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Cao R, Guo S, Min L, Li P. Roles of Rictor alterations in gastrointestinal tumors (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 51:37. [PMID: 38186315 PMCID: PMC10807360 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tumors account for five of the top 10 causes of mortality from all cancers (colorectal, liver, stomach, esophageal and pancreatic cancer). Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is commonly dysregulated in various human cancers. As a core component of the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), Rictor is a key effector molecule of the PI3K/Akt pathway. A high alteration rate of Rictor has been observed in gastrointestinal tumors, and such Rictor alterations are often associated with resistance to chemotherapy and related adverse clinical outcomes. However, the exact roles of Rictor in gastrointestinal tumors remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to critically discuss the following: i) Mutation and biological characteristics of Rictor in tumors with a detailed overview of Rictor in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy and drug resistance; ii) the role of Rictor in tumors of the digestive system, particularly colorectal, hepatobiliary, gastric, esophageal and pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma; and iii) the current status and prospects of targeted therapy for Rictor by inhibiting Akt activation. Despite the growing realization of the importance of Rictor/mTORC2 in cancer, the underlying mechanistic details remain poorly understood; this needs to change in order for the development of efficient targeted therapies and re‑sensitization of therapy‑resistant cancers to be made possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos School of Clinical Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Ordos, Inner Mongolia 017000, P.R. China
| | - Shuilong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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2
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Chantaravisoot N, Wongkongkathep P, Kalpongnukul N, Pacharakullanon N, Kaewsapsak P, Ariyachet C, Loo JA, Tamanoi F, Pisitkun T. mTORC2 interactome and localization determine aggressiveness of high-grade glioma cells through association with gelsolin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7037. [PMID: 37120454 PMCID: PMC10148843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) has been implicated as a key regulator of glioblastoma cell migration. However, the roles of mTORC2 in the migrational control process have not been entirely elucidated. Here, we elaborate that active mTORC2 is crucial for GBM cell motility. Inhibition of mTORC2 impaired cell movement and negatively affected microfilament and microtubule functions. We also aimed to characterize important players involved in the regulation of cell migration and other mTORC2-mediated cellular processes in GBM cells. Therefore, we quantitatively characterized the alteration of the mTORC2 interactome under selective conditions using affinity purification-mass spectrometry in glioblastoma. We demonstrated that changes in cell migration ability specifically altered mTORC2-associated proteins. GSN was identified as one of the most dynamic proteins. The mTORC2-GSN linkage was mostly highlighted in high-grade glioma cells, connecting functional mTORC2 to multiple proteins responsible for directional cell movement in GBM. Loss of GSN disconnected mTORC2 from numerous cytoskeletal proteins and affected the membrane localization of mTORC2. In addition, we reported 86 stable mTORC2-interacting proteins involved in diverse molecular functions, predominantly cytoskeletal remodeling, in GBM. Our findings might help expand future opportunities for predicting the highly migratory phenotype of brain cancers in clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphat Chantaravisoot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Piriya Wongkongkathep
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuttiya Kalpongnukul
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Narawit Pacharakullanon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Kaewsapsak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chaiyaboot Ariyachet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA/DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fuyuhiko Tamanoi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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3
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Barzegar Behrooz A, Talaie Z, Jusheghani F, Łos MJ, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Wnt and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Survival Pathways as Therapeutic Targets in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031353. [PMID: 35163279 PMCID: PMC8836096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating type of brain tumor, and current therapeutic treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, are palliative at best. The design of effective and targeted chemotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of GBM require a thorough analysis of specific signaling pathways to identify those serving as drivers of GBM progression and invasion. The Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathways are key regulators of important biological functions that include cell proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), metabolism, and angiogenesis. Targeting specific regulatory components of the Wnt/β-catenin and PAM pathways has the potential to disrupt critical brain tumor cell functions to achieve critical advancements in alternative GBM treatment strategies to enhance the survival rate of GBM patients. In this review, we emphasize the importance of the Wnt/β-catenin and PAM pathways for GBM invasion into brain tissue and explore their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Brain Cancer Department, Asu vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran; (A.B.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zahra Talaie
- Brain Cancer Department, Asu vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran; (A.B.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Fatemeh Jusheghani
- Department of Biotechnology, Asu vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran;
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Ayanlaja AA, Hong X, Cheng B, Zhou H, Kanwore K, Alphayo-Kambey P, Zhang L, Tang C, Adeyanju MM, Gao D. Susceptibility of cytoskeletal-associated proteins for tumor progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:13. [PMID: 34964908 PMCID: PMC11072373 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The traditional functions of cytoskeletal-associated proteins (CAPs) in line with polymerization and stabilization of the cytoskeleton have evolved and are currently underrated in oncology. Although therapeutic drugs have been developed to target the cytoskeletal components directly in cancer treatment, several recently established therapeutic agents designed for new targets block the proliferation of cancer cells and suppress resistance to existing target agents. It would seem like these targets only work toward inhibiting the polymerization of cytoskeletal components or hindering mitotic spindle formation in cancer cells, but a large body of literature points to CAPs and their culpability in cell signaling, molecular conformation, organelle trafficking, cellular metabolism, and genomic modifications. Here, we review those underappreciated functions of CAPs, and we delineate the implications of cellular signaling instigated by evasive properties induced by aberrant expression of CAPs in response to stress or failure to exert normal functions. We present an analogy establishing CAPs as vulnerable targets for cancer systems and credible oncotargets. This review establishes a paradigm in which the cancer machinery may commandeer the conventional functions of CAPs for survival, drug resistance, and energy generation; an interesting feature overdue for attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola Abdulrahman Ayanlaja
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 201 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Hong
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- The Affiliated Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kouminin Kanwore
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Piniel Alphayo-Kambey
