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Rougereau G, Marty-Diloy T, Vigan M, Donadieu K, Vialle R, Langlais T, Hardy A. Biomechanical evaluation of the anterior talo-fibular and calcaneo-fibular ligaments using shear wave elastography in young healthy adults. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2024; 110:103647. [PMID: 37356798 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2023.103647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the stiffness of the anterior talo-fibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneo-fibular ligament (CFL) using shear wave elastography (SWE) with the ankle in the neutral position and in varus, in young healthy adult volunteers. We also evaluated the reliability and reproducibility of the SWE measurements. HYPOTHESIS The stiffness of both ligaments increases with increasing ankle varus. SWE may be a reliable tool for evaluating the lateral collateral ligament complex of the ankle. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used SWE to evaluate both ankles of each of 20 healthy volunteers (10 females and 10 males). For each test, the foot was placed on a hinged plate and tested in the neutral position and in 15° and 30° of varus. Stiffness was evaluated based on shear wave velocity (SWV). RESULTS Stiffness of both the ATFL and CFL was minimal in the neutral position (2.06m/s and 3.43m/s, respectively). Stiffness increased significantly for both ligaments in 15° of varus (2.48m/s and 4.11m/s, respectively; p<0.0001) and was greatest in 30° of varus (3.15m/s and 4.57m/s, respectively; p<0.0001). ATFL stiffness was greater in males than in females in 15° (p=0.04) and 30° (p=0.02) of varus. For the CFL, in contrast, stiffness was not different between males and females. Stiffness of the ATFL and CFL was not associated with age, dominant side, height, or foot morphology. No correlations were found between stiffness of the two ligaments in any of the positions. Repeating each measurement three times produced excellent concordance for both ligaments in all three positions. CONCLUSION The ATFL and CFL are the main lateral stabilisers of the ankle, and each exerts a specific function. Their stiffness increases with the degree of varus. This study describes a protocol for evaluating ATFL and CFL density by SWE, which is a reliable and reproducible technique that provides a normal range. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Rougereau
- Département de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, université de la Sorbonne, AP-HP, 75571 Paris, France; Département de chirurgie orthopédique adulte, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, université de la Sorbonne, AP-HP, 75571 Paris, France.
| | - Thibault Marty-Diloy
- Département de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, université de la Sorbonne, AP-HP, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Marie Vigan
- Département de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, université de la Sorbonne, AP-HP, 75571 Paris, France; Unité de recherche clinique, hôpitaux universitaires Paris Île-de-France Ouest, AP-HP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Kalinka Donadieu
- Département de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, université de la Sorbonne, AP-HP, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Vialle
- Département de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, université de la Sorbonne, AP-HP, 75571 Paris, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire MAMUTH pour les thérapies innovantes dans les maladies musculosquelettiques, université de la Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Tristan Langlais
- Département de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, université de la Sorbonne, AP-HP, 75571 Paris, France; Département de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, hôpital des enfants, université de Toulouse, Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Hardy
- Département de chirurgie orthopédique, clinique du sport, 75005 Paris, France
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Rougereau G, Marty-Diloy T, Vigan M, Donadieu K, Vialle R, Langlais T, Hardy A. Biomechanical evaluation of the spring ligament and the posterior tibial tendon by shear-waves elastography: validation of a reliable and reproducible measurement protocol. J Exp Orthop 2023; 10:121. [PMID: 38006458 PMCID: PMC10676337 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-023-00678-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The anatomy of the spring ligament complex, as well as its pathology, is not well known in daily clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear-wave elastography properties of the spring ligament and the posterior tibial tendon in healthy adults, and to assess the reliability and reproducibility of these measurements. METHODS Shear-wave elastography was used to evaluate both ankles in 20 healthy patients (10 females/10 males) resting on a hinge support with their ankles in neutral, valgus 20° and varus 30° positions. The stiffness of the spring ligament and posterior tibial tendon was assessed by measuring the speed of shear wave propagation through each structure. RESULTS Posterior tibial tendon and spring ligament reach a maximum estimated stiffness in valgus 20° position (7.43 m/s vs 5.73 m/s, respectively). Flat feet were associated with greater spring ligament stiffness in the 20° valgus position (p = 0.01), but not for the posterior tibial tendon (p = 0.71). The physiologic weightbearing hindfoot attitude had no impact on the stiffness of the posterior tibial tendon or the spring ligament, regardless of the analysis position. Intra- and inter-observer agreements were all excellent for spring ligament stiffness, regardless of ankle position, and were good or excellent for posterior tibial tendon. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a protocol to assess the stiffness of tibialis posterior and the spring ligament by shear-wave elastography, which is reliable, reproducible, and defines a corridor of normality. Further studies should be conducted to define the role of elastography for diagnosis/ evaluation of pathology, follow-up, or surgical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Rougereau
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Sorbonne University, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571, Paris, France.
- Department of Adult Orthopedic Surgery, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, 75571, Paris, France.
| | - Thibault Marty-Diloy
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Sorbonne University, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vigan
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Sorbonne University, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, APHP, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Kalinka Donadieu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Sorbonne University, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Vialle
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Sorbonne University, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571, Paris, France
- Department for Innovative Therapies, Musculoskeletal Disease Sorbonne University, The MAMUTH Hospital University, Paris, France
| | - Tristan Langlais
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Sorbonne University, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Toulouse University, Children's Hospital, Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Hardy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinique du Sport, 75005, Paris, France
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Askarisiahooie F, Trabia MB, Dufek JS, Mangoubi R. Automated plantar contact area estimation in a dynamic state using K-Means clustering. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 56:102021. [PMID: 37001346 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2023.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimation of plantar contact area (PCA) can be used for a variety of purposes such as classification of foot types and diagnosis of foot abnormalities. While some techniques have been developed for assessing static PCA, understanding dynamic PCA may improve understanding of gait biomechanics. This study aims (1) to develop an approach to estimate PCA from video images of footprints during walking and (2) to assess the accuracy and generalizability of this method. METHODS A sample of 41 ambulatory, young adults (age = 24.3 ± 3.2 years, mass = 67.2 ± 16.9 kg, height = 1.63 ± 0.08 m) completed 10 trials walking on a raised transparent plexiglass platform. Foot contact during walking was recorded using a video camera placed under the platform. An image processing algorithm, Clustering Segmentation, was developed based on identifying color intensity between the PCA and the rest of the foot and plantar contact morphology. RESULTS The proposed approach was compared to manual hand tracing, which is widely accepted as the Gold Standard, as well as with an earlier automated approach (Lidstone et al., 2019). Results showed that Clustering Segmentation followed the Gold Standard closely in all phases of gait. The maximum PCA and the maximum PCA length and width generally increased with foot size, indicating that the algorithm could successfully estimate the PCA across a wide range of foot sizes. Results also showed that the proposed approach for obtaining the PCA may be used to characterize various foot types in a dynamic state. CONCLUSION Clustering Segmentation algorithm eliminates the need for subjective interpretation of the PCA. The results showed that the algorithm was considerably faster and more accurate than the earlier automated method. The proposed algorithm will be appropriate for assessment of foot abnormalities and provides complementary information to gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Askarisiahooie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States.
