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Thor S. Indirect neurogenesis in space and time. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:519-534. [PMID: 38951687 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) generate neurons and glia in two different ways. In direct neurogenesis, daughter cells differentiate directly into neurons or glia, whereas in indirect neurogenesis, neurons or glia are generated after one or more daughter cell divisions. Intriguingly, indirect neurogenesis is not stochastically deployed and plays instructive roles during CNS development: increased generation of cells from specific lineages; increased generation of early or late-born cell types within a lineage; and increased cell diversification. Increased indirect neurogenesis might contribute to the anterior CNS expansion evident throughout the Bilateria and help to modify brain-region size without requiring increased NPC numbers or extended neurogenesis. Increased indirect neurogenesis could be an evolutionary driver of the gyrencephalic (that is, folded) cortex that emerged during mammalian evolution and might even have increased during hominid evolution. Thus, selection of indirect versus direct neurogenesis provides a powerful developmental and evolutionary instrument that drives not only the evolution of CNS complexity but also brain expansion and modulation of brain-region size, and thereby the evolution of increasingly advanced cognitive abilities. This Review describes indirect neurogenesis in several model species and humans, and highlights some of the molecular genetic mechanisms that control this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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2
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Zhang C, Jin Y, Marchetti M, Lewis MR, Hammouda OT, Edgar BA. EGFR signaling activates intestinal stem cells by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and β-oxidation. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3704-3719.e7. [PMID: 35896119 PMCID: PMC10117080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling promotes growth and proliferation in many cell types, and genetic hyperactivation of RAS-ERK signaling drives many cancers. Yet, despite intensive study of upstream components in EGFR signal transduction, the identities and functions of downstream effectors in the pathway are poorly understood. In Drosophila intestinal stem cells (ISCs), the transcriptional repressor Capicua (Cic) and its targets, the ETS-type transcriptional activators Pointed (pnt) and Ets21C, are essential downstream effectors of mitogenic EGFR signaling. Here, we show that these factors promote EGFR-dependent metabolic changes that increase ISC mass, mitochondrial growth, and mitochondrial activity. Gene target analysis using RNA and DamID sequencing revealed that Pnt and Ets21C directly upregulate not only DNA replication and cell cycle genes but also genes for oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Metabolite analysis substantiated these metabolic functions. The mitochondrial transcription factor B2 (mtTFB2), a direct target of Pnt, was required and partially sufficient for EGFR-driven ISC growth, mitochondrial biogenesis, and proliferation. MEK-dependent EGF signaling stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in human RPE-1 cells, indicating the conservation of these metabolic effects. This work illustrates how EGFR signaling alters metabolism to coordinately activate cell growth and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenge Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yinhua Jin
- Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marco Marchetti
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mitchell R Lewis
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Omar T Hammouda
- Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg & Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Chen R, Deng X, Zhu S. The Ets protein Pointed P1 represses Asense expression in type II neuroblasts by activating Tailless. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009928. [PMID: 35100262 PMCID: PMC8830786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) boost the number and diversity of neurons generated from neural stem cells (NSCs) by undergoing transient proliferation. In the developing Drosophila brains, INPs are generated from type II neuroblasts (NBs). In order to maintain type II NB identity and their capability to produce INPs, the proneural protein Asense (Ase) needs to be silenced by the Ets transcription factor pointed P1 (PntP1), a master regulator of type II NB development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the PntP1-mediated suppression of Ase is still unclear. In this study, we utilized genetic and molecular approaches to determine the transcriptional property of PntP1 and identify the direct downstream effector of PntP1 and the cis-DNA elements that mediate the suppression of ase. Our results demonstrate that PntP1 directly activates the expression of the transcriptional repressor, Tailless (Tll), by binding to seven Ets-binding sites, and Tll in turn suppresses the expression of Ase in type II NBs by binding to two hexameric core half-site motifs. We further show that Tll provides positive feedback to maintain the expression of PntP1 and the identity of type II NBs. Thus, our study identifies a novel