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanxi Tang
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Dianshuai Gao
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Chan T, Chen Y, Tan KT, Wu C, Wu W, Li W, Wang J, Shiue Y, Li C. Biological significance of MYC and CEBPD coamplification in urothelial carcinoma: Multilayered genomic, transcriptional and posttranscriptional positive feedback loops enhance oncogenic glycolysis. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e674. [PMID: 34954904 PMCID: PMC8710299 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study is to decipher the underlying mechanisms of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD)-enhanced glycolysis as well as the biological significance of CEBPD and MYC coamplification in urothelial carcinoma (UC). METHODS In vitro analyses were conducted to examine the effects of altered CEBPD or MYC expression on UC cells. The in vivo effects of CEBPD overexpression in a high-glucose environment on tumour growth were investigated in xenografted induced diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency/beige mice. Data mining was used to cross-validate the associations between CEBPD and MYC copy number and transcriptional expression, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, chromogenic in situ hybridization, and in situ hybridization targeting microRNA were performed on 635 UC patient samples and xenograft samples. UC patient survival in relation to diabetes was validated by using the National Health Insurance Research Database. RESULTS CEBPD and MYC coamplification (29.6%) occurred at a high frequency, MYC expression promoted chromosomal instability, facilitating CEBPD copy number gain and expression. CEBPD promoted glucose uptake and lactate production by upregulating SLC2A1 and HK2, leading to mitochondrial fission, increased extracellular acidification rate and decreased oxygen consumption rate to fuel cell growth. CEBPD upregulated HK2 expression through multiple regulation pathways including MYC stabilization, suppression of FBXW7 transactivation and MYC-independent transcriptional suppression of hsa-miR-429. Clinical and xenografted experiments confirmed the growth advantage of CEBPD in relation to glucose metabolic dysregulation and the significant correlations between the expression of these genes. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that CEBPD has an oncogenic role in UC by activating AKT signalling and initiating metabolic reprogramming from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis to satisfy glucose addiction. These novel CEBPD- and MYC-centric multilayered positive feedback loops enhance cancer growth that could complement theranostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti‐Chun Chan
- Department of Medical ResearchChi Mei Medical CenterTainanTaiwan
- National Institute of Cancer ResearchNational Health Research InstitutesTainanTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Ting Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry SciencesCollege of Bioscience and BiotechnologyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | | | | | - Wen‐Jeng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of UrologyKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of UrologySchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of UrologyMinistry of Health and Welfare Pingtung HospitalPingtungTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Ming Li
- Graduate Institute of Clinical MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of UrologyKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of UrologySchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of UrologyMinistry of Health and Welfare Pingtung HospitalPingtungTaiwan
| | - Ju‐Ming Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry SciencesCollege of Bioscience and BiotechnologyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Yow‐Ling Shiue
- Institute of Precision MedicineNational Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of PathologySchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chien‐Feng Li
- Department of Medical ResearchChi Mei Medical CenterTainanTaiwan
- National Institute of Cancer ResearchNational Health Research InstitutesTainanTaiwan
- Institute of Precision MedicineNational Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of PathologySchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
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6
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Cao RZ, Min L, Liu S, Tian RY, Jiang HY, Liu J, Shao LL, Cheng R, Zhu ST, Guo SL, Li P. Rictor Activates Cav 1 Through the Akt Signaling Pathway to Inhibit the Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641453. [PMID: 34540654 PMCID: PMC8442624 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin (Rictor) protein is a core subunit of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2, and is associated with cancer progression. However, the biological function of Rictor in cancer, particularly its clinical relevance in gastric cancer (GC) remains largely unknown. Methods Rictor expression and its association with clinicopathologic characteristics in GC were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Effect of Rictor and Caveolin-1 (Cav 1) on GC cells apoptosis was evaluated via overexpression experiment in vitro. Mechanisms of Rictor and Cav 1 in GC were explored through overexpression and knockdown, by immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. Results Rictor was upregulated in GC, and mainly located in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Moreover, higher Rictor levels were associated with worse prognosis. Rictor could inhibit GC cell apoptosis and promote cell growth in vitro. The results of immunofluorescence revealed that Cav 1 localized in GC cell membrane but did not co-localize with Rictor. Further, Rictor regulated apoptosis-related proteins, long non-coding RNAs and also activated cellular signaling, thereby positively regulating Cav 1 expression. This effect was attenuated by the Akt inhibitor ly294002. Cav 1 did not significantly affect the ability of Rictor to inhibit tumor cell apoptosis. Conclusions Rictor is upregulated in GC and associated with worse prognosis. It inhibits tumor apoptosis and activates Cav 1 through the Akt signaling pathway to inhibit the apoptosis of GC cells. Rictor is, therefore, a promising prognostic biomarker and possible therapeutic target in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhen Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease-Ordos Subcenter, Ordos, China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Yue Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Long Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
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7
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Ghomlaghi M, Hart A, Hoang N, Shin S, Nguyen LK. Feedback, Crosstalk and Competition: Ingredients for Emergent Non-Linear Behaviour in the PI3K/mTOR Signalling Network. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6944. [PMID: 34203293 PMCID: PMC8267830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/mTOR signalling pathway plays a central role in the governing of cell growth, survival and metabolism. As such, it must integrate and decode information from both external and internal sources to guide efficient decision-making by the cell. To facilitate this, the pathway has evolved an intricate web of complex regulatory mechanisms and elaborate crosstalk with neighbouring signalling pathways, making it a highly non-linear system. Here, we describe the mechanistic biological details that underpin these regulatory mechanisms, covering a multitude of negative and positive feedback loops, feed-forward loops, competing protein interactions, and crosstalk with major signalling pathways. Further, we highlight the non-linear and dynamic network behaviours that arise from these regulations, uncovered through computational and experimental studies. Given the pivotal role of the PI3K/mTOR network in cellular homeostasis and its frequent dysregulation in pathologies including cancer and diabetes, a coherent and systems-level understanding of the complex regulation and consequential dynamic signalling behaviours within this network is imperative for advancing biology and development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ghomlaghi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.G.); (A.H.); (N.H.); (S.S.)