| | - Mohamed B Trabia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States
| | - Janet S Dufek
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States
| | - Rami Mangoubi
- C. S. Draper Laboratory, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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Footwear-to-feet examination and analysis: Comparing worn footwear to persons and human remains. Sci Justice 2023; 63:54-60. [PMID: 36631181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Footwear-to-feet examination and analysis refers to the process of examining and analyzing footwear in regard to criminal matters. This examination and analysis has been done to include or exclude an individual as the wearer of the footwear in question and to help associate or disassociate human remains to footwear. This review of the subject describes its investigative applications, the research that underpins the process, and considers its legal admissibility. The process of footwear-to-feet examination and analysis is scientifically valid and has been widely accepted. As a result, law enforcement and forensic scientists should be aware of the use of this process to assist in criminal investigations.
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Rougereau G, Langlais T, Vigan M, Hardy A, Vialle R, Marty-Diloy T, Cambon-Binder A. Ankle syndesmosis biomechanical evaluation by shear-waves elastography in healthy young adults: Assessment of the reliability and accuracy of the measurements and definition of a corridor of normality. Foot Ankle Surg 2022; 28:1279-1285. [PMID: 35717494 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aims of this study were: 1/ to evaluate the shear wave speed (SWS) properties of the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) and the distal interosseous membrane (DIOM) in neutral, dorsal flexion and plantar flexion positions in a cohort of healthy adult volunteers; 2/ to assess the reliability and reproducibility of these measurements. METHODS Both ankles were analyzed by shear wave elastography (SWE) in 20 healthy patients (10 females/10 males) standing on a hinge support with their ankles in neutral, 20° dorsal flexion and 30° plantar flexion positions. Stiffness of AITFL and DIOM was evaluated by SWS measurement. RESULTS The SWS of AITFL and DIOM were minimal in the plantar flexion position (4.28 m/s [2.65-5.11] and 3.35 m/s [1.69-4.55], respectively). It increased significantly for both ligaments in neutral position (4.69 m/s [3.53-5.71] and 3.81 m/s [1.91-4.74], respectively; p < 0.0001), and reached their maximum values in dorsal flexion (6.58 m/s [5.23-8.34] and 4.79 m/s [3.07-6.19], respectively; p < 0.0001). There was no correlation between each ligament regardless the positions. SWS of AITFL was independent of demographic characteristics analyzed. SWS of DIOM was negatively correlated with height in dorsal flexion (ρ = -0.35; p = 0.03) and in plantar flexion (ρ = -0.37; p = 0.02). Female gender was associated with increased DIOM SWS in neutral (p = 0.005), dorsal flexion (p = 0.003), and plantar flexion (p = 0.001) positions. Moreover, foot morphology (foot arch, hind foot frontal deviation) did not impact AITFL nor DIOM SWS. Inter- and intra-observer measurements were all good or excellent. CONCLUSION The AITFL and DIOM, stabilizers of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis, increase in stiffness while dorsal flexion increases. This study describes a reliable and reproducible protocol to assess their stiffness by SWE, and defines a corridor of normality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Rougereau
- Sorbonne University, Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571 Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Department of Adult Orthopedic Surgery, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, 75571 Paris, France.
