presented with promising anti-cancer effects. Hence, this review is motivated by the constantly emerging and promising positive anti-cancerous effects of garcinol. This review is the first effort to summarize the mechanism of action of garcinol in modulation of anti-cancer effect via regulation of different cellular processes.
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Ahmad R, Khan MA, Srivastava A, Gupta A, Srivastava A, Jafri TR, Siddiqui Z, Chaubey S, Khan T, Srivastava AK. Anticancer Potential of Dietary Natural Products: A Comprehensive Review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:122-236. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191015103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nature is a rich source of natural drug-like compounds with minimal side effects. Phytochemicals
better known as “Natural Products” are found abundantly in a number of plants. Since time immemorial, spices
have been widely used in Indian cuisine as flavoring and coloring agents. Most of these spices and condiments
are derived from various biodiversity hotspots in India (which contribute 75% of global spice production) and
form the crux of India’s multidiverse and multicultural cuisine. Apart from their aroma, flavor and taste, these
spices and condiments are known to possess several medicinal properties also. Most of these spices are mentioned
in the Ayurveda, the indigenous system of medicine. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative,
antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties of several of these natural products are well documented in
Ayurveda. These phytoconstituemts are known to act as functional immunoboosters, immunomodulators as well
as anti-inflammatory agents. As anticancer agents, their mechanistic action involves cancer cell death via induction
of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. The present review provides a comprehensive and collective update
on the potential of 66 commonly used spices as well as their bioactive constituents as anticancer agents. The
review also provides an in-depth update of all major in vitro, in vivo, clinical and pharmacological studies done
on these spices with special emphasis on the potential of these spices and their bioactive constituents as potential
functional foods for prevention, treatment and management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Mohsin A. Khan
- Chancellor, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - A.N. Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Aditi Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Tanvir R. Jafri
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Zainab Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Sunaina Chaubey
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Tahmeena Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, P.O. Bas-ha, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, UP, India
| | - Arvind K. Srivastava
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
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15
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Noel B, Singh SK, Lillard JW, Singh R. Role of natural compounds in preventing and treating breast cancer. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2020; 12:137-160. [PMID: 32114452 DOI: 10.2741/s544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Alarming increases in the cases quests for more effective treatment of BrCa. As most chemotherapeutic drugs are associated with drug resistance, cancer relapse, and side effects, scientists are turning to agents with more efficacy, such as natural compounds for treatment and prevention of BrCa. Selected natural compounds, substances derived from living organisms, promote apoptosis and inhibit metastasis, preventing cancer growth. As a result, these compounds have the potential to suppress BrCa progression, thus increasing patient survival rates and decreasing the number of BrCa-related deaths. In this review, we summarize natural compounds that have displayed, anti-cancer effects on BrCa cells in various studies. These natural compounds inhibit the development of BrCa, suppress the growth of cancer cells, and promote cell death. We conclude that natural compounds are efficient, effective and promising agents for treating BrCa other than therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Noel
- Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta GA 30310
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology,Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview drive, SW, Atlanta- 30310 USA
| | - James W Lillard
- Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta GA 30310
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta,
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16
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Garcinol exerts anti-cancer effect in human cervical cancer cells through upregulation of T-cadherin. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:957-966. [PMID: 30257408 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, has been demonstrated to exert anti-cancer effects in various tumor cells. However, the effect of garcinol on cervical cancer (CC) cell progression and the related molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Accumulating evidence has verified that downregualtion of T-cadherin is closely associated with tumorigenesis, suggesting that T-cadherin might be a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In the present study, Hela and SiHa cells were treated with different concentrations of garcinol (0, 5, 10, and 25 u M), and T-cadherin siRNA was synthesized and transfected into Hela and SiHa cells combined with garcinol (25 u M) treatment. We found that garcinol dose-dependently suppressed cell viability, colony formation, invasion, migration, cell cycle progression, and promoted cell apoptosis in CC cell lines, as well as inhibited tumor growth in xenograft model. Importantly, our results showed that garcinol treatment increased the expression of T-cadherin both in vitro and in vivo, and knockdown of T-cahderin partially reversed garcinol-induced inhibition of CC development via activating P13 K/AKT signaling pathway in CC cell lines. Thus, these findings demonstrated the tumor suppressive function of garcinol on CC progression, and emphasized that the T-cadherin/P13 K/AKT was a potential mechanism involved in the antumor effects of garcinol.