direct target of PntP1 and reveals mechanistic details of the specification and maintenance of the type II NB identity by PntP1. Type II neuroblasts (NBs) are the neural stem cells (NSCs) in Drosophila central brains that produce neurons by generating intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) to boost brain complexity, as mammalian NSCs do during the development of neocortex. The key to the generation of INPs from type II NBs is the suppression of proneural protein Asense (Ase) in type II NBs by the Ets family transcription factor Pointed P1 (PntP1), but how PntP1 suppresses Ase expression remains unclear. In this study, we provided evidence to demonstrate that PntP1 directly activates the orphan nuclear receptor Tailless (Tll), which in turn suppresses Ase expression to maintain the capability of type II NBs to produce INPs. Meanwhile, Tll provides positive feedback to maintain the expression of PntP1 and type II NB identity. We further identified seven PntP1 binding sites in the tll enhancer regions and two Tll binding sites in the ase regulatory regions that mediate the activation of tll and the suppression of ase, respectively. Our work reveals detailed mechanisms of the specification and maintenance of the type II NB identity by PntP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Sijun Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Rajan A, Ostgaard CM, Lee CY. Regulation of Neural Stem Cell Competency and Commitment during Indirect Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12871. [PMID: 34884676 PMCID: PMC8657492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect neurogenesis, during which neural stem cells generate neurons through intermediate progenitors, drives the evolution of lissencephalic brains to gyrencephalic brains. The mechanisms that specify intermediate progenitor identity and that regulate stem cell competency to generate intermediate progenitors remain poorly understood despite their roles in indirect neurogenesis. Well-characterized lineage hierarchy and available powerful genetic tools for manipulating gene functions make fruit fly neural stem cell (neuroblast) lineages an excellent in vivo paradigm for investigating the mechanisms that regulate neurogenesis. Type II neuroblasts in fly larval brains repeatedly undergo asymmetric divisions to generate intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) that undergo limited proliferation to increase the number of neurons generated per stem cell division. Here, we review key regulatory genes and the mechanisms by which they promote the specification and generation of INPs, safeguarding the indirect generation of neurons during fly larval brain neurogenesis. Homologs of these regulators of INPs have been shown to play important roles in regulating brain development in vertebrates. Insight into the precise regulation of intermediate progenitors will likely improve our understanding of the control of indirect neurogenesis during brain development and brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Rajan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (A.R.); (C.M.O.)
| | - Cyrina M. Ostgaard
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (A.R.); (C.M.O.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Lee
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (A.R.); (C.M.O.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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5
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Chen R, Hou Y, Connell M, Zhu S. Homeodomain protein Six4 prevents the generation of supernumerary Drosophila type II neuroblasts and premature differentiation of intermediate neural progenitors. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009371. [PMID: 33556050 PMCID: PMC7895384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to boost the number and diversity of neurons generated from neural stem cells, intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) need to maintain their homeostasis by avoiding both dedifferentiation and premature differentiation. Elucidating how INPs maintain homeostasis is critical for understanding the generation of brain complexity and various neurological diseases resulting from defects in INP development. Here we report that Six4 expressed in Drosophila type II neuroblast (NB) lineages prevents the generation of supernumerary type II NBs and premature differentiation of INPs. We show that loss of Six4 leads to supernumerary type II NBs likely due to dedifferentiation of immature INPs (imINPs). We provide data to further demonstrate that Six4 inhibits the expression and activity of PntP1 in imINPs in part by forming a trimeric complex with Earmuff and PntP1. Furthermore, knockdown of Six4 exacerbates the loss of INPs resulting from the loss of PntP1 by enhancing ectopic Prospero expression in imINPs, suggesting that Six4 is also required for preventing premature differentiation of INPs. Taken together, our work identified a novel transcription factor that likely plays important roles in maintaining INP homeostasis. Intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) are descendants of neural stem cells that can proliferate for a short term to amplify the number of nerve cells generated in the brain. INPs play critical roles in determining how big and complex a brain can grow. To perform their function, INPs need to maintain their own population