| | - Tristan Langlais
- Sorbonne University, Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571 Paris, France; Toulouse University, Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Vigan
- Sorbonne University, Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571 Paris, France; Department of Adult Orthopedic surgery, Hospital Ambroise Paré, APHP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Alexandre Hardy
- Clinique du sport, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Vialle
- Sorbonne University, Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571 Paris, France; The MAMUTH Hospital University Department for Innovative Therapies in Musculoskeletal Disease Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Marty-Diloy
- Sorbonne University, Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Adeline Cambon-Binder
- Sorbonne University, Department of Adult Orthopedic Surgery, Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP, 75571 Paris, France
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Rougereau G, Marty-Diloy T, Vigan M, Donadieu K, Hardy A, Vialle R, Langlais T. A Preliminary Study to Assess the Relevance of Shear-Wave Elastography in Characterizing Biomechanical Changes in the Deltoid Ligament Complex in Relation to Ankle Position. Foot Ankle Int 2022; 43:840-849. [PMID: 35373593 DOI: 10.1177/10711007221079829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the different bundles of the deltoid ligament in various ankle positions in a cohort of healthy adult volunteers; (2) describe the impact of demographic and hindfoot morphology characteristics on their stiffness; (3) to assess the reliability and reproducibility of these measurements. METHODS Deltoid ligament complex of both ankles were assessed by shear-wave elastography (SWE) in 20 healthy patients resting on hinge support. The propagation shear-wave speed (SWS) in ligaments was measured, which is related to the tissue's elastic modulus. The following ligaments were analyzed in a neutral position and then in varus, valgus, dorsal, and plantar flexions: tibionavicular ligament (TNL), tibiocalcaneal ligament (TCL), the superficial posterior tibiotalar ligament (SPTL), the anterior tibiotalar ligament (ATTL), and the deep posterior tibiotalar ligament (DPTTL). RESULTS The mean SWS increased between neutral and 20 degrees valgus position for TCL (4.08 ± 0.78 m/s vs 5.56 ± 0.62 m/s, respectively; P < .0001) and for DPTTL (2.58 ± 0.52 m/s vs 3.59 ± 0.87 m/s, respectively; P < .0001). The mean SWS increased between neutral and 30 degrees plantarflexion for ATTL (2.11 ± 0.44 m/s vs 3.1 ± 0.5 m/s, respectively; P < .0001) and TNL (2.96 ± 0.66 m/s vs 4.99 ± 0.69 m/s, respectively; P < .0001). The mean SWS increased between neutral and 20 degrees dorsal flexion for SPTL (4.2 ± 1 m/s vs 5.45 ± 0.65 m/s, respectively; P < .0001).Women had less DPTTL SWS than men in the neutral position (2.37 ± 0.35 m/s vs 2.71 ± 0.49 m/s, respectively; P = .007). Other demographics had no impact on the SWS value of other ligaments. All inter- and intraobserver agreements were good to excellent. CONCLUSION This study presents a reliable and reproducible SWE measurement protocol to describe the physiological function of all bundles of the medial collateral ligament in healthy adults. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This examination technique can be available to orthopaedic surgeons, allowing reliable and reproducible monitoring of the SWS of the various ligaments constituting the medial collateral plane. The biomechanical values described in this study may give insight into in what position medial ankle ligament reconstruction should be tensioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Rougereau
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Department of Adult Orthopedic surgery, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Marty-Diloy
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vigan
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Kalinka Donadieu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Hardy
- Clinique du sport, Department of Orthopedic surgery, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Vialle
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Department for Innovative Therapies in Musculoskeletal Disease, The MAMUTH Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris
| | - Tristan Langlais
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic surgery, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic surgery, Children's hospital, Purpan, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
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Rusu L, Marin MI, Geambesa MM, Rusu MR. Monitoring the Role of Physical Activity in Children with Flat Feet by Assessing Subtalar Flexibility and Plantar Arch Index. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9030427. [PMID: 35327799 PMCID: PMC8947427 DOI: 10.3390/children9030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Flat foot is a common pediatric foot deformity which involves subtalar flexibility; it can affect the plantar arch. This study analyzes the evolution of two parameters, i.e., plantar index arch and subtalar flexibility, before and after physiotherapy and orthoses interventions, and examines the correlation between these two parameters. Methods: The study included 30 participants (17 boys, 12 girls, average age 9.37 ± 1.42 years) with bilateral flat foot. We made two groups, each with 15 subjects. Assessments of the subtalar flexibility and plantar arch index used RSScan the platform, and were undertaken at two time points. Therapeutic interventions: Group 1—short foot exercises (SFE); Group 2—SFE and insoles. Statistical analyses included Student’s t-test, Cohen’s D coefficient, Pearson and Sperman correlation. Results: Group 1—subtalar flexibility decreased for the left and right feet by 28.6% and 15.9% respectively, indicating good evolution for the left foot. For both feet, a decrease of the plantar index arch was observed. Group 2—subtalar flexibility decreased for the right and left feet by 43.4% and 37.7% respectively, indicating a good evolution for the right foot. For both feet, a decrease of plantar index arch was observed. Between groups, subtalar flexibility evolved well for Group 2; this was attributed to mixt intervention, physical therapy and orthosis. For plantar arch index, differences were not significant between the two groups. We observed an inverse correlation between subtalar flexibility and plantar arch index. Conclusions: Improvement of plantar index arch in static and dynamic situations creates the premise of a good therapeutic intervention and increases foot balance and postural control. The parameter which showed the most beneficial influence was the evolution is subtalar flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Rusu
- Sport Medicine and Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (M.M.G.); (M.R.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-723-867-738
| | - Mihnea Ion Marin
- Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Michi Mihail Geambesa
- Sport Medicine and Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (M.M.G.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Mihai Robert Rusu
- Sport Medicine and Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (M.M.G.); (M.R.R.)
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Anatomical and biomechanical study of the inferior extensor retinaculum by shear-wave elastography in healthy adults. Surg Radiol Anat 2022; 44:245-252. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-022-02884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kirmizi M, Cakiroglu MA, Sengul YS, Elvan A, Simsek IE, Angin S. Investigation of the Relationships Among Clinical Measures of Foot Posture in Individuals with and Without Pronated Foot. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2021; 111. [PMID: 35294150 DOI: 10.7547/19-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many indirect clinical techniques have been developed to assess foot posture; however, there is relatively little research investigating the relationships among these techniques. We investigated the relationships among the most commonly used clinical measures of foot posture-Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6), navicular drop (NDP), navicular drift (NDT), and static and dynamic arch indices (SAI and DAI)-in individuals with normal foot posture and those with pronated foot. METHODS Sixty-three individuals with FPI-6 scores of 0 to 12 were included. A digital caliper was used to measure NDP and NDT; SAI and DAI were measured by electronic pedobarography. Assessments were applied on the dominant foot. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationships among measures. Participants were classified into two groups, pronated foot (n = 33) and normal foot posture (n = 30), based on FPI-6 scores, providing a multisegmental and multiplanar assessment. The independent-samples t test was used to compare groups regarding NDP, NDT, SAI, and DAI. RESULTS We found a high correlation between NDP and FPI-6 (r = 0.754) and between NDP and NDT (r = 0.778) (all P < .001). A moderate correlation was found between NDT and FPI-6 (r = 0.599) and between DAI and SAI (r = 0.519) (all P < .001). A negligible correlation was found between NDP and DAI (r = 0.268; P = .033). Furthermore, NDP, NDT, and DAI values were higher in individuals with pronated foot compared with those with normal posture (P < .001 for NDP and NDT; P = .022 for DAI), whereas SAI values were not (P = .837). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that there are moderate-to-strong relationships among FPI-6, NDP, and NDT and between SAI and DAI. The NDP, NDT, and DAI are suitable for the classification of foot posture based on FPI-6 scores. This study can guide clinicians and researchers to associate the foot posture measures with each other.
