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Aljohani K, Alqarni A, Harte M, Alghamdi R, Alzahrani S, Albuquerque R. Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer in Saudi Arabia: An Epidemiological Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1376. [PMID: 38592216 PMCID: PMC10932327 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of chronic oral mucosal diseases associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Multiple studies have investigated the prevalence of these conditions in multiple regions; however, there are limited data about the prevalence of OPMDs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This paper aims to review the prevalence of OPMDs in the KSA, to ensure better understanding of the population risk and propose a more standardised approach to the diagnosis and management of this group across the KSA. In addition, this review will discuss the prevalence of oral cancer in the KSA, considering independent risk factors for oral cancer development. Methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, Medscape, ScienceDirect, StatPearls, BMC Oral Health and the Cochrane Library were searched with the keywords "Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders"; "Saudi Arabia"; and "Oral Cancer". Identified articles were reviewed independently by 2 reviewers against defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: 16 studies were included in this review. The prevalence of OPMDs in KSA varies significantly depending on age, gender, social habits, background disease and dental status. Conclusions: This review highlights the need for up-to-date data on the prevalence, distribution, and characteristics of OPMDs in KSA. The diverse prevalence rates and distinct characteristics of various OPMDs emphasise the necessity for targeted preventive measures. As the data on OPMDs in KSA remains limited, future research efforts should prioritise the establishment of comprehensive epidemiological studies to inform effective public health interventions in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Aljohani
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alqarni
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Molly Harte
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK; (M.H.); (R.A.)
| | - Rawia Alghamdi
- Independent Researcher, Jeddah 22335, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Saja Alzahrani
- Independent Researcher, Jeddah 22335, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Rui Albuquerque
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK; (M.H.); (R.A.)
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Alotaibi ON. Oral and maxillofacial cancer: A 35-year retrospective analysis at a referral dental hospital in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dent J 2022; 34:56-61. [PMID: 35068899 PMCID: PMC8767254 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives As rates of oral and maxillofacial cancer (OMFC) continue to rise, the role of dentists in early detection and prevention has become increasingly important. The present study examined the frequency and pattern of OMFC cases diagnosed at a referral dental hospital. Methods A retrospective analysis of all primary malignant neoplasms of the oral and maxillofacial area diagnosed at the Histopathology Laboratory of the Dental University Hospital, Medical City, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia from 1984 to 2020 was performed. Results A total of 242 patients had histologically diagnosed primary malignant neoplasms of the oral and maxillofacial area, accounting approximately 3.7% of the archives. The mean age of patients was 48.87 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.5:1. The most prevalent malignant neoplasm was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (58.3%), followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma (11.6%). The tongue and gingiva were the most prevalent malignancy sites, accounting for 19.8% and 18.2% of the cases, respectively. The prevalence of SCC in patients over 50 years old (68.4%) was highly significantly greater than that in younger subjects (31.5%) (P < 0.0005). SCC was also more common in males (66.7%) than in females (33.3%) (P = 0.026). Conclusion OMFC primarily affecting the tongue and gingiva was the predominant in older male patients. SCC was the most frequent type of OMFC and was significantly associated with age older than 50 years. This study provides baseline data on the frequency of OMFC cases diagnosed for the first time by dental practitioners and warrants the need for increasing OMFC awareness among these clinicians.
