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Fernandes Q, Inchakalody VP, Bedhiafi T, Mestiri S, Taib N, Uddin S, Merhi M, Dermime S. Chronic inflammation and cancer; the two sides of a coin. Life Sci 2024; 338:122390. [PMID: 38160787 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The correlation between chronic inflammation and cancer was initially identified in the 19th century. Biomolecules like interleukins, chemokines, tumor necrosis factors, growth factors, and adhesion molecules, which regulate inflammation, are recognized contributors to neoplastic transformation through various mechanisms, including oncogenic mutations, resistance to apoptosis, and adaptive responses like angiogenesis. This review aims to establish connections between the intricate and complex mechanisms of chronic inflammation and cancer. We illuminate implicit signaling mechanisms that drive the association between chronic inflammation and the initiation/progression of cancer, exploring potential impacts on other diseases. Additionally, we discuss the modalities of currently available therapeutic options for chronic inflammation and cancer, emphasizing the dual nature of such therapies. A thorough understanding of the molecular basis of chronic inflammation is crucial for developing novel approaches in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queenie Fernandes
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Takwa Bedhiafi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarra Mestiri
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nassiba Taib
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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2
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Sonmez MI, Shahzadi A, Kose C, Sonmez H, Ozyazgan S, Akkan AG. Effect of sulfasalazine on endothelium-dependent vascular response by the activation of Nrf2 signalling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979300. [PMID: 36353481 PMCID: PMC9639785 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus leads to endothelial dysfunction and accumulation of oxygen radicals. Sulfasalazine-induced Nrf2 activation reduces oxidative stress in vessels. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effects of sulfasalazine on endothelial dysfunction induced by high glucose. We also ascribed the underlying mechanism involved in glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction. Methods: For this experiment we used 80 Wistar Albino rats thoracic aorta to calculate the dose response curve of noradrenaline and acetylcholine. Vessels were incubated in normal and high glucose for 2 h. To investigate glucose and sulfasalazine effects the vessels of the high glucose group were pre-treated with sulfasalazine (300 mM), JNK inhibitor (SP600125), and ERK inhibitor (U0126) for 30 min. The dose response curve was calculated through organ bath. The eNOS, TAS, TOS, and HO-1 levels were estimated by commercially available ELISA kits. Results: In the high glucose group, the Emax for contraction was significantly higher (p < 0.001), and Emax for relaxation was lower than that of control. These functional changes were parallel with the low levels of eNOS (p < 0.05). High glucose vessel treated with sulfasalazine showed low Emax value for contraction (p < 0.001) however, the Emax for relaxation was significantly high (p < 0.001) when compared to high glucose group. In the JNK group, Emax for contraction and relaxation was inhibited (p < 0.001) compared to sulfasalazine treated vessels. HO—1 enzyme levels were significantly low (p < 0.01) with sulfasalazine but higher with ERK inhibitor (p < 0.05). Conclusion: High glucose induced endothelial dysfunction and sulfasalazine reduced damage in high glucose vessels by activating eNOS, antioxidant effect through HO-1 enzymes and particularly inducing Nrf2 via the ERK and JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Ikbal Sonmez
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Muhammed Ikbal Sonmez,
| | - Andleeb Shahzadi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagla Kose
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Halic University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haktan Sonmez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ozyazgan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gokhan Akkan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Zhang L, Ye B, Chen Z, Chen ZS. Progress in the studies on the molecular mechanisms associated with multidrug resistance in cancers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:982-997. [PMID: 36970215 PMCID: PMC10031261 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the important methods to treat cancer, and the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) is one major cause for the failure of cancer chemotherapy. Almost all anti-tumor drugs develop drug resistance over a period of time of application in cancer patients, reducing their effects on killing cancer cells. Chemoresistance can lead to a rapid recurrence of cancers and ultimately patient death. MDR may be induced by multiple mechanisms, which are associated with a complex process of multiple genes, factors, pathways, and multiple steps, and today the MDR-associated mechanisms are largely unknown. In this paper, from the aspects of protein-protein interactions, alternative splicing (AS) in pre-mRNA, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) mediation, genome mutations, variance in cell functions, and influence from the tumor microenvironment, we summarize the molecular mechanisms associated with MDR in cancers. In the end, prospects for the exploration of antitumor drugs that can reverse MDR are briefly discussed from the angle of drug systems with improved targeting properties, biocompatibility, availability, and other advantages.