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Concordance between Pressure Platform and Pedigraph. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122322. [PMID: 34943559 PMCID: PMC8700632 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Determine the concordance between two methods of obtaining the plantar footprint (pedigraph and pressure platform). Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study of prevalence was carried out in the social center of Cariño (Coruña), Spain (n = 65 participants). Older people without amputations or the presence of dysmetria were included. The variables studied were: sociodemographic (age, sex), anthropometric (body mass index) and footprint measurement variables. These measurements were made by obtaining the plantar footprint using two methods: pedigraph and pressure platform. Results: The mean age of the sample was 37.42 ± 15.05 years, with a predominance of the female gender (61.54%). Positive linear correlation between pedigraph and platform was observed in both feet in the Chippaux and Staheli indices (correlation coefficient > 0.3, p < 0.001 in each comparison). The reliability was good or moderate in relation with the Chippaux and Staheli index. Slightly lower coefficients were observed in the dimensions of the foot. Conclusions: A positive linear correlation between pedigraph and platform was observed in both feet in the Chippaux and Staheli indices. Significant differences were observed between pedigraph and platform in relation to the width and length of the foot. It is probably due to the fact that the pressure platform provides more exhaustive, detailed and accurate information of the foot.
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Carrasco AC, Silva MF, Guenka LC, Silva CT, Moura FA, Cardoso JR. Non-radiographic validity and reliability measures for assessing foot types: A systematic review. Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 27:839-850. [PMID: 33431323 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot type classification is well recognized in clinical practice and orthopedic literature, a universally accepted classification or standardized measures to determine foot types are lacking. The objective of this study was to identify which non-radiographic assessment methods are considered valid and/or reliable for the classification of foot types. METHOD A systematic database search was performed. Only cross-sectional studies that performed reliability and/or validity analysis of non-radiographic methods were included. To evaluate the risk of bias, the Critical Appraisal Tool (CAT) was used to evaluate the measurement properties of objective clinical methods. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included. The results of reliability and validity, in general, demonstrated high scores, but, inconsistencies were related to the variability of the measurements, heterogeneity of the methods used to determine reliability and validity, and lack of parameters for classifying foot types, which resulted in few elements to determine which method of foot type evaluation is valid and reliable. CONCLUSION Given the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and CAT results and the presence of normative values, the static measurements of the "Arch Height Index", "Foot Posture Index", and "Staheli Arch Index" can be suggested to classify foot types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C Carrasco
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana F Silva
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Leandro C Guenka
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carla T Silva
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Moura
- Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Jefferson R Cardoso
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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12
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Kim D, Lewis CL, Gill SV. Effects of obesity and foot arch height on gait mechanics: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260398. [PMID: 34843563 PMCID: PMC8629225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot arch structure contributes to lower-limb joint mechanics and gait in adults with obesity. However, it is not well-known if excessive weight and arch height together affect gait mechanics compared to the effects of excessive weight and arch height alone. The purpose of this study was to determine the influences of arch height and obesity on gait mechanics in adults. In this study, 1) dynamic plantar pressure, 2) spatiotemporal gait parameters, 3) foot progression angle, and 4) ankle and knee joint angles and moments were collected in adults with normal weight with normal arch heights (n = 11), normal weight with lower arch heights (n = 10), obesity with normal arch heights (n = 8), and obesity with lower arch heights (n = 18) as they walked at their preferred speed and at a pedestrian standard walking speed, 1.25 m/s. Digital foot pressure data were used to compute a measure of arch height, the Chippaux-Smirak Index (CSI). Our results revealed that BMI and arch height were each associated with particular measures of ankle and knee joint mechanics during walking in healthy young adults: (i) a higher BMI with greater peak internal ankle plantar-flexion moment and (ii) a lower arch height with greater peak internal ankle eversion and abduction moments and peak internal knee abduction moment (i.e., external knee adduction moment). Our results have implications for understanding the role of arch height in reducing musculoskeletal injury risks, improving gait, and increasing physical activity for people living with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekyoo Kim
- College of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Cara L. Lewis
- College of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Simone V. Gill
- College of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Švábová Nee Uhrová P, Caplova Z, Beňuš R, Chovancová Nee Kondeková M, Masnicová S. Estimation of stature and body weight from static and dynamic footprints - Forensic implications and validity of non-colouring cream method. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 330:111105. [PMID: 34800909 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the metric properties of dynamic footprints were analysed using non-colouring method in relation with body parameters and compared with static footprint measurements. The results of the study provide a better understanding of the relationship between static and dynamic footprints, which may be useful for biological profiling that allows more accurate identification. Stature, body weight, five length and two width parameters of dynamic (walking) footprints of young Slovak adults (65 females and 68 males) were analysed. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated and equations for prediction of stature and body weight by linear regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were developed. Intersex differences were confirmed for all parameters and bilateral for some. Statistically significant differences were found in all measurements (p-value>0.05), except for the width of the standing and walking footprint in the mixed group. A positive correlation was found between the selected footprint diameters with stature (max - r = 0.82) and body weight (max - r = 0.70). Stature could be calculated with an accuracy of up to 4.40 cm and body weight with an accuracy of up to 9.56 kg. The results of the present study show that selected measurements of dynamic footprints correlate with stature and body weight. These results could be used in biological profiling in the medical and forensic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Švábová Nee Uhrová
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zuzana Caplova
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Radoslav Beňuš
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Chovancová Nee Kondeková
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Soňa Masnicová
- Department of Criminalistics and Forensic Sciences, Academy of Police College, Sklabinská 1, 83517 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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14