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Binmadi N, Harere L, Mattar A, Aljohani S, Alhindi N, Ali S, Almazrooa S. Oral lesions associated with smokeless tobacco users in Saudi Arabia: Single center cross-sectional study. Saudi Dent J 2021; 34:114-120. [PMID: 35241900 PMCID: PMC8864373 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smokeless tobacco (SLT) causes significant harm to the oral cavity and is considered a risk factor for oral cancer. Various forms, products, and patterns of SLT are used across different populations. Many products, such as nicotine and betel nut, have addictive and carcinogenic properties. SLT use is associated with benign, premalignant, or malignant lesions. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of these oral lesions and their association with SLT exposure. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study, performed at our institution’s Faculty of Dentistry, included all the patients with a history of using SLT within a 5-year period at the oral medicine clinic. The patients’ demographic details were collected, and information regarding habit, duration, frequency, site of placement, and history of habit discontinuity were recorded. If a biopsy was performed, the diagnoses were also reported. Results Of the 59 patients included, 89.8% were male and 10.2% were female. SLT lesions in the oral cavity were usually focal lesions (76.3%). The most preferred placement site by SLT users was the mandibular posterior vestibule. Follow-up of SLT patients after quitting or clinical changes in the placement site showed a 92.8% regression or complete healing of the lesions. Of the 59 patients who underwent SLT, 18.6% were diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion This study demonstrated a high percentage of remarkable regression or complete healing of SLT lesions related to early diagnosis and habit change. In contrast, 18.6% of the lesions progressed to SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Binmadi
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Oral Diagnostic Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Louae Harere
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajwad Mattar
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suad Aljohani
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Alhindi
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Ali
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soulafa Almazrooa
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Patil S, Bhat MY, Advani J, Mohan SV, Babu N, Datta KK, Subbannayya T, Rajagopalan P, Bhat FA, Al-Hebshi N, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling of shammah induced signaling in oral keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9397. [PMID: 33931671 PMCID: PMC8087671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shammah is a smokeless tobacco product often mixed with lime, ash, black pepper and flavorings. Exposure to shammah has been linked with dental diseases and oral squamous cell carcinoma. There is limited literature on the prevalence of shammah and its role in pathobiology of oral cancer. In this study, we developed a cellular model to understand the effect of chronic shammah exposure on oral keratinocytes. Chronic exposure to shammah resulted in increased proliferation and invasiveness of non-transformed oral keratinocytes. Quantitative proteomics of shammah treated cells compared to untreated cells led to quantification of 4712 proteins of which 402 were found to be significantly altered. In addition, phosphoproteomics analysis of shammah treated cells compared to untreated revealed hyperphosphorylation of 36 proteins and hypophosphorylation of 83 proteins (twofold, p-value ≤ 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis of significantly altered proteins showed enrichment of proteins involved in extracellular matrix interactions, necroptosis and peroxisome mediated fatty acid oxidation. Kinase-Substrate Enrichment Analysis showed significant increase in activity of kinases such as ROCK1, RAF1, PRKCE and HIPK2 in shammah treated cells. These results provide better understanding of how shammah transforms non-neoplastic cells and warrants additional studies that may assist in improved early diagnosis and treatment of shammah induced oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Younis Bhat
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Sonali V Mohan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Niraj Babu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Keshava K Datta
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Firdous A Bhat
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Nezar Al-Hebshi
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India. .,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India. .,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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Torabi M, Afshar MK, Afshar HM, Mohammahzadeh I. Correlation Between Clinical and Histopathologic Diagnosis of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Molook Torabi
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Marzieh Karimi Afshar
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Alzahrani R, Obaid A, Al-Hakami H, Alshehri A, Al-Assaf H, Adas R, Alduhaibi E, Alsafadi N, Alghamdi S, Alghamdi M. Locally Advanced Oral Cavity Cancers: What Is The Optimal Care? Cancer Control 2020; 27:1073274820920727. [PMID: 32339002 PMCID: PMC7218312 DOI: 10.1177/1073274820920727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with oral cavity cancers often present late to seek medical care. Surgery is usually the preferred upfront treatment. However, surgical resection cannot be achieved in many cases with advanced disease without major impact on patient’s quality of life. On the other hand, radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) have not been employed routinely to replace surgery as curative treatment or to facilitate surgery as neoadjuvant therapy. The optimal care of these patients is challenging when surgical treatment is not feasible. In this review, we aimed to summarize the best available evidence-based treatment approaches for patients with locally advanced oral cavity cancer. Surgery followed by RT with or without CT is the standard of care for locally advanced oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. In the case of unresectable disease, induction CT prior to surgery or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) can be attempted with curative intent. For inoperable patients or when surgery is expected to result in poor functional outcome, patients may be candidates for possibly curative CRT or palliative RT with a focus on quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajab Alzahrani
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Obaid
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi Al-Hakami
- Otolaryngiology/Head and Neck section, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alshehri
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Medical Oncology Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam Al-Assaf
- Radiation Oncology Department, Comprehensive Cancer Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Adas
- Medical Imaging Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alduhaibi
- Radiation Oncology Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil Alsafadi
