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Yasmin T, Adnan S, Younis MN, Fatima A, Shahid A. Comparing High and Low-Dose Radio-Iodine Therapy in Thyroid Remnant Ablation Among Intermediate and Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients-Single Centre Experience. Dose Response 2022; 19:15593258211062775. [PMID: 34987336 PMCID: PMC8679032 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211062775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of Iodine-131 therapy is well established as an adjuvant therapy and for thyroid remnant ablation in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC); however controversy still exists regarding its appropriate dose. Purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of low-dose and high-dose Iodine-131 ablation therapies in low- and intermediate-risk PTC patients. Eighty-four patients were divided equally into Group I: Ablated with high dose of Iodine-131 and Group II: Ablated with low dose of Iodine-131. Iodine-131 WBS, serum TG levels and USG neck of all patients were performed at first presentation, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years follow up. Results are as follows: Group I: 64%, 72%, and 76% intermediate-risk patients were disease free at the follow up intervals of 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively. Similarly 70%, 82%, and 82% low-risk patients were disease free at above mentioned intervals. Group II: 56%, 60%, and 64% were disease free among intermediate-risk patients while percentage of disease free low-risk patients was 70%, 76%, and 76% at follow up intervals. Low dose of radioactive Iodine-131 was found as effective as high dose in thyroid remnant ablation of PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Yasmin
- Consultant Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Adnan
- Consultant Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Numair Younis
- Consultant Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arzoo Fatima
- Consultant Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abubaker Shahid
- Consultant Oncologist, Department of Radiation and Oncology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL), Lahore, Pakistan
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Rehman MYA, Taqi MM, Hussain I, Nasir J, Rizvi SHH, Syed JH. Elevated exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may trigger cancers in Pakistan: an environmental, occupational, and genetic perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42405-42423. [PMID: 32875453 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic compounds which are emitted through incomplete combustion of organic materials, fossil fuels, consumption of processed meat, smoked food, and from various industrial activities. High molecular mass and mobility make PAHs widespread and lethal for human health. A cellular system in human detoxifies these toxicants through specialized enzymatic machinery called xenobiotic-metabolizing (CYP450) and phase-II (GSTs) enzymes (XMEs). These metabolizing enzymes include cytochromes P450 family (CYP1, CYP2), glutathione s-transferases, and ALDHs. Gene polymorphisms in XMEs encoding genes can compromise their metabolizing capacity to detoxify ingested carcinogens (PAHs etc.) that may lead to prolong and elevated exposure to ingested toxicants and may consequently lead to cancer. Moreover, PAHs can induce cancer through reprograming XMEs' gene functions by altering their epigenetic markers. This review article discusses possible interplay between individual's gene polymorphism in XMEs' genes, their altered epigenetic markers, and exposure to PAHs in cancer susceptibility in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, PO, 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Imran Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, PO, 45320, Pakistan
- Business Unit Environmental Resources and Technologies, Center for Energy, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jawad Nasir
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Haider Rizvi
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
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Ghias K, Rehmani SS, Razzak SA, Madhani S, Azim MK, Ahmed R, Khan MJ. Mutational landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in a South Asian population. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 4242:526-542. [PMID: 31188922 PMCID: PMC6905448 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer
type globally and contributes significantly to burden of disease in South Asia.
In Pakistan, HNSCC is among the most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and
females. The increasing regional burden of HNSCC along with a unique set of risk
factors merited a deeper investigation of the disease at the genomic level.