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Chang CH, Yang WT, Wu CP, Chang LW. Would foot arch development in children characterize a body maturation process? a prospective longitudinal study. Biomed J 2021; 45:828-837. [PMID: 34737119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flatfoot (Pes Planus), often regarded as a physiological deviation in children, is of concern to parents because there is no test to predict the development of foot arch. This study aimed to use a new diagnostic flatfoot criterion to determine 1) how the footprint index changes during the development of foot arches, 2) what factors can predict a foot arch development, and 3) whether foot arch development could be a process of body growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS 572 children were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study of anthropometrical parameters and physical fitness twice at age of 6.7 and 8.2 years. The bimodal frequency distribution of the Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI) of the footprint was used to define flatfoot as CSI <0.58 and non-flatfoot as CSI >0.61. Body measurements and physical fitness tests were compared between children with flatfeet who developed foot arches and children who did not. RESULTS Of 263 children with flatfeet, the CSI significantly changed from 0.72 to 0.46 in 70 children who developed foot arches over 1.5 years and the others had minimal change in the index. Children with foot arch development had a lower initial CSI, improved boys' performance in one-leg balance, and less increase in girls' body height than children who remained flatfooted, whereas sex and weight were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION This longitudinal study with the bimodal distribution of the CSI investigated how the development of foot arch advances in children around age 7. A significant and unique pattern in change of the CSI suggests involvement of a maturational stage in foot arch development. Along with the improved performance in one-leg balance, the unidirectional transition from flatfoot to non-flatfoot is associated with improvement in motor control of the ankle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsieh Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tien Yang
- Taipei City University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ping Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Wey Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Mukhra R, Krishan K, Nirenberg MS, Ansert E, Kanchan T. The contact area of static and dynamic footprints: Forensic implications. Sci Justice 2021; 61:187-192. [PMID: 33736852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When found at crime scenes, footprints may be evidentially valuable and can assist with the identity of a perpetrator based on their features and/or measurements. Footprints can be either static (made while standing) or dynamic (made while walking). While extensive research has been performed on the linear measurements obtained from static and dynamic footprints, research on the comparisons between the contact area of static and dynamic footprints in the forensic context are limited. The present study compares the contact area of static and dynamic bare footprints to determine if statistically significant differences exist between the two. Static and dynamic footprints were obtained from a sample of randomly-selected 461 Jatt Sikh adults (230 males and 231 females) of Indian origin between the ages of 19 and 32 years. The footprint contact area was calculated from each footprint (excluding the toes) using a PedoGRID® sheet. No statistically significant differences were observed between the contact area of static and dynamic footprints for each foot among males and females. However, statistically significant differences between both the sexes were found in the footprint contact areas of both footprint types. The right dynamic footprint contact area was found to be the most predictive measurement for classifying and estimating sex from a footprint's contact area. The study has implications in the analysis of footprints recovered from crime scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mukhra
- Department of Anthropology (UGC Centre of Advanced Study), Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology (UGC Centre of Advanced Study), Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Michael S Nirenberg
- Friendly Foot Care, PC, 50 W. 94th Place, Crown Point, IN 46307 United States
| | - Elizabeth Ansert
- St. Vincent Hospital, 123 Summer St., Worcester, MA 01608 United States
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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16
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Kirmizi M, Cakiroglu MA, Elvan A, Simsek IE, Angin S. Reliability of Different Clinical Techniques for Assessing Foot Posture. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2020; 43:901-908. [PMID: 32829944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the interrater and intrarater reliability of navicular drop (NDP), navicular drift (NDT), and the Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6), and test-retest reliability of the static arch index (SAI) and dynamic arch index (DAI). METHODS Sixty healthy individuals were assessed for intrarater and test-retest reliability. From 60 participants, 30 individuals were assessed for interrater reliability. A digital caliper was used to measure NDP and NDT. Electronic pedography was used to calculate SAI and DAI. The FPI-6 was also performed. All assessments were performed on the dominant foot. The NDP, NDT, SAI, and DAI were repeated 3 times. The NDP and NDT were analyzed separately using both first measurement and the average, but the SAI and DAI were analyzed using only the average. The NDP, NDT, and FPI-6 were conducted by 2 raters to determine interrater reliability and were repeated by a single rater after 5 days from initial assessment to determine intrarater reliability. The SAI and DAI were also repeated after 5 days to determine test-retest reliability. RESULTS Intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were 0.934 and 0.970 for NDP, 0.724 and 0.850 for NDT, and 0.945 for FPI. Interrater ICCs were 0.712 and 0.811 for NDP, 0.592 and 0.797 for NDT, and 0.575 for FPI. Test-retest ICCs of the SAI and DAI were 0.850 and 0.876, respectively. CONCLUSION Navicular drop is relatively more reliable than other traditional techniques. Also, the FPI-6 has excellent intrarater reliability, but only moderate interrater reliability. The results can provide clinicians and researchers with a reliable way to implement foot posture assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Kirmizi
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, TurkeyInstitute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | - Ata Elvan
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Engin Simsek
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Salih Angin
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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17
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Mukhra R, Krishan K, Nirenberg MS, Ansert E, Kanchan T. Comparative analysis of static and dynamic bare footprint dimensions in a north Indian population. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 308:110169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Lidstone DE, Porcher LM, DeBerardinis J, Dufek JS, Trabia MB. Concurrent Validity of an Automated Footprint Detection Algorithm to Measure Plantar Contact Area During Walking. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2019; 109:416-425. [PMID: 30427700 DOI: 10.7547/17-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring footprints during walking can lead to better identification of foot structure and abnormalities. Current techniques for footprint measurements are either static or dynamic, with low resolution. This work presents an approach to monitor the plantar contact area when walking using high-speed videography. METHODS Footprint images were collected by asking the participants to walk across a custom-built acrylic walkway with a high-resolution digital camera placed directly underneath the walkway. This study proposes an automated footprint identification algorithm (Automatic Identification Algorithm) to measure the footprint throughout the stance phase of walking. This algorithm used coloration of the plantar tissue that was in contact with the acrylic walkway to distinguish the plantar contact area from other regions of the foot that were not in contact. RESULTS The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) demonstrated strong agreement between the proposed automated approach and the gold standard manual method (ICC = 0.939). Strong agreement between the two methods also was found for each phase of stance (ICC > 0.78). CONCLUSIONS The proposed automated footprint detection technique identified the plantar contact area during walking with strong agreement with a manual gold standard method. This is the first study to demonstrate the concurrent validity of an automated identification algorithm to measure the plantar contact area during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Lidstone