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Anthony Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.G.); (A.H.); (N.H.); (S.S.)
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Nhan Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.G.); (A.H.); (N.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Sungyoung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.G.); (A.H.); (N.H.); (S.S.)
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lan K. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.G.); (A.H.); (N.H.); (S.S.)
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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8
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Nailwal NP, Doshi GM. Role of intracellular signaling pathways and their inhibitors in the treatment of inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:617-640. [PMID: 34002330 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is not only a defense mechanism of the innate immune system against invaders, but it is also involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, diabetes, epilepsy, and many neurodegenerative disorders. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports worldwide estimates of people (9.6% in males and 18.0% in females) aged over 60 years, suffering from symptomatic osteoarthritis, and around 339 million suffering from asthma. Other chronic inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are also highly prevalent. The existing anti-inflammatory agents, both non-steroidal and steroidal, are highly effective; however, their prolonged use is marred by the severity of associated side effects. A holistic approach to ensure patient compliance requires understanding the pathophysiology of inflammation and exploring new targets for drug development. In this regard, various intracellular cell signaling pathways and their signaling molecules have been identified to be associated with inflammation. Therefore, chemical inhibitors of these pathways may be potential candidates for novel anti-inflammatory drug approaches. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effect of these inhibitors (for JAK/STAT, MAPK, and mTOR pathways) describing their mechanism of action through literature search, current patents, and molecules under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata P Nailwal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai Campus, Vile Parle (W), V. M. Road, 400056, Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav M Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai Campus, Vile Parle (W), V. M. Road, 400056, Mumbai, India.
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9
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Sirt4 Modulates Oxidative Metabolism and Sensitivity to Rapamycin Through Species-Dependent Phenotypes in Drosophila mtDNA Haplotypes. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1599-1612. [PMID: 32152006 PMCID: PMC7202034 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotes evolved from the symbiotic relationship between anaerobic (host) and aerobic prokaryotes. Through iterative genetic transfers, the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes coevolved, establishing the mitochondria as the hub of oxidative metabolism. To study this coevolution, we disrupt mitochondrial-nuclear epistatic interactions by using strains that have mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) from evolutionarily divergent species. We undertake a multifaceted approach generating introgressed Drosophila strains containing D. simulans mtDNA and D. melanogaster nDNA with Sirtuin 4 (Sirt4)-knockouts. Sirt4 is a nuclear-encoded enzyme that functions, exclusively within the mitochondria, as a master regulator of oxidative metabolism. We exposed flies to the drug rapamycin in order to eliminate TOR signaling, thereby compromising the cytoplasmic crosstalk between the mitochondria and nucleus. Our results indicate that D. simulans and D. melanogaster mtDNA haplotypes display opposite Sirt4-mediated phenotypes in the regulation of whole-fly oxygen consumption. Moreover, our data reflect that the deletion of Sirt4 rescued the metabolic response to rapamycin among the introgressed strains. We propose that Sirt4 is a suitable candidate for studying the properties of mitochondrial-nuclear epistasis in modulating mitochondrial metabolism.
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10
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Chen K, Jiao J, Xue J, Chen T, Hou Y, Jiang Y, Qian L, Wang Y, Ma Z, Liang Z, Sun B, Ren Q. Ginsenoside CK induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation and invasion of human osteosarcoma cells through the PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K1 pathway. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:886-896. [PMID: 32020217 PMCID: PMC7041301 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most malignant bone tumors, and its major threats are aggressive invasion and early tumor metastasis, which result in a poor prognosis and high mortality. Accumulating evidence indicates that ginsenoside compound K (CK) has a significant antitumor effect, particularly on the inhibition of proliferation and invasion of numerous human tumors. In the present study, it was revealed that CK inhibited the viability and proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, it was demonstrated that CK induced apoptosis and inhibited the migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via apoptotic staining, Annexin V/PI staining, and Transwell invasion assays. Furthermore, at the molecular level, the present results confirmed that apoptosis and invasion-related proteins were regulated by CK, which was possibly related to the blockade of the PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathway. In summary, the present findings indicated that CK inhibited viability and proliferation, induced apoptosis, and inhibited the migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells through the PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Jianbao Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Jinwei Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Taoping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Yuantao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Ligang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Zhixing Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Ren
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
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11
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Akgül S, Li Y, Zheng S, Kool M, Treisman DM, Li C, Wang Y, Gröbner S, Ikenoue T, Shen Y, Camelo-Piragua S, Tomasek G, Stark S, Guduguntla V, Gusella JF, Guan KL, Pfister SM, Verhaak RGW, Zhu Y. Opposing Tumor-Promoting and -Suppressive Functions of Rictor/mTORC2 Signaling in Adult Glioma and Pediatric SHH Medulloblastoma. Cell Rep 2019; 24:463-478.e5. [PMID: 29996106 PMCID: PMC6116735 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human cancers arise from stem and progenitor cells by the sequential accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations, while cancer modeling typically requires simultaneous multiple oncogenic events. Here, we show that a single p53 mutation, despite causing no defect in the mouse brain, promoted neural stem and progenitor cells to spontaneously accumulate oncogenic alterations, including loss of multiple chromosomal (chr) regions syntenic to human chr10 containing Pten, forming malignant gliomas with PI3K/Akt activation. Rictor/mTORC2 loss inhibited Akt signaling, greatly delaying and reducing glioma formation by suppressing glioma precursors within the subventricular zone stem cell niche. Rictor/mTORC2 loss delayed timely differentiation of granule cell precursors (GCPs) during cerebellar development, promoting sustained GCP proliferation and medulloblastoma formation, which recapitulated critical features of TP53 mutant sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastomas with GLI2 and/or N-MYC amplification. Our study demonstrates that Rictor/mTORC2 has opposing functions in neural stem cells and GCPs in the adult and the developing brain, promoting malignant gliomas and suppressing SHH-medulloblastoma formation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seçkin Akgül