Whole exome sequencing of HNSCC samples and matched normal genomic DNA analysis
(n=7) was performed. Significant somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were
identified and pathway analysis performed to determine frequently affected
signaling pathways. We identified significant, novel recurrent mutations in
ASNS (asparagine synthetase) that may affect substrate
binding, and variants in driver genes including TP53, PIK3CA, FGFR2,
ARID2, MLL3, MYC and ALK. Using the IntOGen
platform, we identified MAP kinase, cell cycle, actin cytoskeleton regulation,
PI3K-Akt signaling and other pathways in cancer as affected in the samples. This
data is the first of its kind from the Pakistani population. The results of this
study can guide a better mechanistic understanding of HNSCC in the population,
ultimately contributing new, rational therapeutic targets for the treatment of
the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulsoom Ghias
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq S Rehmani
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mount Sinai St. Luke's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Safina A Razzak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - M Kamran Azim
- Department of Biosciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rashida Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mumtaz J Khan
- Surgical Specialty Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Mubarik S, Malik SS, Wang Z, Li C, Fawad M, Yu C. Recent insights into breast cancer incidence trends among four Asian countries using age-period-cohort model. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:8145-8155. [PMID: 31564974 PMCID: PMC6731990 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s208323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer is one of the rapidly increasing cancers among women and a significant cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, the current study was designed to examine and compare trends of breast cancer incidence (BCI) during the observed period (1990–2015) in specific age groups and investigate age-specific, time period, and birth cohort-related effects on BCI in China, India, Pakistan, and Thailand. Patients and method Data related to BCI were retrieved from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Age–period–cohort model joint with intrinsic estimator algorithm was used to estimate the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on BCI. BCI rates were analyzed among different age groups ranging from 20 to 84 years in specified periods. Result Overall, results showed an increasing trend of BCI among four Asian countries during the study period especially in age groups 50 to 84 years. Higher incidence rates were observed in 2015 in the age group 70–74, 65–69, 50–54, and 60–64 in Pakistan, China, India, and Thailand, respectively. Age period cohort analysis revealed significantly raised effect of age and period and declined effect of the cohort on incidence rates. Conclusion The current study reported increased BCI with time in selected four Asian countries. Overall, BCI remained high in Pakistan as compared to China, India, and Thailand. Although proper registries are not available in most of the developing Asian countries, the current study highlighted the increased incidence and may play an essential role in registries development or spreading awareness against this disease. Therefore, maintaining proper records to build registries at the national level along with advancements in breast cancer screening and treatment are highly recommended to deal with the increasing burden of this disease. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/7yX8RwLIBXc
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Mubarik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Saima Shakil Malik
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Lab., Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Zhenkun Wang
- Human Resource Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Fawad
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Saeed S, Khan JA, Iqbal N, Irfan S, Shafique A, Awan S. Cancer and how the patients see it; prevalence and perception of risk factors: a cross-sectional survey from a tertiary care centre of Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:360. [PMID: 30935404 PMCID: PMC6444817 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of cancer is rising but data available regarding prevalence of cancer and patient perception of the disease in Pakistan is limited. It is difficult to deal with Cancer if the main causes are negligence towards risk factors and bizarre myths. This study was aimed to investigate common cancer presentations at a government sector hospital and to gain insight into patient knowledge of the disease. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted on cancer patients from Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre. A self-made questionnaire was used to assess the norms related to cancer prevalence in our society, associated myths, and the most common risk factors per them. RESULTS A total of 402 participants consented to participate in the study (mean age 42.3 ± 15.07 years), 204(50.7%) were females and 190(47.3%) were illiterate. Biomass exposure was found in 147(37%), drug abuse in 132(33%) and smoking in 63(16%). We found 103(25.6%) had positive family histories of cancer. The most common primary tumor site was breast for females 98(48%) and Head and neck 66(33.3%) for males. Patients considered fate 328(82%), gutka 284(71%) and injuries 282(70%) as the most common causes for cancer; while 222(55.5%) considered black magic and 236(58.75%) considered evil eye as a risk factor for cancer. Cancer treatment caused significant financial stress in 376(93.5%) patients. CONCLUSION Breast and head and neck cancers were found to be prevalent among patients. It was noted that patients are negligent in daily life regarding the consumption of substances that commonly cause cancer. Individuals had diminished knowledge and majority linked cancer to unrelated causes and myths like black magic and fate. Almost all the patients complained of severe financial stress imposed by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Saeed
- Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Ahmad Khan
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nousheen Iqbal
- Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. .,Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Sana Irfan
- Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Safia Awan
- Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Arif M, Raza H, Sohail Afzal M. Alarming Situation of Breast Cancer in Women of Lahore, Pakistan From 1984 to 2018. Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2018; 12:1178223418816093. [PMID: 30546258 PMCID: PMC6287290 DOI: 10.1177/1178223418816093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arif
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Raza
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Idrees R, Fatima S, Abdul-Ghafar J, Raheem A, Ahmad Z. Cancer prevalence in Pakistan: meta-analysis of various published studies to determine variation in cancer figures resulting from marked population heterogeneity in different parts of the country. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:129. [PMID: 29976196 PMCID: PMC6034324 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pakistan’s population is ethnically diverse with distinct ethnic groups inhabiting various parts of the country. Cancer statistics obtained from specific regions populated by distinct ethnic groups may vary considerably. There is no national cancer registry. To determine whether there are indeed significant statistical differences in cancer incidence and prevalence, data was recorded from different parts of Pakistan based on the ethnic composition of the population in those parts. Methods Ten papers (original articles) on cancer incidence and prevalence in Pakistan published in the last two decades were selected from PubMed and Google Scholar. Meta-analysis of findings of these studies was performed using Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) checklist. χ2-based I2 test was used for evaluating heterogeneity and Forest plots were generated for calculating unadjusted prevalence estimates. Oral, gastric, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancers were selected for meta-analysis. I2 values of 75% or greater indicated high heterogeneity. Results All five types of cancer selected for meta-analysis (performed on studies carrying similar statistical weights) showed extremely high heterogeneity with I2 values of 99.7% for oral cancer, 98.6% for prostate cancer, 98.3% for gastric cancer, 99.8% for breast cancer, and 85.4% for colorectal cancer. p values for all cancers were highly statistically significant. Conclusions Our findings show that the prevalence rates of different cancer types demonstrate marked variation in different studies depending on the place of origin of the study and dominant ethnic group in that region, and these variations are highly statistically significant. A national cancer registry needs to be established as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Idrees
- Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saira Fatima
- Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jamshid Abdul-Ghafar
- Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, Pakistan. .,French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan.