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17
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Gao XL, Yang JJ, Wang SJ, Chen Y, Wang B, Cheng EJ, Gong JN, Dong YT, Liu D, Wang XL, Huang YQ, An DD. Effects of RNA interference-mediated silencing of toll-like receptor 4 gene on proliferation and apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells: An in vitro study. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:433-442. [PMID: 29932226 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is known as the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, and has an undeniable negative impact on public health, both physically, and mentally. This study aims to investigate the effects of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene silencing on proliferation and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells to explore for a new theoretical basis for its treatment. TLR4 small interference RNA (siRNA) fragment recombinant plasmids were constructed, including TLR4 siRNA-1, TLR4 siRNA-2, and TLR4 siRNA-3. Human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were assigned into blank, negative control (NC), TLR4 siRNA-1, TLR4 siRNA-2, and TLR4 siRNA-3 groups. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell growth was detected by MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle were determined by flow cytometry. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis were conducted to determine the expression of TLR4, CDK4, cyclin D1, Livin, Bcl-2, p53, c-FLIP, and caspase-3. In comparison with the NC and blank groups, the TLR4 siRNA-1, TLR4 siRNA-2, and TLR4 siRNA-3 groups showed decreased the expression of TLR4, inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and promoted MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell apoptosis, and the cells were blocked in G1 phase. In comparison with the NC and blank groups, in the TLR4 siRNA-1, TLR4 siRNA-2, and TLR4 siRNA-3 groups, siRNA-TLR4 significantly increased expression of p53 and caspase-3 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, while it decreased the expressions of CDK4, cyclinD1, Livin, Bal-2, and c-FLIP. The study demonstrates that TLR4 gene silencing inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Yan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Er-Jing Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Nan Gong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ting Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Dai Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Li Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
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Safety profile of 40% Garcinol from Garcinia indica in experimental rodents. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:750-758. [PMID: 29984188 PMCID: PMC6031240 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluated standardized 40% Garcinol in Wistar rats for its safety. Acute, sub-acute sub-chronic and reproductive/developmental toxicity study conducted. 40% Garcinol safe up to 2000 mg/kg at single dose. NOAEL of 40% Garcinol at sub acute, sub-chronic and reproductive/developmental study is 100 mg/kg/day.
The present study was taken up to evaluate the single dose acute toxicity, 28 days and 90 days repeated dose toxicity and reproductive/developmental toxicity of standardized 40% Garcinol in experimental rodents. The studies were conducted in compliance with OECD principles of good laboratory practice, guidelines for testing of chemicals no.420, 407, 408 and 421 respectively. Single dose acute oral toxicity was conducted on female Wistar rats as sighting study step-I (300 mg/kg) & sighting study step-II (2000 mg/kg) and main study (2000 mg/kg). Sub-acute, sub-chronic and reproductive/developmental studies were conducted in Wistar rats divided equally in vehicle control, 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg dose group along with recovery groups for vehicle control and high dose. Reproductive/developmental study was carried out for minimum of 28 days and in females during pregnancy and 4 days post partum. There were no abnormal clinical signs/behavioural changes, reproductive and developmental parameters, gross and histopathological changes as well as no alteration in the body weight, body temperature, haematology and other biochemical parameters in all the four studies. 40% Garcinol has a low toxicity profile in rodents and had no observed effects under experimental conditions used.