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Sid Faithfull Brain Cancer Research Laboratory, Cell & Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Yinghua Li
- Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel M Treisman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Susanne Gröbner
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tsuneo Ikenoue
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yiping Shen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sandra Camelo-Piragua
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gerald Tomasek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sebastian Stark
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vinay Guduguntla
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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12
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Yin J, Zeng A, Zhang Z, Shi Z, Yan W, You Y. Exosomal transfer of miR-1238 contributes to temozolomide-resistance in glioblastoma. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:238-251. [PMID: 30917935 PMCID: PMC6491393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although temozolomide (TMZ) resistance is a significant clinical problem in glioblastoma (GBM), its underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we identified the role of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) from TMZ-resistant cells as important mediators of chemoresistance in GBM cells. Methods Exosomes were isolated from TMZ-resistant GBM cells and characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Expression levels of miR-1238 in GBM cell lines and their exosomes, clinical tissues, and sera were evaluated by RT-qPCR. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to elucidate the function of exosomal miR-1238 in TMZ resistance in GBM cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assays and western blot analysis were used to investigate the potential mechanisms of miR-1238/CAV1 that contribute to TMZ resistance. Findings MiR-1238 levels were higher in TMZ-resistant GBM cells and their exosomes than in sensitive cells. Higher levels of miR-1238 were found in the sera of GBM patients than in healthy people. The loss of miR-1238 may sensitize resistant GBM cells by directly targeting the CAV1/EGFR pathway. Furthermore, bioactive miR-1238 may be incorporated into the exosomes shed by TMZ-resistant cells and taken up by TMZ-sensitive cells, thus disseminating TMZ resistance. Interpretation Our findings establish that miR-1238 plays an important role in mediating the acquired chemoresistance of GBM and that exosomal miR-1238 may confer chemoresistance in the tumour microenvironment. These results suggest that circulating miR-1238 serves as a clinical biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for TMZ resistance in GBM. Fund This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No·81402056, 81472362, and 81772951) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863) (No·2012AA02A508).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ailiang Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuoran Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhumei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Lu J, Böttcher M, Walther T, Mougiakakos D, Zenz T, Huber W. Energy metabolism is co-determined by genetic variants in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and influences drug sensitivity. Haematologica 2019; 104:1830-1840. [PMID: 30792207 PMCID: PMC6717593 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.203067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells have an altered energy metabolism compared to normal B cells. While there is a growing understanding of the molecular heterogeneity of the disease, the extent of metabolic heterogeneity and its relation to molecular heterogeneity has not been systematically studied. Here, we assessed 11 bioenergetic features, primarily reflecting cell oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic activity, in leukemic cells from 140 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients using metabolic flux analysis. We examined these bioenergetic features for relationships with molecular profiles (including genetic aberrations, transcriptome and methylome profiles) of the tumors, their ex vivo responses to a panel of 63 compounds, and with clinical data. We observed that leukemic cells with mutated immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain show significantly lower glycolytic activity than cells with unmutated immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain. Accordingly, several key glycolytic genes (PFKP, PGAM1 and PGK1) were found to be down-regulated in samples harboring mutated immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain. In addition, 8q24 copy number gains, 8p12 deletions, 13q14 deletions and ATM mutations were identified as determinants of cellular respiration. The metabolic state of leukemic cells was associated with drug sensitivity; in particular, higher glycolytic activity was linked to increased resistance towards several drugs including rotenone, navitoclax, and orlistat. In addition, we found glycolytic capacity and glycolytic reserve to be predictors of overall survival (P<0.05) independently of established genetic predictors. Taken together, our study shows that heterogeneity in the energy metabolism of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells is influenced by genetic variants and this could be therapeutically exploited in the selection of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Lu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Walther