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | | | - Jessica DeBerardinis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Janet S. Dufek
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Mohamed B. Trabia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
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Lidstone DE, DeBerardinis J, Dufek JS, Trabia MB. Electronic measurement of plantar contact area during walking using an adaptive thresholding method for Medilogic ® pressure-measuring insoles. Foot (Edinb) 2019; 39:1-10. [PMID: 30851649 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pressure-measuring insoles have the potential to measure plantar contact area (PA) during walking. However, they are not widely used for this purpose because of the need for a reliable process that can convert the insole output into PA. The purposes of this study were to: (1) develop an adaptive-threshold method for pressure-measuring insoles that can improve the accuracy of the PA measurements during walking, and (2) experimentally assess the accuracy and generalizability of this method. METHODS A sample of 42 healthy, ambulatory, young adults (age=24.3±3.2years, mass=67.2±16.9kg, height=1.63±0.08m) completed 10 trials walking on an elevated walkway while wearing Medilogic® pressure-measuring insoles (sizes 35-45). A total of six insole sizes were considered. Insole data were converted to PA using three unique adaptive-thresholds that were based on percentages of the maximum sum of digital values (MSDV) during an analyzed step. Three values were considered: 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% of the MSDV. Additionally, a fixed-threshold, which is typically used to estimate PA, was assessed. These two techniques, applied to the insole worn on the left foot, were compared with PA obtained from high-resolution reference footprints obtained from optical pedography of the right foot and processed using digital image processing algorithms. An assumption of PA symmetry between the left (insole) and right (barefoot) feet was made and comparisons were conducted over the entire stance phase of walking. The generalizability of the algorithm was assessed by comparing PA errors from insoles with respect to the optical pedography results based on insole size criteria. RESULTS The adaptive-thresholds of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% of MSDV produced mean errors of 7.31±17.44%, -8.62±15.01%, and -20.45±14.18%, respectively. Using the 2-digital value fixed-threshold produced a mean error of 20.88±22.44%. The best performing adaptive-threshold varied among insole sizes. CONCLUSION It was observed that the fixed-threshold technique produced large magnitudes of errors. The proposed adaptive-thresholds of 0.1% and 0.2% of the MSDV reduced PA error to ±10% during walking. The adaptive-threshold method consistently reduced PA error vs. the fixed-threshold for each insole size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Lidstone
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA.
| | | | - Janet S Dufek
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA
| | - Mohamed B Trabia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA
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20
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Maetzler M, Bochdansky T, Abboud RJ. Accuracy and repeatability of a semi-quantitative barefoot pressure measurement method for clinical use: The Derks Calculation Method. Foot (Edinb) 2019; 39:136-139. [PMID: 30928309 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to assess the accuracy and repeatability of the Derks Calculation Method in the normal foot during walking. METHODS Measurements were taken from 25 healthy subjects (age 32.0 ± 12.4), 23 females and 2 males, on five separate occasions at seven days, three weeks, three months, and nine months apart by means of a mid-gait method. Values were calculated for internal rotation (IR) and external rotation of the heel (ER), heel valgus/varus (HV), heel length (HL), heel width (HW), width of the midfoot (WM) and the forefoot (WF), and the length of the foot (LF). RESULTS For all five separate occasions and in 87.5% of the parameters investigated, the coefficient of repeatability (CR, expressed as a percentage of the mean) was less than 5%. One parameter showed a high CR - heel valgus/varus (HV) was extremely high (>800%). The maximum 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for the five different occasions was no higher than 0.2 cm for IR, ER and HV with a standard error (SE) of 0.01 and >0.01 respectively. The maximum 95% CI for WF was 0.4 cm (SE 0.1), and for HW, WM and LF the maximum 95% CI was 0.7 cm (SE 0.1 or 0.2). HL showed the highest 95% CI (0.9 cm) with an SE of 0.2. CONCLUSION The Derks Calculation Method was found to be accurate and repeatable if HV was excluded, which renders this method a viable clinical tool in settings where sophisticated computerised systems are still unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maetzler
- Institute of Motion Analysis and Research (IMAR), Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, The David Rowley Tayside Orthopaedic & Rehabilitation Technology (DR-TORT) Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Sportphysiotherapie, Osteopathie, Orthopädische & Rehabilitationstechnologie, Bühel 768, A-6866 Andelsbuch, Austria
| | - T Bochdansky
- LKH Rankweil, Valdunastraße 16, A-6830 Rankweil, Austria
| | - R J Abboud
- Institute of Motion Analysis and Research (IMAR), Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, The David Rowley Tayside Orthopaedic & Rehabilitation Technology (DR-TORT) Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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Howsam N, Bridgen A. A comparative study of standing fleshed foot and walking and jumping bare footprint measurements. Sci Justice 2018; 58:346-354. [PMID: 30193660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximating true fleshed foot length and forefoot width from crime scene footprints is primarily based on anecdotal observations and fails to consider effects of different dynamic activities on footprint morphology. A literature search revealed numerous variables influencing footprint formation including whether the print was formed statically or dynamically. The aim of this study was to investigate if length and width measurements of the fleshed foot differ to the same measurements collected from walking and jumping footprints. Measurements of standing right foot length and forefoot width were collected from thirteen participants. Walking and jumping right footprints were then obtained using an Inkless Shoeprint Kit and digitally measured with GNU Image Manipulation Programme. Descriptive analysis compared standing fleshed foot length and forefoot width against the same measurements taken from walking and jumping footprints with and without ghosting. Results suggested walking footprint length with ghosting (x¯ = 268.61 mm) was greater than standing fleshed foot length (x¯ = 264.3 mm) and jumping footprint length with ghosting (x¯ = 261.57 mm). However, standing fleshed foot length was found to be greater than walking (x¯ = 254.85 mm) or jumping (x¯ = 255.63 mm) footprint lengths without ghosting. Forefoot widths showed standing fleshed foot width (x¯ = 105.66 mm) was greater than walking (x¯ = 95.63 mm) or jumping (x¯ = 98.03 mm) footprint widths. This study identifies variation in measurements of the standing fleshed foot and those of walking and jumping footprints, including variability between different dynamic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Howsam