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Saka-Herrán C, Jané-Salas E, Estrugo-Devesa A, López-López J. Head and neck cancer and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck 2021; 43:1664-1682. [PMID: 33682986 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to assess the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on head and neck cancer (HNC) outcomes. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register databases were searched. Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool and by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses were performed with the RevMan software. Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria. Quality scores for observational studies ranged between 5 and 8 stars and the RCT was assessed as high risk of bias. NSAIDs use was associated with a 13% risk reduction of HNC (OR: 0.87 95% CI 0.77-0.99). NSAIDs use was associated with a 30% reduced cancer-specific mortality and with a 40% decreased risk on disease-recurrence. NSAIDs may have a modest protective effect on HNC risk and a positive impact on cancer-specific survival and disease-recurrence. The findings do not support a protective role of aspirin on HNC outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Saka-Herrán
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Jané-Salas
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona - Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Estrugo-Devesa
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona - Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José López-López
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona - Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Autophagy-A Hidden but Important Actor on Oral Cancer Scene. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239325. [PMID: 33297472 PMCID: PMC7729760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The duration of denture use, oral hygiene, smoking and male sex were identified as risk factors for oral mucosal lesions. As it is well known, all the oral mucosal lesions associated with risk factors have an important degree of malignity. Chronic mechanical irritation can be another cause of oral cancer and it is produced by the constant action of a deleterious agent from the oral cavity. Autophagy represents a complex evolutionary conserved catabolic process in which cells self-digest intracellular organelles in order to regulate their normal turnover and remove the damaged ones with compromised function to further maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is modulated by mTOR kinase and indirectly by PI3K/AKT survival pathway. Due to its dual capacity to either induce cell death or promote cell survival, important evidence pointed that autophagy has a two-faced role in response to chemotherapy in cancer. In conclusion, understanding how to overcome cytoprotective autophagy and how to take advantage of autophagic cell death is critical in order to enhance the cancer cells sensitivity to particular therapeutic agents.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis and CLOVES Syndrome: A Tricky Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10070467. [PMID: 32660056 PMCID: PMC7400073 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is significantly activated in rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, somatic activating mutations of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway may result in PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum diseases, including CLOVES (Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth, Vascular malformation, Epidermal nevi, Skeletal abnormalities/Scoliosis) syndrome. We describe the case of a young female patient, with anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies-positive rheumatoid arthritis, referred for persistent finger pain and stiffness. Examination revealed discrete macrodactyly involving two fingers, scoliosis, asymmetrical calves, venectasias, a shoulder nevus and triangular feet with a “sandal gap” between two toes. These mild dysmorphic features with early-onset and the history of surgeries for thoracic lipoma and venous malformation were strongly suggestive of CLOVES syndrome. Confirmatory mutation analysis was not performed, as blood or saliva testing is not contributive for tissue-specific localized effects in the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum. Nevertheless, lack of detection of a PIK3CA mutation does not exclude the diagnosis in patients fulfilling clinical criteria. Due to the patient’s wish to plan a pregnancy, therapy consisted in sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, along with orthotic correction of leg length discrepancy. Overgrowth syndromes and arthritis may share common pathways. Mild macrodactyly should be differentiated from dactylitis. Diagnosing patients with minimal dysmorphic features within the PI3K-related overgrowth spectrum may help design better care strategies, in the quest for personalized medicine.