- Molecular Therapy in Hematology and Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Molecular Therapy in Hematology and Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany .,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Mecca C, Giambanco I, Bruscoli S, Bereshchenko O, Fioretti B, Riccardi C, Donato R, Arcuri C. PP242 Counteracts Glioblastoma Cell Proliferation, Migration, Invasiveness and Stemness Properties by Inhibiting mTORC2/AKT. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:99. [PMID: 29692710 PMCID: PMC5902688 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and is associated with poor prognosis due to its thorny localization, lack of efficacious therapies and complex biology. Among the numerous pathways driving GBM biology studied so far, PTEN/phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling plays a pivotal role, as it controls cell survival, proliferation and metabolism and is involved in stem cell maintenance. In front of recent and numerous evidences highlighting mTOR upregulation in GBM, all the strategies developed to inhibit this pathway have been substantially unsuccessful. Our study focused on mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) to understand its involvement in GBM cell growth, proliferation, migration and invasiveness. We utilized an in vitro model, characterized by various genetic alterations (i.e., GL15, U257, U87MG and U118MG cell lines) in order to achieve the clonal heterogeneity observed in vivo. Additionally, being the U87MG cell line endowed with glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), we also investigated the role of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in this specific cell population, which is responsible for GBM relapse. We provide further insights that explain the reasons for the failure of numerous clinical trials conducted to date targeting PI3K or mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) with rapamycin and its analogs. Additionally, we show that mTORC2 might represent a potential clinically valuable target for GBM treatment, as proliferation, migration and GSC maintenance appear to be mTORC2-dependent. In this context, we demonstrate that the novel ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor PP242 effectively targets both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation and counteracts cell proliferation via the induction of high autophagy levels, besides reducing cell migration, invasiveness and stemness properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mecca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ileana Giambanco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Department of Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oxana Bereshchenko
- Department of Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Bernard Fioretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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15
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Chen XY, Li DF, Han JC, Wang B, Dong ZP, Yu LN, Pan ZH, Qu CJ, Chen Y, Sun SG, Zheng QS. Reprogramming induced by isoliquiritigenin diminishes melanoma cachexia through mTORC2-AKT-GSK3β signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34565-34575. [PMID: 28410220 PMCID: PMC5470991 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a member of the flavonoids, is known to have anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. The effect of ISL on reprogramming in cancer cells, however, remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the effect of ISL on reprogramming in human melanoma A375 cells. ISL (15 μg/ml) significantly inhibited A375 cell proliferation, anchorage independent cell proliferation and G2/M cell cycle arrest after ISL exposure for 24 h. However, there were no significant changes in apoptosis rate. Terminal differentiation indicators (melanin content, melanogenesis mRNA expression, tyrosinase (TYR) activity) were all up-regulated by ISL treatment. In ISL-treated cells, glucose uptake, lactate levels and mRNA expression levels of GLUT1 and HK2 were significantly decreased, and accompanied by an increase in O2 consumption rate (OCR) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) deficiency. Protein expression levels of mTORC2-AKT-GSK3β signaling pathway components (mTOR, p-mTOR, RICTOR, p-AKT, p-GSK3β) decreased significantly after ISL treatment. Co-treatment of ISL and the mTOR-specific inhibitor Ku-0063794 had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of proliferation, and increased melanin content and TYR activity. Glucose uptake and lactate levels decreased more significantly than treatment with ISL alone. These findings indicate that ISL induced reprogramming in A375 melanoma cells by activating mTORC2-AKT-GSK3β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Chen
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - De-Fang Li
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Ji-Chun Han
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | | | - Li-Na Yu
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Zhao-Hai Pan
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Qu
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Shi-Guo Sun
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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16
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Vadla R, Haldar D. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) controls glycolytic gene expression by regulating Histone H3 Lysine 56 acetylation. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:110-123. [PMID: 29143563 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1404207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cells, but the mechanisms are not well understood. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) controls cell growth and proliferation and plays a critical role in metabolic reprogramming in glioma. mTORC2 regulates cellular processes such as cell survival, metabolism, and proliferation by phosphorylation of AGC kinases. Components of mTORC2 are shown to localize to the nucleus, but whether mTORC2 modulates epigenetic modifications to regulate gene expression is not known. Here, we identified histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56Ac) is regulated by mTORC2 and show that global H3K56Ac levels were downregulated on mTORC2 knockdown but not on mTORC1 knockdown. mTORC2 promotes H3K56Ac in a tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2 (TSC1/2) mediated signaling pathway. We show that knockdown of sirtuin6 (SIRT6) prevented H3K56 deacetylation in mTORC2 depleted cells. Using glioma model consisting of U87EGFRvIII cells, we established that mTORC2 promotes H3K56Ac in glioma. Finally, we show that mTORC2 regulates the expression of glycolytic genes by regulating H3K56Ac levels at the promoters of these genes in glioma cells and depletion of mTOR leads to increased recruitment of SIRT6 to these promoters. Collectively, these results identify mTORC2 signaling pathway positively promotes H3K56Ac through which it may mediate metabolic reprogramming in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Vadla
- a Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Survey Nos. 728, 729, 730 & 734, Opposite Uppal Water Tank, Beside BSNL T E Building, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039 , Ranga Reddy District , India.,b Graduate Studies , Manipal University , Manipal , India
| | - Devyani Haldar
- a Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Survey Nos. 728, 729, 730 & 734, Opposite Uppal Water Tank, Beside BSNL T E Building, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039 , Ranga Reddy District , India
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17
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PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and targeted therapy for glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:33440-50. [PMID: 26967052 PMCID: PMC5078108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common malignant glioma of all the brain tumors and currently effective treatment options are still lacking. GBM is frequently accompanied with overexpression and/or mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which subsequently leads to activation of many downstream signal pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/rapamycin-sensitive mTOR-complex (mTOR) pathway. Here we explored the reason why inhibition of the pathway may serve as a compelling therapeutic target for the disease, and provided an update data of EFGR and PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in clinical trials.