| | - Ahmad Raheem
- Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, Pakistan
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Pongnikorn D, Daoprasert K, Waisri N, Laversanne M, Bray F. Cancer incidence in northern Thailand: Results from six population-based cancer registries 1993-2012. Int J Cancer 2018; 142:1767-1775. [PMID: 29226335 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid changes in social and economic development have led to cancer becoming a major cause of national morbidity and mortality in Thailand. Cancer registries have been critical in documenting subnational cancer patterns and transitions in the country; with the establishment of six registries in northern Thailand, a comprehensive assessment of the scale and profile of cancer is now possible in the region. Cancers of the liver, lung, colorectum, breast and cervix were the major cancers 2008-2012, although variations in the profiles of cancer were observed, with a very high incidence of liver cancer seen among males in Phrae, corresponding to one in 11 men developing the disease in a lifetime. Based on data from Lampang and Chiang Mai 1993-2012, rates of lung and cervical cancer incidence have declined, while liver, colorectal and breast cancer incidence have been increasing up to 2012. A more detailed investigation of the incidence trends for specific cancer sites and subtypes at the local level are crucial to the monitoring and evaluation of the cancer control interventions implemented within the Thai national cancer control programme (NCCP). Priority should be given to extend the capacity of the new registries in northern Thailand, ensuring improvement in quality and utilization of the data to drive epidemiologic research and cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Narate Waisri
- Chiang Mai Cancer Registry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Mathieu Laversanne
- Cancer Surveillance Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Freddie Bray
- Cancer Surveillance Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Sultan S, Irfan SM, Ali N, Nawaz N. Institutional-based tumor registry of hematopoietic malignancies: A 4 years' preliminary report from Karachi. J Lab Physicians 2018; 10:168-172. [PMID: 29692582 PMCID: PMC5896183 DOI: 10.4103/jlp.jlp_60_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pakistan has a population of over 198 million making it the world's sixth populous country. However, operational population-based cancer registries in Pakistan are lacking. Limited data are available based on institutional or Karachi Cancer Registry from Karachi; however, no exclusive registry for hematological malignancies is established till date. Hence, we decided to conduct a database analysis to determine the frequencies of various hematological cancers in our tertiary care center in Karachi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective assessment of 366 patients presented to Hematology Department, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College from May 2012 to May 2016 with confirmed diagnosis of hematological cancers was performed. Data were retrieved from hospital-based tumor registry. All pro forma was filled by qualified medical research officer, which included demographic data as age, gender, history, disease type, and its stage at presentation. RESULTS: Male gender was predominant and accounted for 69.9% (n = 256) and female accounted for 30.0% (n = 110) of the total cases with the male-to-female ratio of ~2:1. The mean ages of female and male patients were 42.9 ± 20.7 and 49.7 ± 18.1 years with the median age of 45 and 51.5 years, respectively. In males, the three most frequent malignancies were chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) (16%), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (12.8% of each). In females, AML was the most common cancer accounting for 21.8% followed by CML (18.1%) and ALL (10%). CONCLUSIONS: Our institution-based tumor registry indicates CML and AML were the most common cancers in males and females, respectively, followed by ALL. Chronic lymphoid leukemia, unlike in the West, is seen infrequently in our population. National and provisional hematological tumor registry will be beneficial for future health planning and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Sultan
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Liaquat National Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Mohammed Irfan
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Liaquat National Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Navaira Ali
- Department of Oncology, Liaquat National Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Neesha Nawaz
- Liaquat National Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
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