- Radiation Oncology Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Alghamdi
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Radiation Oncology Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alghamdi
- Radiation Oncology Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medicine, Medical School, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
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Raj AT, Patil S, Sarode SC, Sarode GS. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses on Smokeless Tobacco Products Should Include Shammah. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1147. [PMID: 29986117 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Thalambur, Chennai, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
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8
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Quadri MFA, Tadakamadla SK, John T. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:56. [PMID: 31582945 PMCID: PMC6770623 DOI: 10.18332/tid/110259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer of the oral cavity is regarded lethal with a fairly low mean 5-year survival rate. The current systematic review and meta-analysis is the first of its kind to examine, if the evidence from the Middle East and North African region indicates an association between oral cancer and tobacco; and evaluates the quality of the evidence that portrays this relationship. METHODS A search for articles was carried out in October 2017 and then cross-checked at the end of June 2018 using Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. Retrieved articles were later subjected to eligibility criteria. The search was not limited to any particular research design adopted by the investigators. However, dissertations, theses and opinion-based reviews generated from the search were excluded during the screening of titles and abstracts. Quality of included studies was determined objectively (Newcastle Ottawa Scale) and subjectively. Revman (Version 5.3) was used for conducting the meta-analysis. RESULTS Six studies satisfied the selection criteria of the current review. The New Castle Ottawa evaluation scale suggested that the three cross-sectional studies and the three case-control studies included in the current review were of relatively low to moderate quality. All included studies explored the association of only one form of smokeless tobacco, i.e. shammah. Three case-control studies revealed a pooled estimate odds ratio of 38.74 (95% CI: 19.50–76.96), indicating that the odds for the occurrence of oral cancer among shammah users were nearly 39 times higher compared to the non-users. CONCLUSIONS Shammah is a potential risk factor for oral cancer; thus, it is necessary that public health practitioners design and implement effective strategies to prevent the abuse of shammah.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Southport, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MHIQ), Southport, Australia
| | - Tenny John
- Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Patil S, Alamir AWH, Arakeri G, Awan KH, Bhandi SH, Aljabab A, Maddur N, Gomez RS, Brennan PA. The relationship of shammah (Arabian snuff) chewing to the risk of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:425-432. [PMID: 30883922 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shammah is a form of smokeless tobacco commonly used in the Arabian Peninsula. The data on the harmful effects of shammah on oral health, particularly oral malignancies, are scarce. The aim of this review was to explore the association between shammah use and development of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and/or oral cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and grey literature from January 1990 up to and including April 2018 were searched. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection according to eligibility criteria. RESULTS A total of 10 studies that met the eligibility criteria were included. The odds of developing OPMD and/or oral cancer in relation to shammah use varied, with one study reporting a 39 increased risk (39, 95% CI: 14-105). The associated increased risk was relatively low among those that have stopped using shammah and ranged from threefold (3.65; 95% CI: 1.40-9.50) to 12-fold (12.6; 95% CI: 3.3-48.2). CONCLUSION Shammah use seems to increase the risk of development of OPMD and/or oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Wahab H Alamir
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gururaj Arakeri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Kamran Habib Awan
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah
| | - Shilpa H Bhandi
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulsalam Aljabab
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagaraj Maddur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, ESIC Dental College and Hospital, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - Ricardo S Gomez
- Departament of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Peter A Brennan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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Mello FW, Miguel AFP, Dutra KL, Porporatti AL, Warnakulasuriya S, Guerra ENS, Rivero ERC. Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47:633-640. [PMID: 29738071 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are chronic conditions, which have a higher risk of transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to answer the question: "What is the prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders among adults?" Studies reporting the prevalence of these conditions (leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis [OSMF], and actinic cheilitis) were selected, only studies in which a clinical assessment and histopathological confirmation were performed were included. Of the 5513 studies, 22 met the inclusion criteria for qualitative and quantitative analyses. The risk of bias (RoB) of the selected studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. Seven studies were classified as high risk, 12 as moderate risk, and 3 as low RoB. The meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of OPMD was 4.47% (95% CI = 2.43-7.08). The most prevalent OPMDs were OSMF (4.96%; 95% CI = 2.28-8.62) and leukoplakia (4.11%; 95% CI = 1.98-6.97). OPMDs were identified more commonly in males (59.99%; 95% CI = 41.27-77.30). Asian and South American/Caribbean populations had the highest prevalence rates of 10.54% (95% CI = 4.60-18.55) and 3.93% (95% CI = 2.43-5.77), respectively. The overall prevalence of OPMD worldwide was 4.47%, and males were more frequently affected by these disorders. The prevalence of OPMD differs between populations; therefore, further population-based studies may contribute to the better understanding of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Weber Mello
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Kamile Leonardi Dutra
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - André Luís Porporatti
- Brazilian Centre for Evidence-based Research, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Department of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Department of Oral Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, London, UK
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Elena Riet Correa Rivero
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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