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18
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mTOR-Dependent Cell Proliferation in the Brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7082696. [PMID: 29259984 PMCID: PMC5702949 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7082696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is a molecular complex equipped with kinase activity which controls cell viability being key in the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway. mTOR acts by integrating a number of environmental stimuli to regulate cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and protein synthesis. These effects are based on the modulation of different metabolic pathways. Upregulation of mTOR associates with various pathological conditions, such as obesity, neurodegeneration, and brain tumors. This is the case of high-grade gliomas with a high propensity to proliferation and tissue invasion. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade IV malignant, aggressive, and lethal glioma. To date, a few treatments are available although the outcome of GBM patients remains poor. Experimental and pathological findings suggest that mTOR upregulation plays a major role in determining an aggressive phenotype, thus determining relapse and chemoresistance. Among several activities, mTOR-induced autophagy suppression is key in GBM malignancy. In this article, we discuss recent evidence about mTOR signaling and its role in normal brain development and pathological conditions, with a special emphasis on its role in GBM.
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19
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mTORC2/AKT/HSF1/HuR constitute a feed-forward loop regulating Rictor expression and tumor growth in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2017; 37:732-743. [PMID: 29059166 PMCID: PMC5805585 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of Rictor has been demonstrated to result in increased mTORC2 nucleation and activity leading to tumor growth and increased invasive characteristics in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However the mechanisms regulating Rictor expression in these tumors is not clearly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that Rictor is regulated at the level of mRNA translation via HSF1-induced HuR activity. HuR is shown to directly bind the 3′ UTR of the Rictor transcript and enhance translational efficiency. Moreover, we demonstrate that mTORC2/AKT signaling activates HSF1 resulting in a feed-forward cascade in which continued mTORC2 activity is able to drive Rictor expression. RNAi-mediated blockade of AKT, HSF1 or HuR is sufficient to downregulate Rictor and inhibit GBM growth and invasive characteristics in vitro and suppresses xenograft growth in mice. Modulation of AKT or HSF1 activity via the ectopic expression of mutant alleles support the ability of AKT to activate HSF1 and demonstrate continued HSF1/HuR/Rictor signaling in the context of AKT knockdown. We further show that constitutive overexpression of HuR is able to maintain Rictor expression under conditions of AKT or HSF1 loss. The expression of these components is also examined in patient GBM samples and correlative associations between the relative expression of these factors support the presence of these signaling relationships in GBM. These data support a role for a feed-forward loop mechanism by which mTORC2 activity stimulates Rictor translational efficiency via an AKT/HSF1/HuR signaling cascade resulting in enhanced mTORC2 activity in these tumors.
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Benavides-Serrato A, Lee J, Holmes B, Landon KA, Bashir T, Jung ME, Lichtenstein A, Gera J. Specific blockade of Rictor-mTOR association inhibits mTORC2 activity and is cytotoxic in glioblastoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176599. [PMID: 28453552 PMCID: PMC5409528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A small molecule which specifically blocks the interaction of Rictor and mTOR was identified utilizing a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid screen and evaluated as a potential inhibitor of mTORC2 activity in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In vitro, CID613034 inhibited mTORC2 kinase activity at submicromolar concentrations and in cellular assays specifically inhibited phosphorylation of mTORC2 substrates, including AKT (Ser-473), NDRG1 (Thr-346) and PKCα (Ser-657), while having no appreciable effects on the phosphorylation status of the mTORC1 substrate S6K (Thr-389) or mTORC1-dependent negative feedback loops. CID613034 demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on cell growth, motility and invasiveness in GBM cell lines and sensitivity correlated with relative Rictor or SIN1 expression. Structure-activity relationship analyses afforded an inhibitor, JR-AB2-011, with improved anti-GBM properties and blocked mTORC2 signaling and Rictor association with mTOR at lower effective concentrations. In GBM xenograft studies, JR-AB2-011 demonstrated significant anti-tumor properties. These data support mTORC2 as a viable therapeutic target in GBM and suggest that targeting protein-protein interactions critical for mTORC2 function is an effective strategy to achieve therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Benavides-Serrato
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brent Holmes
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kenna A. Landon
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tariq Bashir
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alan Lichtenstein
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Gera
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Research & Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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21
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Alvarenga AW, Machado LE, Rodrigues BR, Lupinacci FCS, Sanemastu P, Matta E, Roffé M, Torres LFB, da Cunha IW, Martins VR, Hajj GNM. Evaluation of Akt and RICTOR Expression Levels in Astrocytomas of All Grades. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 65:93-103. [PMID: 27789731 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416675850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) binds to several protein partners and forms two complexes, termed mTOR complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2), that differ in components, substrates, and regulation. mTORC2 contains the protein Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR); phosphorylates kinases of the AGC family, such as Akt; and controls the cytoskeleton. Even though the regulation of mTORC2 activity remains poorly understood, the hyperactivation of this signaling pathway has been shown to contribute to the oncogenic properties of gliomas in experimental models. In this work, we evaluated expression and phosphorylation of Akt, and expression of RICTOR and Ki-67 in 195 human astrocytomas of different grades (38 cases of grade I, 49 grade II, 15 grade III, and 93 grade IV) and 30 normal brains. Expression and phosphorylation of Akt increased with histological grade and correlated with a worse overall survival in glioblastomas (GBMs). RICTOR was overexpressed in grade I and II astrocytomas and demonstrated a shift to nuclear localization in GBMs. Nuclear RICTOR was associated to increased proliferation in GBMs. Our results point to an increase in total and phosphorylated Akt in high-grade gliomas and to a possible role of RICTOR in proliferations of high-grade GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Matta
- International Research Center (AWA, LEM, BRR, FCSL, EM, MR, VRM, GNMH)
| | - Martín Roffé