and must not adopt the identity of neural stem cells, a process called dedifferentiation, or acquire the fate of their own daughter cells and stop proliferation too soon, a process called premature differentiation. However, how INPs avoid dedifferentiation and premature differentiation is not fully understood. In this study, we identified a protein called Six4 as a novel factor that plays important roles in preventing the generation of extra neural stem cells and premature differentiation of INPs in developing fruit fly brains. We described how Six4 functionally and physically interacts with other factors that are involved in regulating INP cell fate specification. Our work provides novel insights into the mechanisms regulating INP development and could have important implications in understanding how complex brains are generated during normal development and how abnormal brain development or brain tumor can occur when INPs fail to avoid premature differentiation or dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Yanjun Hou
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Marisa Connell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Sijun Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Rives-Quinto N, Komori H, Ostgaard CM, Janssens DH, Kondo S, Dai Q, Moore AW, Lee CY. Sequential activation of transcriptional repressors promotes progenitor commitment by silencing stem cell identity genes. eLife 2020; 9:e56187. [PMID: 33241994 PMCID: PMC7728440 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells that indirectly generate differentiated cells through intermediate progenitors drives vertebrate brain evolution. Due to a lack of lineage information, how stem cell functionality, including the competency to generate intermediate progenitors, becomes extinguished during progenitor commitment remains unclear. Type II neuroblasts in fly larval brains divide asymmetrically to generate a neuroblast and a progeny that commits to an intermediate progenitor (INP) identity. We identified Tailless (Tll) as a master regulator of type II neuroblast functional identity, including the competency to generate INPs. Successive expression of transcriptional repressors functions through Hdac3 to silence tll during INP commitment. Reducing repressor activity allows re-activation of Notch in INPs to ectopically induce tll expression driving supernumerary neuroblast formation. Knocking-down hdac3 function prevents downregulation of tll during INP commitment. We propose that continual inactivation of stem cell identity genes allows intermediate progenitors to stably commit to generating diverse differentiated cells during indirect neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideyuki Komori
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Cyrina M Ostgaard
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Derek H Janssens
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Shu Kondo
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of GeneticsMishimaJapan
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Cheng-Yu Lee
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
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7
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McCulloch KJ, Koenig KM. Krüppel-like factor/specificity protein evolution in the Spiralia and the implications for cephalopod visual system novelties. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202055. [PMID: 33081641 PMCID: PMC7661307 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cephalopod visual system is an exquisite example of convergence in biological complexity. However, we have little understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underpinning its elaboration. The generation of new genetic material is considered a significant contributor to the evolution of biological novelty. We sought to understand if this mechanism may be contributing to cephalopod-specific visual system novelties. Specifically, we identified duplications in the Krüppel-like factor/specificity protein (KLF/SP) sub-family of C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors in the squid Doryteuthis pealeii. We cloned and analysed gene expression of the KLF/SP family, including two paralogs of the DpSP6-9 gene. These duplicates showed overlapping expression domains but one paralog showed unique expression in the developing squid lens, suggesting a neofunctionalization of DpSP6-9a. To better understand this neofunctionalization, we performed a thorough phylogenetic analysis of SP6-9 orthologues in the Spiralia. We find multiple duplications and losses of the SP6-9 gene throughout spiralian lineages and at least one cephalopod-specific duplication. This work supports the hypothesis that gene duplication and neofunctionalization contribute to novel traits like the cephalopod image-forming eye and to the diversity found within Spiralia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J McCulloch
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kristen M Koenig
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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8