- Division of Podiatry and Clinical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Ramsden Building, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Bridgen
- Division of Podiatry and Clinical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Ramsden Building, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
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Hu A, Arnold JB, Causby R, Jones S. The identification and reliability of static and dynamic barefoot impression measurements: A systematic review. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 289:156-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Bibrowicz K, Szurmik T, Michnik R, Wodarski P, Myśliwiec A, Mitas A. Application of Zebris dynamometric platform and Arch Index in assessment of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Technol Health Care 2018; 26:543-551. [PMID: 29843277 DOI: 10.3233/thc-182501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of the foot arch is an important element of posture examination. In clinical practice, different methods are used. Reliability and repeatability of the techniques raises many doubts. OBJECTIVE Development and verification of our own, automated diagnostic algorithm for evaluation of the longitudinal arch of the foot with the use of the Zebris FDM-S dynamometric platform. METHODS This paper presents selected footprints assessment methods and Zebris dynamometric platform to assess the longitudinal arch of the foot. RESULTS The results were compared to standard plantography examination. The outcomes show high correlation of the investigated parameters methods used. The ambiguity of classification criteria of foot arch was observed. CONCLUSIONS 1/Examination confirmed strong linear correlation between the Arch Index results obtained during examinations on a stabilometric platform and plantography examination. 2/The proposed algorithm for AI evaluation using the Zebris FDM-S dynamometric platform enables simultaneous analysis of stabilometric and pedobarometric variables as well classifying the type of disorder arch longitudinal arch of the foot. 3/Qualitative analysis of the arch, based on plantography results and the Arch Index, shows inconsistency in results obtained with different methods. 4/The obtained results show further necessity to conduct more studies to develop methods of standardization of foot arch assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Bibrowicz
- College of Education and Therapy, Kazimiera Milanowska, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szurmik
- Faculty of Ethnology and Educational Science, University of Silesia, Cieszyn, Poland
| | - Robert Michnik
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Piotr Wodarski
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Andrzej Myśliwiec
- Department of Kinesiotherapy and Special Methods of Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mitas
- Department of Informatics and Medical Devices, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
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Maestre-Rendon JR, Rivera-Roman TA, Sierra-Hernandez JM, Cruz-Aceves I, Contreras-Medina LM, Duarte-Galvan C, Fernandez-Jaramillo AA. Low Computational-Cost Footprint Deformities Diagnosis Sensor through Angles, Dimensions Analysis and Image Processing Techniques. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112700. [PMID: 29165397 PMCID: PMC5713009 DOI: 10.3390/s17112700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Manual measurements of foot anthropometry can lead to errors since this task involves the experience of the specialist who performs them, resulting in different subjective measures from the same footprint. Moreover, some of the diagnoses that are given to classify a footprint deformity are based on a qualitative interpretation by the physician; there is no quantitative interpretation of the footprint. The importance of providing a correct and accurate diagnosis lies in the need to ensure that an appropriate treatment is provided for the improvement of the patient without risking his or her health. Therefore, this article presents a smart sensor that integrates the capture of the footprint, a low computational-cost analysis of the image and the interpretation of the results through a quantitative evaluation. The smart sensor implemented required the use of a camera (Logitech C920) connected to a Raspberry Pi 3, where a graphical interface was made for the capture and processing of the image, and it was adapted to a podoscope conventionally used by specialists such as orthopedist, physiotherapists and podiatrists. The footprint diagnosis smart sensor (FPDSS) has proven to be robust to different types of deformity, precise, sensitive and correlated in 0.99 with the measurements from the digitalized image of the ink mat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodolfo Maestre-Rendon
- Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras km 3, Col. Genaro Estrada, Mazatlán Sin. 82199, Mexico.
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Polythecnic University of Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Tomas A Rivera-Roman
- Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras km 3, Col. Genaro Estrada, Mazatlán Sin. 82199, Mexico.
| | - Juan M Sierra-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, División de Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8, Comunidad de Palo Blanco, Salamanca Gto. C.P. 36885, Mexico.
| | - Ivan Cruz-Aceves
- CONACYT, Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas (CIMAT), A.C., Jalisco S/N, Col. Valenciana, Guanajuato Gto. 36000, Mexico.
| | - Luis M Contreras-Medina
- CA Ingeniería de Biosistemas, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las campanas S/N, Santiago de Querétaro Qro. 76010, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Duarte-Galvan
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. De las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán Sin. 80000, Mexico.
| | - Arturo A Fernandez-Jaramillo
- Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras km 3, Col. Genaro Estrada, Mazatlán Sin. 82199, Mexico.
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Zuil-Escobar JC, Martínez-Cepa CB, Martín-Urrialde JA, Gómez-Conesa A. Reliability and Accuracy of Static Parameters Obtained From Ink and Pressure Platform Footprints. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2016; 39:510-517. [PMID: 27581795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and the intrarater reliability of arch angle (AA), Staheli Index (SI), and Chippaux-Smirak Index (CSI) obtained from ink and pressure platform footprints. METHODS We obtained AA, SI, and CSI measurements from ink pedigraph footprints and pressure platform footprints in 40 healthy participants (aged 25.65 ± 5.187 years). Intrarater reliability was calculated for all parameters obtained using the 2 methods. Standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change were also calculated. A repeated-measure analysis of variance was used to identify differences between ink and pressure platform footprints. Intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland and Altman plots were used to assess similar parameters obtained using different methods. RESULTS Intrarater reliability was >0.9 for all parameters and was slightly higher for the ink footprints. No statistical difference was reported in repeated-measure analysis of variance for any of the parameters. Intraclass correlation coefficient values from AA, SI, and CSI that were obtained using ink footprints and pressure platform footprints were excellent, ranging from 0.797 to 0.829. However, pressure platform overestimated AA and underestimated SI and CSI. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that AA, SI, and CSI were similar regardless of whether the ink or pressure platform method was used. In addition, the parameters indicated high intrarater reliability and were reproducible.