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Guo P, Chen W, Li H, Li M, Li L. The Histone Acetylation Modifications of Breast Cancer and their Therapeutic Implications. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 24:807-813. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Yang XW, Grossman RB, Xu G. Research Progress of Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3508-3558. [PMID: 29461053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) are a class of hybrid natural products sharing the mevalonate/methylerythritol phosphate and polyketide biosynthetic pathways and showing considerable structure and bioactivity diversity. This review discusses the progress of research into the chemistry and biological activity of 421 natural PPAPs in the past 11 years as well as in-depth studies of biological activities and total synthesis of some PPAPs isolated before 2006. We created an online database of all PPAPs known to date at http://www.chem.uky.edu/research/grossman/PPAPs . Two subclasses of biosynthetically related metabolites, spirocyclic PPAPs with octahydrospiro[cyclohexan-1,5'-indene]-2,4,6-trione core and complicated PPAPs produced by intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions of MPAPs, are brought into the PPAP family. Some PPAPs' relative or absolute configurations are reassigned or critically discussed, and the confusing trivial names in PPAPs investigations are clarified. Pharmacologic studies have revealed a new molecular mechanism whereby hyperforin and its derivatives regulate neurotransmitter levels by activating TRPC6 as well as the antitumor mechanism of garcinol and its analogues. The antineoplastic potential of some type B PPAPs such as oblongifolin C and guttiferone K has increased significantly. As a result of the recent appearances of innovative synthetic methods and strategies, the total syntheses of 22 natural PPAPs including hyperforin, garcinol, and plukenetione A have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Robert B Grossman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , United States
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
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21
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Kunnumakkara AB, Sailo BL, Banik K, Harsha C, Prasad S, Gupta SC, Bharti AC, Aggarwal BB. Chronic diseases, inflammation, and spices: how are they linked? J Transl Med 2018; 16:14. [PMID: 29370858 PMCID: PMC5785894 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research within the last several decades has revealed that the major risk factors for most chronic diseases are infections, obesity, alcohol, tobacco, radiation, environmental pollutants, and diet. It is now well established that these factors induce chronic diseases through induction of inflammation. However, inflammation could be either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation persists for a short duration and is the host defense against infections and allergens, whereas the chronic inflammation persists for a long time and leads to many chronic diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, respiratory diseases, etc. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that the aforementioned risk factors induced cancer through chronic inflammation. First, transcription factors NF-κB and STAT3 that regulate expression of inflammatory gene products, have been found to be constitutively active in most cancers; second, chronic inflammation such as pancreatitis, prostatitis, hepatitis etc. leads to cancers; third, activation of NF-κB and STAT3 leads to cancer cell proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis; fourth, activation of NF-κB and STAT3 leads to resistance to chemotherapy and radiation, and hypoxia and acidic conditions activate these transcription factors. Therefore, targeting these pathways may provide opportunities for both prevention and treatment of cancer and other chronic diseases. We will discuss in this review the potential of various dietary agents such as spices and its components in the suppression of inflammatory pathways and their roles in the prevention and therapy of cancer and other chronic diseases. In fact, epidemiological studies do indicate that cancer incidence in countries such as India where spices are consumed daily is much lower (94/100,000) than those where spices are not consumed such as United States (318/100,000), suggesting the potential role of spices in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
| | - Bethsebie L Sailo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Subash Chandra Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
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Tu SH, Chiou YS, Kalyanam N, Ho CT, Chen LC, Pan MH. Garcinol sensitizes breast cancer cells to Taxol through the suppression of caspase-3/iPLA 2 and NF-κB/Twist1 signaling pathways in a mouse 4T1 breast tumor model. Food Funct 2017; 8:1067-1079. [PMID: 28145547 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01588c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a significant threat to women's health and has high incidence and mortality. Metastasis in breast cancer patients is a major cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide. Clinical experience suggests that patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) relapse quickly and often have chemotherapy resistance. Taxol (paclitaxel) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent for treating metastatic breast cancer, but Taxol at high doses can cause adverse effects and recurrent resistance. Thus, the selection of a synergistic combination therapy is recommended, which is safer and has a more significant response rate than monotherapy. In this study, our strategy is to combine a low dose of Taxol (5 mg kg-1, i.p.) and garcinol (1 mg kg-1, i.g.) to investigate the synergistic antitumor and anti-metastasis effects and to determine the underlying mechanisms of these effects in vivo. For the in vivo study, metastasis-specific mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells were inoculated in Balb/c mice to establish an orthotopic primary tumor and spontaneous metastasis model. Tumor growth and metastases were monitored. The mechanisms of synergistic efficacies were evaluated at different signaling pathways, including proliferation, survival, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-regulated metastatic propensity. We demonstrated that garcinol combined with Taxol significantly increased the therapeutic efficacy when compared with either treatment alone. The synergistic antitumor and anti-metastasis effects were enhanced primarily through the induction of Taxol-stimulated G2/M phase arrest and the inhibition of caspase-3/cytosolic Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/Twist-related protein 1 (Twist1) drive downstream events including tumor cell repopulation, survival, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion, and EMT. Our current findings provide the first experimental evidence that a combination of a low dose of Taxol and garcinol is a promising therapeutic strategy for controlling advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Finally, our results also point to the possible role of NF-κB/Twist1 and caspase-3/iPLA2 signaling pathways as biomarkers to predict the tumor response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsin Tu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan and Breast Medical Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan and Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shiou Chiou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Li-Ching Chen
- Breast Medical Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan and TMU Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. and Cancer Translational Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. and Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan and Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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23
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Huang CC, Lin CM, Huang YJ, Wei L, Ting LL, Kuo CC, Hsu C, Chiou JF, Wu ATH, Lee WH. Garcinol downregulates Notch1 signaling via modulating miR-200c and suppresses oncogenic properties of PANC-1 cancer stem-like cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:165-173. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Huang
- Department of Surgery; Cathay General Hospital SiJhih; New Taipei City Taiwan
- School of Medicine; Fu-Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
- School of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Chien-Min Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery; Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yan-Jiun Huang
- Department of Surgery; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine; Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica; Taiwan
| | - Li Wei
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine; Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica; Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Lei-Li Ting
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Kuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Cheyu Hsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiology; School of Medicine; College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Alexander T. H. Wu
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine; Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica; Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology; Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
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24
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Wang YW, Zhang X, Chen CL, Liu QZ, Xu JW, Qian QQ, Li WY, Qian YN. Protective effects of Garcinol against neuropathic pain - Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. Neurosci Lett 2017; 647:85-90. [PMID: 28302538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory processes have a vital role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Garcinol, harvested from Garcinia indica, is known to exert potent anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies have indicated that Garcinol may inhibit activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by inhibiting NF-κB/p65 acetylation. These findings prompted us to evaluate the protective effects of Garcinol in the lumbar fifth spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced rat model of neuropathic pain and Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated primary cultured microglia. In the present study, we found that intrathecal administration of Garcinol significantly attenuated SNL-induced nociceptive behaviors. Garcinol suppressed microglial activation as well as the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the spinal cord of SNL rats. It also reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB by decreasing acetyl-p65 protein expression. Similarly, in the in vitro study, Garcinol decreased the production of NO/iNOS, PGE2/COX-2, and proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-exposed microglia. Likewise, Garcinol inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway by downregulating acetyl-p65 levels in LPS-challenged microglia. Our findings suggest that Garcinol may have protective effects against neuropathic pain that are associated with the inhibition of neuroinflammation in microglia. Therefore, Garcinol could be a promising agent in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing General Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Qing-Zhen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing General Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Jia-Wen Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Qing-Qing Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Wei-Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing General Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China.
| | - Yan-Ning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, PR China.