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Lu Y, Liu B, Liu Y, Yu X, Cheng G. Dual effects of active ERK in cancer: A potential target for enhancing radiosensitivity. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:993-1000. [PMID: 32724338 PMCID: PMC7377092 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is an important cancer treatment approach. However, radioresistance eventually occurs, resulting in poor outcomes in patients with cancer. Radioresistance is associated with multiple signaling pathways, particularly pro-survival signaling pathways. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade is an important signaling pathway that initiates several cellular processes and is regulated by various stimuli, including IR. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the pro-survival effects of active ERK, activation of ERK has also been associated with cell death, indicating that radiosensitization may occur by ERK stimulation. In this context, the present review describes the associations between ERK signaling, cancer and IR, and discusses the association between ERK and its pro-survival function in cancer cells, including stimuli, molecular mechanisms, clinical use of inhibitors and underlying limitations. Additionally, the present review introduces the view that active ERK may induce cell death, and describes the potential factors associated with this process. This review describes the various outcomes induced by active ERK to prompt future studies to aim to enhance radiosensitivity in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Baocai Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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Khan T, Relitti N, Brindisi M, Magnano S, Zisterer D, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G. Autophagy modulators for the treatment of oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:1002-1060. [PMID: 31742748 DOI: 10.1002/med.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) exhibit a survival rate of less than 60% and 40%, respectively. Late-stage diagnosis and lack of effective treatment strategies make both OSCC and ESCC a significant health burden. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent catabolic process, involves the degradation of intracellular components to maintain cell homeostasis. Targeting autophagy has been highlighted as a feasible therapeutic strategy with clinical utility in cancer treatment, although its associated regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. The detection of relevant biomarkers in biological fluids has been anticipated to facilitate early diagnosis and/or prognosis for these tumors. In this context, recent studies have indicated the presence of specific proteins and small RNAs, detectable in circulating plasma and serum, as biomarkers. Interestingly, the interplay between biomarkers (eg, exosomal microRNAs) and autophagic processes could be exploited in the quest for targeted and more effective therapies for OSCC and ESCC. In this review, we give an overview of the available biomarkers and innovative targeted therapeutic strategies, including the application of autophagy modulators in OSCC and ESCC. Additionally, we provide a viewpoint on the state of the art and on future therapeutic perspectives combining the early detection of relevant biomarkers with drug discovery for the treatment of OSCC and ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhina Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Napoli Federico IL, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Magnano
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160, Pearse Street, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniela Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160, Pearse Street, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Leclercq K, Liefferinge JV, Albertini G, Neveux M, Dardenne S, Mairet‐Coello G, Vandenplas C, Deprez T, Chong S, Foerch P, Bentea E, Sato H, Maher P, Massie A, Smolders I, Kaminski RM. Anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic effects of system xc− inactivation in chronic epilepsy models. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1412-1423. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joeri Van Liefferinge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Drug Information Center for Neurosciences C4N Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Giulia Albertini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Drug Information Center for Neurosciences C4N Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduard Bentea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Center for Neurosciences C4N Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Hideyo Sato
- Faculty of Medicine Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory The Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California
| | - Ann Massie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Center for Neurosciences C4N Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Drug Information Center for Neurosciences C4N Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
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Oxidative stress-modulating drugs have preferential anticancer effects - involving the regulation of apoptosis, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, metabolism, and migration. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 58:109-117. [PMID: 30149066 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To achieve preferential effects against cancer cells but less damage to normal cells is one of the main challenges of cancer research. In this review, we explore the roles and relationships of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis, DNA damage, ER stress, autophagy, metabolism, and migration of ROS-modulating anticancer drugs. Understanding preferential anticancer effects in more detail will improve chemotherapeutic approaches that are based on ROS-modulating drugs in cancer treatments.
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11
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Yu C, Li W, Liu J, Lu J, Feng J. Autophagy: novel applications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for primary cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 7:471-484. [PMID: 29282893 PMCID: PMC5806108 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, autophagy is a process associated with programmed cell death. During this process, cytoplasmic proteins and organelles are engulfed by double-membrane autophagosomes, which then fuse with lysosomes to form autolysosomes. These autolysosomes then degrade their contents to recycle the cellular components. Autophagy has been implicated in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes that are closely related to tumorigenesis. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have indicated that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as celecoxib, meloxicam, sulindac, aspirin, sildenafil, rofecoxib, and sodium salicylate, have diverse effects in cancer that are mediated by the autophagy pathway. These nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can modulate tumor autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK1/2, P53/DRAM, AMPK/mTOR, Bip/GRP78, CHOP/ GADD153, and HGF/MET signaling pathways and inhibit lysosome function, leading to p53-dependent G1 cell-cycle arrest. In this review, we summarize the research progress in autophagy induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in cancer cells to provide a reference for the potential benefits of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yu