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Blom-Dahl D, Córdoba S, Gabilondo H, Carr-Baena P, Díaz-Benjumea FJ, Estella C. In vivo analysis of the evolutionary conserved BTD-box domain of Sp1 and Btd during Drosophila development. Dev Biol 2020; 466:77-89. [PMID: 32738261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Sp family of transcription factors plays important functions during development and disease. An evolutionary conserved role for some Sp family members is the control of limb development. The family is characterized by the presence of three C2H2-type zinc fingers and an adjacent 10 aa region with an unknown function called the Buttonhead (BTD) box. The presence of this BTD-box in all Sp family members identified from arthropods to vertebrates, suggests that it plays an essential role during development. However, despite its conservation, the in vivo function of the BTD-box has never been studied. In this work, we have generated specific BTD-box deletion alleles for the Drosophila Sp family members Sp1 and buttonhead (btd) using gene editing tools and analyzed its role during development. Unexpectedly, btd and Sp1 mutant alleles that lack the BTD-box are viable and have almost normal appendages. However, in a sensitized background the requirement of this domain to fully regulate some of Sp1 and Btd target genes is revealed. Furthermore, we have also identified a novel Sp1 role promoting leg vs antenna identity through the repression of spineless (ss) expression in the leg, a function that also depends on the Sp1 BTD-box.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blom-Dahl
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Córdoba
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Gabilondo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Carr-Baena
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Estella
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Abdusselamoglu MD, Landskron L, Bowman SK, Eroglu E, Burkard T, Kingston RE, Knoblich JA. Dynamics of activating and repressive histone modifications in Drosophila neural stem cell lineages and brain tumors. Development 2019; 146:dev.183400. [PMID: 31748204 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During central nervous system development, spatiotemporal gene expression programs mediate specific lineage decisions to generate neuronal and glial cell types from neural stem cells (NSCs). However, little is known about the epigenetic landscape underlying these highly complex developmental events. Here, we perform ChIP-seq on distinct subtypes of Drosophila FACS-purified NSCs and their differentiated progeny to dissect the epigenetic changes accompanying the major lineage decisions in vivo By analyzing active and repressive histone modifications, we show that stem cell identity genes are silenced during differentiation by loss of their activating marks and not via repressive histone modifications. Our analysis also uncovers a new set of genes specifically required for altering lineage patterns in type II neuroblasts (NBs), one of the two main Drosophila NSC identities. Finally, we demonstrate that this subtype specification in NBs, unlike NSC differentiation, requires Polycomb-group-mediated repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Deniz Abdusselamoglu
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Landskron
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah K Bowman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Elif Eroglu
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Burkard
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert E Kingston
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jürgen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Pregnancy Promotes Maternal Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Guinea Pigs. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5765284. [PMID: 31097956 PMCID: PMC6487096 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5765284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) modulates cognition and behavior in mammals, while motherhood is associated with cognitive and behavioral changes essential for the care of the young. In mice and rats, hippocampal neurogenesis is reported to be reduced or unchanged during pregnancy, with few data available from other species. In guinea pigs, pregnancy lasts ~9 weeks; we set to explore if hippocampal neurogenesis is altered in these animals, relative to gestational stages. Time-pregnant primigravidas (3-5 months old) and age-matched nonpregnant females were examined, with neurogenic potential evaluated via immunolabeling of Ki67, Sp8, doublecortin (DCX), and neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN) combined with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) birth-dating. Relative to control, subgranular Ki67, Sp8, and DCX-immunoreactive (+) cells tended to increase from early gestation to postpartum and peaked at the late gestational stage. In BrdU pulse-chasing experiments in nonpregnant females surviving for different time points (2-120 days), BrdU+ cells in the DG colocalized with DCX partially from 2 to 42 days (most frequently at 14-30 days) and with NeuN increasingly from 14 to 120 days. In pregnant females that received BrdU at early, middle, and late gestational stages and survived for 42 days, the density of BrdU+ cells in the DG was mostly high in the late gestational group. The rates of BrdU/DCX and BrdU/NeuN colocalization were similar among these groups and comparable to those among the corresponding control group. Together, the findings suggest that pregnancy promotes maternal hippocampal neurogenesis in guinea pigs, at least among primigravidas.