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Ranjbarnejad T, Saidijam M, Tafakh MS, Pourjafar M, Talebzadeh F, Najafi R. Garcinol exhibits anti-proliferative activities by targeting microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in human colon cancer cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:692-700. [PMID: 27481098 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116660865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of death. Various natural compounds are known to have antitumor properties. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the current study, we investigated the anticancer activity of garcinol on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) human colon cancer cells. METHODS HT-29 cells were treated with various concentrations of garcinol for 24 h. The effect of garcinol on HT-29 cells proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; the mRNA expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; apoptosis was detected by proportion of sub-G1 cell; caspase 3 activity and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HT-29 cells migration was assessed using scratch test. RESULTS Garcinol preconditioning markedly decreased the expression of mPGES-1, HIF-1α, VEGF, CXCR4, MMP-2, and MMP-9. The proportion of cells in sub-G1 phase and caspase 3 activity were increased by garcinol treatment whereas the cell proliferation, PGE2 level, and cell migration were decreased in these cells, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that garcinol plays a critical role in elevating apoptosis and inhibiting HT-29 cells proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion by suppressing the mPGES-1/PGE2/HIF-1α signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ranjbarnejad
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - M Saidijam
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - M Sadat Tafakh
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - M Pourjafar
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - F Talebzadeh
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - R Najafi
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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26
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Wapenaar H, Dekker FJ. Histone acetyltransferases: challenges in targeting bi-substrate enzymes. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:59. [PMID: 27231488 PMCID: PMC4881052 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are epigenetic enzymes that install acetyl groups onto lysine residues of cellular proteins such as histones, transcription factors, nuclear receptors, and enzymes. HATs have been shown to play a role in diseases ranging from cancer and inflammatory diseases to neurological disorders, both through acetylations of histone proteins and non-histone proteins. Several HAT inhibitors, like bi-substrate inhibitors, natural product derivatives, small molecules, and protein–protein interaction inhibitors, have been developed. Despite their potential, a large gap remains between the biological activity of inhibitors in in vitro studies and their potential use as therapeutic agents. To bridge this gap, new potent HAT inhibitors with improved properties need to be developed. However, several challenges have been encountered in the investigation of HATs and HAT inhibitors that hinder the development of new HAT inhibitors. HATs have been shown to function in complexes consisting of many proteins. These complexes play a role in the activity and target specificity of HATs, which limits the translation of in vitro to in vivo experiments. The current HAT inhibitors suffer from undesired properties like anti-oxidant activity, reactivity, instability, low potency, or lack of selectivity between HAT subtypes and other enzymes. A characteristic feature of HATs is that they are bi-substrate enzymes that catalyze reactions between two substrates: the cofactor acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and a lysine-containing substrate. This has important—but frequently overlooked—consequences for the determination of the inhibitory potency of small molecule HAT inhibitors and the reproducibility of enzyme inhibition experiments. We envision that a careful characterization of molecular aspects of HATs and HAT inhibitors, such as the HAT catalytic mechanism and the enzyme kinetics of small molecule HAT inhibitors, will greatly improve the development of potent and selective HAT inhibitors and provide validated starting points for further development towards therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wapenaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wang B, Lin L, Ai Q, Zeng T, Ge P, Zhang L. HAT inhibitor, garcinol, exacerbates lipopolysaccharide‑induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:5290-6. [PMID: 27122221 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation modification catalyzed by histone acetyl transferases (HATs) is important for transcriptional regulation. The present study investigated the effects of the HAT inhibitor garcinol on the expression of inflammation‑associated genes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages and LPS‑challenged mice. The levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. The degree of multi‑organ injury was evaluated by histopathological examination of the lung, determination of the alanine aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen in plasma samples and by monitoring the survival rate of the experimental animals. The results of the current study demonstrated that garcinol promoted LPS‑induced expression of tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) and interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) in RAW264.7 cells. These effects were associated with reduced acetylation of nuclear factor‑κB p65. Additionally, treatment with garcinol enhanced LPS‑induced expression of TNF‑α and IL‑6, exacerbated LPS‑induced lung injury, increased LPS‑induced elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen, and reduced the survival rate of LPS‑challenged mice. These data indicated that the HAT inhibitor, garcinol, enhances LPS‑induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that acetylation modification has an important regulatory function during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Medical College, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Pu Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Ahmad A, Li Y, Sarkar FH. The bounty of nature for changing the cancer landscape. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1251-63. [PMID: 26799714 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The landscape of cancer has changed considerably in past several years, due mainly to aggressive screening, accumulation of data from basic and epidemiological studies, and the advances in translational research. Natural anticancer agents have always been a part and parcel of cancer research. The initial focus on natural anticancer agents was in context of their cancer chemopreventive properties but their ability to selectively target oncogenic signaling pathways has also been recognized. In light of the rapid advancements in our understanding of the role of microRNAs, cancer stem cells, and epigenetic events in cancer initiation and progression, a number of natural anticancer agents are showing promise in vitro, in vivo as well as in preclinical studies. Moreover, parent structures of natural agents are being extensively modified with the hope of improving efficacy, specificity, and bioavailability. In this article, we focus on two natural agents, 3,3'-diindolylmethane and garcinol, along with 3,4-difluorobenzo curcumin, a synthetic analog of natural agent curcumin. We showcase how these anticancer agents are changing cancer landscape by modulating novel microRNAs, epigenetic factors, and cancer stem cell markers. These activities are relevant and being appreciated for overcoming drug resistance and inhibition of metastases, the two overarching clinical challenges in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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29
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Garcinol inhibits tumour cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis via NF-κB inhibition in oral cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7175-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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30
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Casciello F, Windloch K, Gannon F, Lee JS. Functional Role of G9a Histone Methyltransferase in Cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:487. [PMID: 26441991 PMCID: PMC4585248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of DNA and histones are epigenetic mechanisms, which affect the chromatin structure, ultimately leading to gene expression changes. A number of different epigenetic enzymes are actively involved in the addition or the removal of various covalent modifications, which include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. Deregulation of these processes is a hallmark of cancer. For instance, G9a, a histone methyltransferase responsible for histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) mono- and dimethylation, has been observed to be upregulated in different types of cancer and its overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis. Key roles played by these enzymes in various diseases have led to the hypothesis that these molecules represent valuable targets for future therapies. Several small molecule inhibitors have been developed to specifically block the epigenetic activity of these enzymes, representing promising therapeutic tools in the treatment of human malignancies, such as cancer. In this review, the role of one of these epigenetic enzymes, G9a, is discussed, focusing on its functional role in regulating gene expression as well as its implications in cancer initiation and progression. We also discuss important findings from recent studies using epigenetic inhibitors in cell systems in vitro as well as experimental tumor growth and metastasis assays in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Casciello
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia ; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University , Nathan, QLD , Australia
| | - Karolina Windloch
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Frank Gannon
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Jason S Lee
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia ; Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove, QLD , Australia ; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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31
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Farria A, Li W, Dent SYR. KATs in cancer: functions and therapies. Oncogene 2015; 34:4901-13. [PMID: 25659580 PMCID: PMC4530097 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational acetylation of lysines is most extensively studied in histones, but this modification is also found in many other proteins and is implicated in a wide range of biological processes in both the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. Like phosphorylation, acetylation patterns and levels are often altered in cancer, therefore small molecule inhibition of enzymes that regulate acetylation and deacetylation offers much potential for inhibiting cancer cell growth, as does disruption of interactions between acetylated residues and ‘reader’ proteins. For more than a decade now, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been investigated for their ability to increase acetylation and promote expression of tumor suppressor genes. However, emerging evidence suggests that acetylation can also promote cancer, in part by enhancing the functions of oncogenic transcription factors. In this review we focus on how acetylation of both histone and non-histone proteins may drive cancer, and we will discuss the implications of such changes on how patients are assigned to therapeutic agents. Finally, we will explore what the future holds in the design of small molecule inhibitors for modulation of levels or functions of acetylation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Farria
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - W Li
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - S Y R Dent
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, Texas, USA
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