- Department of Integrated TCM & Western MedicineJiangsu Cancer HospitalJiangsu Institute of Cancer ResearchNanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer HospitalNanjingJiang Su210000China
| | - Wei‐bing Li
- Department of Integrated TCM & Western MedicineJiangsu Cancer HospitalJiangsu Institute of Cancer ResearchNanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer HospitalNanjingJiang Su210000China
| | - Jun‐bao Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese MedicineHenan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jian‐wei Lu
- Department of MedicineJiangsu Cancer HospitalJiangsu Institute of Cancer ResearchNanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer HospitalNanjingJiang Su210000China
| | - Ji‐feng Feng
- Department of MedicineJiangsu Cancer HospitalJiangsu Institute of Cancer ResearchNanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer HospitalNanjingJiang Su210000China
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12
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Peng Q, Deng Z, Pan H, Gu L, Liu O, Tang Z. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in oral cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1379-1388. [PMID: 29434828 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is associated with tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The present review assesses the involvement of the MAPK signaling pathway in oral cancer progression and invasion based on analysis of individual sub-pathways and their mechanisms of action. The regulation of this pathway for targeted oral cancer therapy is explored and the challenges confronting this, as well as corresponding potential solutions, are discussed. Exploring this pathway with an emphasis on its components, subfamilies, sub-pathways, interactions with other pathways and clinical practice modes may improve oral cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Deng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Gu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ousheng Liu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Cheng MF, Lin CS, Chen YH, Sung PJ, Lin SR, Tong YW, Weng CF. Inhibitory Growth of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cancer via Bacterial Prodigiosin. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15070224. [PMID: 28714874 PMCID: PMC5532666 DOI: 10.3390/md15070224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs for oral cancers always cause side effects and adverse effects. Currently natural sources and herbs are being searched for treated human oral squamous carcinoma cells (OSCC) in an effort to alleviate the causations of agents in oral cancers chemotherapy. This study investigates the effect of prodigiosin (PG), an alkaloid and natural red pigment as a secondary metabolite of Serratia marcescens, to inhibit human oral squamous carcinoma cell growth; thereby, developing a new drug for the treatment of oral cancer. In vitro cultured human OSCC models (OECM1 and SAS cell lines) were used to test the inhibitory growth of PG via cell cytotoxic effects (MTT assay), cell cycle analysis, and Western blotting. PG under various concentrations and time courses were shown to effectively cause cell death and cell-cycle arrest in OECM1 and SAS cells. Additionally, PG induced autophagic cell death in OECM1 and SAS cells by LC3-mediated P62/LC3-I/LC3-II pathway at the in vitro level. These findings elucidate the role of PG, which may target the autophagic cell death pathways as a potential agent in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 10086, Taiwan.
- Division of Histology and Clinical Pathology, Hualian Army Forces General Hospital, Hualien 97144, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Shu Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 10086, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Shian-Ren Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Wen Tong
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
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14
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Cheng MF, Lin SR, Tseng FJ, Huang YC, Tsai MJ, Fu YS, Weng CF. The autophagic inhibition oral squamous cell carcinoma cancer growth of 16-hydroxy-cleroda-3,14-dine-15,16-olide. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78379-78396. [PMID: 29108236 PMCID: PMC5667969 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
16-hydroxycleroda-3, 13-dine-15, 16-olide (HCD) isolated from Polyalthia longifolia possesses numerous biological activities. Previous studies have reported that HCD can block phosphorylation activity of cancer cells to inhibit tumor cell growth, but the anti-tumor activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma is unrevealed. This study investigates the inhibiting effect of HCD on human OSCC cell growth; thereby, developing a new oral cancer drug. In in vitro cultured human OSCC cells (OECM1 and SAS) were employed to test the inhibitory growth of HCD via cell cytotoxic effect using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Western blotting, and further determining of the inhibitory efficacy of tumor growth by a xenograft tumor on BALB/c male nude mice (in vivo test). Under various concentrations of HCD and time course treatments were shown to effectively cause cell death and cell-cycle arrest in OECM1 and SAS cells, which was confirmed via a clinical drug (cisplatin) as a positive control. In addition, HCD induced the autophagic cell death in OECM1 and SAS cells by LC3-mediated LC3-I/LC3-II/p62 pathway at the in vitro level. An in vivo assay indicated that HCD could treat oral cancer by deferring tumor growth. These findings provide a favorable assessment for further elucidating the role of HCD that targets autophagic cell death pathways as a potential agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Histological and Clinical Pathology, Hualian Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Ren Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Jen Tseng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chao Huang
- Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - May-Jywan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Syan Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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15
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Yuan CH, Horng CT, Lee CF, Chiang NN, Tsai FJ, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Hsu YM, Yang JS, Chen FA. Epigallocatechin gallate sensitizes cisplatin-resistant oral cancer CAR cell apoptosis and autophagy through stimulating AKT/STAT3 pathway and suppressing multidrug resistance 1 signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:845-855. [PMID: 27200496 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a green tea polyphenol that presents anticancer activities in multiple cancer cells, but no available report was addressed for the underling molecular mechanism of cytotoxic impacts on drug-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of EGCG were experienced on cisplatin-resistant oral cancer CAR cells. EGCG inhibited cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. EGCG induced CAR cell apoptosis and autophagy by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) dye, acridine orange (AO) staining and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged LC3B assay, respectively. EGCG also significantly enhanced caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities by caspase activity assay. EGCG markedly increased the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, Atg5, Atg7, Atg12, Beclin-1, and LC3B-II, as well as significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2, phosphorylated AKT (Ser473) and phosphorylation of STAT3 on Tyr705 by western blotting in CAR cells. Importantly, the protein and gene expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) were dose-dependently inhibited by EGCG. Overall, downregulation of MDR1 levels and alterations of AKT/STAT3 signaling contributed to EGCG-induced apoptosis and autophagy in CAR cells. Based on these results, EGCG has the potential for therapeutic effect on oral cancer and may be useful for long-term oral cancer prevention in the future. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 845-855, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Han Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ting Horng
- Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Medical Education Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Fang Lee
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Pingtung Branch, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Na Chiang
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Pingtung Branch, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Hua Chiang
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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16
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Medications such as corticosteroids, thiopurines, immunomodulators and biologic agents are used to induce and maintain remission; however, response to these drugs is variable and can diminish over time. Defective autophagy has been strongly linked to IBD pathogenesis, with evidence showing that enhancing autophagy may be therapeutically beneficial by regulating inflammation and clearing intestinal pathogens. It is plausible that the therapeutic effects of some IBD drugs are mediated in part through modulation of the autophagy pathway, with studies investigating a wide range of diseases and cell types demonstrating autophagy pathway regulation by these agents. This review will highlight the current evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, for the modulation of autophagy by drugs routinely used in IBD. A clearer understanding of their mechanisms of action will be invaluable to utilize these drugs in a more targeted and personalized manner in this diverse and often complex group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M. Hooper
- School of Life, Sport & Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter G. Barlow
- School of Life, Sport & Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Life, Sport & Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Henderson
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved lysosomal degradation process essential for cell physiology and human health. By regulating apoptosis, inflammation, pathogen clearance, immune response and other cellular processes, autophagy acts as a modulator of pathogenesis and is a potential therapeutic target in diverse diseases. With regard to oral disease, autophagy can be problematic either when it is activated or impaired, because this process is involved in diverse functions, depending on the specific disease and its level of progression. In particular, activated autophagy functions as a cytoprotective mechanism under environmental stress conditions, which regulates tumor growth and mediates resistance to anticancer treatment in established tumors. During infections and inflammation, activated autophagy selectively delivers microbial antigens to the immune systems, and is therefore connected to the elimination of intracellular pathogens. Impaired autophagy contributes to oxidative stress, genomic instability, chronic tissue damage, inflammation and tumorigenesis, and is involved in aberrant bacterial clearance and immune priming. Hence, substantial progress in the study of autophagy provides new insights into the pathogenesis of oral diseases. This review outlines the mechanisms of autophagy, and highlights the emerging roles of this process in oral cancer, periapical lesions, periodontal diseases, and oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qin Tan
- a The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Jing Zhang
- a The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.,b Department of Oral Medicine , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Gang Zhou
- a The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.,b Department of Oral Medicine , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
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18