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11
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Wang S, Liao H, Li F, Ling D. A mini-review and perspective on ferroptosis-inducing strategies in cancer therapy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Vivekanand P. Lessons from Drosophila Pointed, an ETS family transcription factor and key nuclear effector of the RTK signaling pathway. Genesis 2018; 56:e23257. [PMID: 30318758 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ETS family of transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved throughout the metazoan lineage and are critical for regulating cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and migration. All members have an ETS DNA binding domain, while a subset also has a protein-protein interaction domain called the SAM domain. Pointed (Pnt), an ETS transcriptional activator functions downstream of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway to regulate diverse processes during the development of Drosophila. This review highlights the indispensable role that Pnt plays in regulating normal development and how continued investigation into its function and regulation will provide key mechanistic insight into understanding why the de-regulation of its vertebrate orthologs, ETS1 and ETS2 results in cancer.
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13
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Álvarez JA, Díaz-Benjumea FJ. Origin and specification of type II neuroblasts in the Drosophila embryo. Development 2018; 145:dev.158394. [PMID: 29567672 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, neural stem cells or neuroblasts (NBs) acquire different identities according to their site of origin in the embryonic neuroectoderm. Their identity determines the number of times they will divide and the types of daughter cells they will generate. All NBs divide asymmetrically, with type I NBs undergoing self-renewal and generating another cell that will divide only once more. By contrast, a small set of NBs in the larval brain, type II NBs, divides differently, undergoing self-renewal and generating an intermediate neural progenitor (INP) that continues to divide asymmetrically several more times, generating larger lineages. In this study, we have analysed the origin of type II NBs and how they are specified. Our results indicate that these cells originate in three distinct clusters in the dorsal protocerebrum during stage 12 of embryonic development. Moreover, it appears that their specification requires the combined action of EGFR signalling and the activity of the related genes buttonhead and Drosophila Sp1 In addition, we also show that the INPs generated in the embryo enter quiescence at the end of embryogenesis, resuming proliferation during the larval stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Andrés Álvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular-Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), c/ Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando J Díaz-Benjumea
- Centro de Biología Molecular-Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), c/ Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Shen Y, Wang L, Hirose S, Zhou Z, Liu Q. The transcriptional factor Apt regulates neuroblast differentiation through activating CycE expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:889-894. [PMID: 29625112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila, the thoracic neuroblast 6-4 (NB6-4T) divides asymmetrically into a glial precursor and a neuronal precursor, while the abdominal neuroblast 6-4 (NB6-4A) divides symmetrically to produce two glial cells. The underlying mechanism by which NB6-4T and NB6-4A undergo distinct differentiation is still elusive. Here, we find that the transcription factor Apontic (Apt) exclusively expresses in NB6-4T cells and is involved in regulating NB6-4T differentiation. Loss of Apt results in neuronal precursor loss. Epistasis analysis shows that Apt controls NB6-4T differentiation through activating CycE expression. On the other hand, Gcm suppresses Apt expression in the NB6-4A cell, thus inhibiting CycE expression. Taken together, our findings reveal a Gcm-Apt-CycE axis that regulates neuroblast and glia cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Luwei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Susumu Hirose
- Department of Developmental Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Zizhang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Qingxin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
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15
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Qin W, Chen S, Yang S, Xu Q, Xu C, Cai J. The Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Aging Dis 2017; 8:792-811. [PMID: 29344417 PMCID: PMC5758352 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are special types of cells with the potential for self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation. NSCs are regulated by multiple pathways and pathway related transcription factors during the process of proliferation and differentiation. Numerous studies have shown that the compound medicinal preparations, single herbs, and herb extracts in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have specific roles in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. In this study, we investigate the markers of NSCs in various stages of differentiation, the related pathways regulating the proliferation and differentiation, and the corresponding transcription factors in the pathways. We also review the influence of TCM on NSC proliferation and differentiation, to facilitate the development of TCM in neural regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- 1Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Shiya Chen