- International Research Center (AWA, LEM, BRR, FCSL, EM, MR, VRM, GNMH)
| | - Luís Fernando Bleggi Torres
- A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil, and Institute Pelé-Pequeno Príncipe for Research on Pediatric Cancer, Curitiba, Brazil (LFBT)
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22
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Masui K, Shibata N, Cavenee WK, Mischel PS. mTORC2 activity in brain cancer: Extracellular nutrients are required to maintain oncogenic signaling. Bioessays 2016; 38:839-44. [PMID: 27427440 PMCID: PMC5501721 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in growth factor receptor signaling pathways are common in cancer cells, including the highly lethal brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM) where they drive tumor growth through mechanisms including altering the uptake and utilization of nutrients. However, the impact of changes in micro-environmental nutrient levels on oncogenic signaling, tumor growth, and drug resistance is not well understood. We recently tested the hypothesis that external nutrients promote GBM growth and treatment resistance by maintaining the activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), a critical intermediate of growth factor receptor signaling, suggesting that altered cellular metabolism is not only a consequence of oncogenic signaling, but also potentially an important determinant of its activity. Here, we describe the studies that corroborate the hypothesis and propose others that derive from them. Notably, this line of reasoning raises the possibility that systemic metabolism may contribute to responsiveness to targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Masui
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Webster K. Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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23
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Masui K, Cavenee WK, Mischel PS. mTORC2 and Metabolic Reprogramming in GBM: at the Interface of Genetics and Environment. Brain Pathol 2016; 25:755-9. [PMID: 26526943 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a central hallmark of cancer, enabling tumor cells to obtain the macromolecular precursors and energy needed for rapid tumor growth. Understanding how oncogenes coordinate altered signaling with metabolic reprogramming and how cancer cells harness cellular metabolism and its metabolites for their survival may yield new insights into tumor pathogenesis. Here, we review the recently identified central regulatory role for mTORC2, a downstream effector of many cancer-causing mutations, in metabolic reprogramming and cancer drug resistance in glioblastoma. We further consider the emerging concept that mTORC2 may connect genetics with environmental alterations in brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Masui
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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24
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Holmes B, Lee J, Landon KA, Benavides-Serrato A, Bashir T, Jung ME, Lichtenstein A, Gera J. Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibition Synergizes with Reduced Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES)-mediated Translation of Cyclin D1 and c-MYC mRNAs to Treat Glioblastoma. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14146-14159. [PMID: 27226604 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.726927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated an intrinsic mRNA-specific protein synthesis salvage pathway operative in glioblastoma (GBM) tumor cells that is resistant to mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. The activation of this internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent mRNA translation initiation pathway results in continued translation of critical transcripts involved in cell cycle progression in the face of global eIF-4E-mediated translation inhibition. Recently we identified compound 11 (C11), a small molecule capable of inhibiting c-MYC IRES translation as a consequence of blocking the interaction of a requisite c-MYC IRES trans-acting factor, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1, with its IRES. Here we demonstrate that C11 also blocks cyclin D1 IRES-dependent initiation and demonstrates synergistic anti-GBM properties when combined with the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor PP242. The structure-activity relationship of C11 was investigated and resulted in the identification of IRES-J007, which displayed improved IRES-dependent initiation blockade and synergistic anti-GBM effects with PP242. Mechanistic studies with C11 and IRES-J007 revealed binding of the inhibitors within the UP1 fragment of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1, and docking analysis suggested a small pocket within close proximity to RRM2 as the potential binding site. We further demonstrate that co-therapy with IRES-J007 and PP242 significantly reduces tumor growth of GBM xenografts in mice and that combined inhibitor treatments markedly reduce the mRNA translational state of cyclin D1 and c-MYC transcripts in these tumors. These data support the combined use of IRES-J007 and PP242 to achieve synergistic antitumor responses in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Holmes
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Kenna A Landon
- Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Angelica Benavides-Serrato
- Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Tariq Bashir
- Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Alan Lichtenstein
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Joseph Gera
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048.
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25
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Radoul M, Chaumeil MM, Eriksson P, Wang AS, Phillips JJ, Ronen SM. MR Studies of Glioblastoma Models Treated with Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor and Temozolomide:Metabolic Changes Are Associated with Enhanced Survival. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1113-22. [PMID: 26883274 PMCID: PMC4873419 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current standard of care for glioblastoma (GBM) is surgical resection, radiotherapy, and treatment with temozolomide (TMZ). However, resistance to current therapies and recurrence are common. To improve survival, agents that target the PI3K signaling pathway, which is activated in approximately 88% of GBM, are currently in clinical trials. A challenge with such therapies is that tumor shrinkage is not always observed. New imaging methods are therefore needed to monitor response to therapy and predict survival. The goal of this study was to determine whether hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can be used to monitor response to the second-generation dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor voxtalisib (XL765, SAR245409), alone or in combination with TMZ. We investigated GS-2 and U87-MG GBM orthotopic tumors in mice, and used MRI, hyperpolarized (13)C MRSI, and (1)H MRS to monitor the effects of treatment. In our study, (1)H MRS could not predict tumor response to therapy. However, in both our models, we observed a significantly lower hyperpolarized lactate-to-pyruvate ratio in animals treated with voxtalisib, TMZ, or combination therapy, when compared with controls. This metabolic alteration was observed prior to MRI-detectable changes in tumor size, was consistent with drug action, and was associated with enhanced animal survival. Our findings confirm the potential translational value of the hyperpolarized lactate-to-pyruvate ratio as a biomarker for noninvasively assessing the effects of emerging therapies for patients with GBM. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1113-22. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pia Eriksson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alan S Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, UCSF School of Medicine, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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26