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Burrow JG. The use of the Podotrack in forensic podiatry for collection and analysis of bare footprints using the Reel method of measurement. Sci Justice 2016; 56:216-222. [PMID: 27162020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This small-scale study examined the role that bare footprint collection and measurement processes have on the Reel method of measurement in forensic podiatry and its use in the Criminal Justice System. Previous research indicated that the Reel method was a valid and reliable measurement system for bare footprint analysis but various collection systems have been used to collect footprint data and both manual and digital measurement processes were utilized in forensic podiatry and other disciplines. This study contributes to the debate about collecting bare footprints; the techniques employed to quantify various Reel measurements and considered whether there was asymmetry between feet and footprints of the same person. An inductive, quantitative paradigm used the Podotrack gathering procedure for footprint collection and the subsequent dynamic footprints subjected to Adobe Photoshop techniques of calculating the Reel linear variables. Statistical analyses using paired-sample t tests were conducted to test hypotheses and compare data sets. Standard error of mean (SEM) showed variation between feet and the findings provide support for the Reel study and measurement method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gordon Burrow
- School of Health and Social Care, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom.
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Gutiérrez-Vilahú L, Massó-Ortigosa N, Rey-Abella F, Costa-Tutusaus L, Guerra-Balic M. Reliability and Validity of the Footprint Assessment Method Using Photoshop CS5 Software in Young People with Down Syndrome. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2016; 106:207-13. [PMID: 27269976 DOI: 10.7547/15-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with Down syndrome present skeletal abnormalities in their feet that can be analyzed by commonly used gold standard indices (the Hernández-Corvo index, the Chippaux-Smirak index, the Staheli arch index, and the Clarke angle) based on footprint measurements. The use of Photoshop CS5 software (Adobe Systems Software Ireland Ltd, Dublin, Ireland) to measure footprints has been validated in the general population. The present study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of this footprint assessment technique in the population with Down syndrome. METHODS Using optical podography and photography, 44 footprints from 22 patients with Down syndrome (11 men [mean ± SD age, 23.82 ± 3.12 years] and 11 women [mean ± SD age, 24.82 ± 6.81 years]) were recorded in a static bipedal standing position. A blinded observer performed the measurements using a validated manual method three times during the 4-month study, with 2 months between measurements. Test-retest was used to check the reliability of the Photoshop CS5 software measurements. Validity and reliability were obtained by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS The reliability test for all of the indices showed very good values for the Photoshop CS5 method (ICC, 0.982-0.995). Validity testing also found no differences between the techniques (ICC, 0.988-0.999). CONCLUSIONS The Photoshop CS5 software method is reliable and valid for the study of footprints in young people with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ferran Rey-Abella
- Blanquerna School of Health Science, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Myriam Guerra-Balic
- Blanquerna Faculty of Psychology, Education, and Sports Sciences, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Gutiérrez-Vilahú L, Massó-Ortigosa N, Rey-Abella F, Costa-Tutusaus L, Guerra-Balic M. Comparative study of plantar footprints in youth with Down syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sdeng.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gutiérrez-Vilahú L, Massó-Ortigosa N, Costa-Tutusaus L, Guerra-Balic M. Reliability and Validity of the Footprint Assessment Method Using Photoshop CS5 Software. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2015; 105:226-32. [PMID: 26146968 DOI: 10.7547/0003-0538-105.3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several sophisticated methods of footprint analysis currently exist. However, it is sometimes useful to apply standard measurement methods of recognized evidence with an easy and quick application. We sought to assess the reliability and validity of a new method of footprint assessment in a healthy population using Photoshop CS5 software (Adobe Systems Inc, San Jose, California). METHODS Forty-two footprints, corresponding to 21 healthy individuals (11 men with a mean ± SD age of 20.45 ± 2.16 years and 10 women with a mean ± SD age of 20.00 ± 1.70 years) were analyzed. Footprints were recorded in static bipedal standing position using optical podography and digital photography. Three trials for each participant were performed. The Hernández-Corvo, Chippaux-Smirak, and Staheli indices and the Clarke angle were calculated by manual method and by computerized method using Photoshop CS5 software. Test-retest was used to determine reliability. Validity was obtained by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS The reliability test for all of the indices showed high values (ICC, 0.98-0.99). Moreover, the validity test clearly showed no difference between techniques (ICC, 0.99-1). CONCLUSIONS The reliability and validity of a method to measure, assess, and record the podometric indices using Photoshop CS5 software has been demonstrated. This provides a quick and accurate tool useful for the digital recording of morphostatic foot study parameters and their control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Myriam Guerra-Balic
- Blanquerna Faculty of Psychology, Education, and Sports Sciences, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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Fascione JM, Crews RT, Wrobel JS. Association of footprint measurements with plantar kinetics: a linear regression model. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2014; 104:125-33. [PMID: 24725031 DOI: 10.7547/0003-0538-104.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of foot measurements to classify morphology and interpret foot function remains one of the focal concepts of lower-extremity biomechanics. However, only 27% to 55% of midfoot variance in foot pressures has been determined in the most comprehensive models. We investigated whether dynamic walking footprint measurements are associated with inter-individual foot loading variability. METHODS Thirty individuals (15 men and 15 women; mean ± SD age, 27.17 ± 2.21 years) walked at a self-selected speed over an electronic pedography platform using the midgait technique. Kinetic variables (contact time, peak pressure, pressure-time integral, and force-time integral) were collected for six masked regions. Footprints were digitized for area and linear boundaries using digital photo planimetry software. Six footprint measurements were determined: contact area, footprint index, arch index, truncated arch index, Chippaux-Smirak index, and Staheli index. Linear regression analysis with a Bonferroni adjustment was performed to determine the association between the footprint measurements and each of the kinetic variables. RESULTS The findings demonstrate that a relationship exists between increased midfoot contact and increased kinetic values in respective locations. Many of these variables produced large effect sizes while describing 38% to 71% of the common variance of select plantar kinetic variables in the medial midfoot region. In addition, larger footprints were associated with larger kinetic values at the medial heel region and both masked forefoot regions. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic footprint measurements are associated with dynamic plantar loading kinetics, with emphasis on the midfoot region.
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