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Roh JL, Kim EH, Jang HJ, Park JY, Shin D. Induction of ferroptotic cell death for overcoming cisplatin resistance of head and neck cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 381:96-103. [PMID: 27477897 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of key molecules related to ferroptosis, cystine/glutamate antiporter and glutathione peroxidase, may induce eradication of chemotherapy/radiotherapy-resistant cancer cells. The present study investigated whether ferroptosis could overcome head and neck cancer (HNC) resistance to cisplatin treatment. Three cisplatin-resistant HNC cell lines (AMC-HN3R, -HN4R, and -HN9R) and their parental lines were used. The effects of cystine and glutamate alteration and pharmacological and genetic inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter were assessed by measuring viability, death, reactive oxygen species production, protein expression, and preclinical mouse tumor xenograft models. Conditioned media with no cystine or glutamine excess induced ferroptosis of both cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant HNC cells without any apparent changes to necrosis and apoptosis markers. The cystine/glutamate antiporter inhibitors erastin and sulfasalazine inhibited HNC cell growth and accumulated lipid reactive oxygen species, thereby inducing ferroptosis. Genetic silencing of cystine/glutamate antiporter with siRNA or shRNA treatment also induced effective ferroptotic cell death of resistant HNC cells and enhanced the cisplatin cytotoxicity of resistant HNC cells. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter significantly sensitized resistant HNC cells to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter overcomes the cisplatin resistance of HNC cells by inducing ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Lyel Roh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Hye Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daiha Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Cosway B, Lovat P. The role of autophagy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oral Oncol 2016; 54:1-6. [PMID: 26774913 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Half a million new head and neck cancers are diagnosed each year worldwide. Although traditionally thought to be triggered by alcohol and smoking abuse, there is a growing subset of oropharyngeal cancers driven by the oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV). Despite advances in both surgical and non-surgical treatment strategies, survival rates have remained relatively static emphasising the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Autophagy, the principal catabolic process for the lysosomal--mediated breakdown of cellular products is a hot topic in cancer medicine. Increasing evidence points towards the prognostic significance of autophagy biomarkers in solid tumours as well as strategies through which to harness autophagy modulation to promote tumour cell death. However, the role of autophagy in head and neck cancers is less well defined. In the present review, we summarise the current understanding of autophagy in head and neck cancers, revealing key areas for future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cosway
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.
| | - Penny Lovat
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
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20
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So KY, Ahn SG, Oh SH. Autophagy regulated by prolyl isomerase Pin1 and phospho-Ser-GSK3αβ involved in protection of oral squamous cell carcinoma against cadmium toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:541-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Ojha R, Bhattacharyya S, Singh SK. Autophagy in Cancer Stem Cells: A Potential Link Between Chemoresistance, Recurrence, and Metastasis. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:97-108. [PMID: 26309786 PMCID: PMC4497670 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2014.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells require an uninterrupted nutritional supply for maintaining their proliferative needs and this high demand in concurrence with inadequate supply of blood and nutrition induces stress in these cells. These cells utilize various strategies like high glycolytic flux, redox signaling, and modulation of autophagy to avoid cell death and overcome nutritional deficiency. Autophagy allows the cell to generate ATP and other essential biochemical building blocks necessary under such adverse conditions. It is emerging as a decisive process in the development and progression of pathophysiological conditions that are associated with increased cancer risk. However, the precise role of autophagy in tumorigenesis is still debatable. Autophagy is a novel cytoprotective process to augment tumor cell survival under nutrient or growth factor starvation, metabolic stress, and hypoxia. The tumor hypoxic environment may provide site for the enrichment/expansion of the cancer stem cells (CSCs) and successive rapid tumor progression. CSCs are characteristically resistant to conventional anticancer therapy, which may contribute to treatment failure and tumor relapse. CSCs have the potential to regenerate for an indefinite period, which can impel tumor metastatic invasion. From last decade, preclinical research has focused on the diversity in CSC content within tumors that could affect their chemo- or radio-sensitivity by impeding with mechanisms of DNA repair and cell cycle progression. The aim of this review is predominantly directed on the recent developments in the CSCs during cancer treatment, role of autophagy in maintenance of CSC populations and their implications in the development of promising new cancer treatment options in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Ojha
- Department of Urology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Shalmoli Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
- Address correspondence to: Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, PhD, Department of Biophysics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India, E-mail:
| | - Shrawan K. Singh
- Department of Urology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
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22
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Rich AM, Hussaini HM, Parachuru VPB, Seymour GJ. Toll-like receptors and cancer, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2014; 5:464. [PMID: 25309546 PMCID: PMC4174116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the progression of cancer. The microenvironment may promote tumor cell survival and proliferation or, alternatively may induce tumor cell apoptosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins, expressed on immune cells and epithelial cells, that recognize exogenous and endogenous macromolecules. Once activated, they initiate signaling pathways leading to the release of cytokines and chemokines, which recruit immune cells inducing further cytokine production, the production of angiogenic mediators and growth factors, all of which may influence tumor progression. This paper examines the actions of TLRs in carcinogenesis with particular emphasis on their role in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary Rich
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Haizal Mohd Hussaini
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, National University of Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Venkata P B Parachuru
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Gregory J Seymour
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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