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Clinical aggressiveness of malignant gliomas is linked to augmented metabolism of amino acids. J Neurooncol 2016; 128:57-66. [PMID: 26922345 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine, glutamate, asparagine, and aspartate are involved in an enzyme-network that controls nitrogen metabolism. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase-1 (BCAT1) promotes proliferation of gliomas with wild-type IDH1 and is closely connected to the network. We hypothesized that metabolism of asparagine, glutamine, and branched-chain-amino-acids is associated with progression of malignant gliomas. Gene expression for asparagine synthetase (ASNS), glutaminase (GLS), and BCAT1 were analyzed in 164 gliomas from 156 patients [33-anaplastic gliomas (AG) and 131-glioblastomas (GBM), 64 of which were recurrent GBMs]. ASNS and GLS were twofold higher in GBMs versus AGs. BCAT1 was also higher in GBMs. ASNS expression was twofold higher in recurrent versus new GBMs. Five patients had serial samples: 4-showed higher ASNS and 3-higher GLS at recurrence. We analyzed grade and treatment in 4 groups: (1) low ASNS, GLS, and BCAT1 (n = 96); (2) low ASNS and GLS, but high BCAT1 (n = 26); (3) high ASNS or GLS, but low BCAT1 (n = 25); and (4) high ASNS or GLS and high BCAT1 (n = 17). Ninety-one % of patients (29/32) with grade-III lesions were in group 1. In contrast, 95 % of patients (62/65) in groups 2-4 had GBMs. Treatment was similar in 4 groups (radiotherapy-80 %; temozolomide-30 %; other chemotherapy-50 %). High expression of ASNS, GLS, and BCAT1 were each associated with poor survival in the entire group. The combination of lower ASNS, GLS, and BCAT1 levels correlated with better survival for newly diagnosed GBMs (66 patients; P = 0.0039). Only tumors with lower enzymes showed improved outcome with temozolomide. IDH1(WT) gliomas had higher expression of these genes. Manipulation of amino acid metabolism in malignant gliomas may be further studied for therapeutics development.
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27
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Toledo CM, Ding Y, Hoellerbauer P, Davis RJ, Basom R, Girard EJ, Lee E, Corrin P, Hart T, Bolouri H, Davison J, Zhang Q, Hardcastle J, Aronow BJ, Plaisier CL, Baliga NS, Moffat J, Lin Q, Li XN, Nam DH, Lee J, Pollard SM, Zhu J, Delrow JJ, Clurman BE, Olson JM, Paddison PJ. Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screens Reveal Loss of Redundancy between PKMYT1 and WEE1 in Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2425-2439. [PMID: 26673326 PMCID: PMC4691575 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify therapeutic targets for glioblastoma (GBM), we performed genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout (KO) screens in patient-derived GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) and human neural stem/progenitors (NSCs), non-neoplastic stem cell controls, for genes required for their in vitro growth. Surprisingly, the vast majority GSC-lethal hits were found outside of molecular networks commonly altered in GBM and GSCs (e.g., oncogenic drivers). In vitro and in vivo validation of GSC-specific targets revealed several strong hits, including the wee1-like kinase, PKMYT1/Myt1. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that PKMYT1 acts redundantly with WEE1 to inhibit cyclin B-CDK1 activity via CDK1-Y15 phosphorylation and to promote timely completion of mitosis in NSCs. However, in GSCs, this redundancy is lost, most likely as a result of oncogenic signaling, causing GBM-specific lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Toledo
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yu Ding
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Pia Hoellerbauer
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ryan J Davis
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Emily J Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Eunjee Lee
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philip Corrin
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Traver Hart
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G1Z8, Canada
| | - Hamid Bolouri
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jerry Davison
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Justin Hardcastle
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G1Z8, Canada
| | - Qi Lin
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44192, USA
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jeffery J Delrow
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruce E Clurman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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28
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Artinian N, Cloninger C, Holmes B, Benavides-Serrato A, Bashir T, Gera J. Phosphorylation of the Hippo Pathway Component AMOTL2 by the mTORC2 Kinase Promotes YAP Signaling, Resulting in Enhanced Glioblastoma Growth and Invasiveness. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19387-401. [PMID: 25998128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.656587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Hippo signaling pathways are two major signaling cascades that coordinately regulate cell growth and proliferation. Dysregulation of these pathways plays a critical role in gliomagenesis. Recent reports have provided evidence of cross-talk between the mTOR and Hippo pathways; however, a complete description of the signaling relationships between these pathways remains to be elucidated. Utilizing a gene-trapping strategy in a mouse glioma model, we report the identification of AMOTL2 as a candidate substrate for mTORC2. AMOTL2 is phosphorylated at serine 760 by mTORC2. Mutation of AMOTL2 mimicking constitutive Ser(760) phosphorylation blocks its ability to bind and repress YAP leading to increased relative expression of known YAP gene targets. Moreover, overexpression of AMOTL2 or a nonphosphorylatable AMOTL2-S760A mutant inhibited YAP-induced transcription, foci formation, growth, and metastatic properties, whereas overexpression of a phosphomimetic AMOTL2-S760E mutant negated these repressive effects of AMOTL2 in glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vitro. Similar effects on xenograft growth were observed in GBM cells expressing these AMOTL2 Ser(760) mutants. YAP was also shown to be required for Rictor-mediated GBM growth and survival. Finally, an analysis of mTORC2/AMOTL2/YAP activities in primary GBM samples supported the clinical relevance of this signaling cascade, and we propose that pharmacological agents cotargeting these regulatory circuits may hold therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Artinian
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Cheri Cloninger
- the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Brent Holmes
- the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Angelica Benavides-Serrato
- the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Tariq Bashir
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Joseph Gera
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343 Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90048 and
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