- 1Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Shasha Yang
- 1Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Qian Xu
- 2College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Chuanshan Xu
- 3School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Cai
- 2College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
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16
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Janssens DH, Hamm DC, Anhezini L, Xiao Q, Siller KH, Siegrist SE, Harrison MM, Lee CY. An Hdac1/Rpd3-Poised Circuit Balances Continual Self-Renewal and Rapid Restriction of Developmental Potential during Asymmetric Stem Cell Division. Dev Cell 2017; 40:367-380.e7. [PMID: 28245922 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
How the developmental potential of differentiating stem cell progeny becomes rapidly and stably restricted following asymmetric stem cell division is unclear. In the fly larval brain, earmuff (erm) uniquely functions to restrict the developmental potential of intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) generated by asymmetrically dividing neural stem cells (neuroblasts). Here we demonstrate that the histone deacetylase Hdac1/Rpd3 functions together with self-renewal transcriptional repressors to maintain the erm immature INP enhancer in an inactive but poised state in neuroblasts. Within 2 hr of immature INP birth, downregulation of repressor activities alleviates Rpd3-mediated repression on the erm enhancer, enabling acetylation of multiple histone proteins and activating Erm expression. Erm restricts the developmental potential in immature INPs by repressing genes encoding neuroblast transcriptional activators. We propose that poising the fast-activating enhancers of master regulators of differentiation through continual histone deacetylation in stem cells enables self-renewal and rapid restriction of developmental potential following asymmetric division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek H Janssens
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Danielle C Hamm
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lucas Anhezini
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karsten H Siller
- Advanced Research Computing Services, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Sarah E Siegrist
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Melissa M Harrison
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Lee
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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17
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Abramczuk MK, Burkard TR, Rolland V, Steinmann V, Duchek P, Jiang Y, Wissel S, Reichert H, Knoblich JA. The splicing co-factor Barricade/Tat-SF1, is required for cell cycle and lineage progression in Drosophila neural stem cells. Development 2017; 144:3932-3945. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.152199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells need to balance self-renewal and differentiation for correct tissue development and homeostasis. Defects in this balance can lead to developmental defects or tumor formation. In recent years, mRNA splicing has emerged as one important mechanism regulating cell fate decisions. Here we address the role of the evolutionary conserved splicing co-factor Barricade (Barc)/Tat-SF1/CUS2 in Drosophila neural stem cell (neuroblast) lineage formation. We show that Barc is required for the generation of neurons during Drosophila brain development by ensuring correct neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Barc associates with components of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleic proteins (snRNP), and its depletion causes alternative splicing in form of intron retention in a subset of genes. Using bioinformatics analysis and a cell culture based splicing assay, we found that Barc-dependent introns share three major traits: they are short, GC rich and have weak 3' splice sites. Our results show that Barc, together with the U2snRNP, plays an important role in regulating neural stem cell lineage progression during brain development and facilitates correct splicing of a subset of introns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika K. Abramczuk
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R. Burkard
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vivien Rolland
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
- Current address: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Victoria Steinmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Duchek
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yanrui Jiang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Current address: D-BSSE ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Wissel
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Reichert
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juergen A. Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Xie Y, Li X, Deng X, Hou Y, O'Hara K, Urso A, Peng Y, Chen L, Zhu S. The Ets protein Pointed prevents both premature differentiation and dedifferentiation of Drosophila intermediate neural progenitors. Development 2016; 143:3109-18. [PMID: 27510969 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) need to avoid both dedifferentiation and differentiation during neurogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In Drosophila, the Ets protein Pointed P1 (PntP1) is required to generate INPs from type II neuroblasts. Here, we investigated how PntP1 promotes INP generation. By generating pntP1-specific mutants and using RNAi knockdown, we show that the loss of PntP1 leads to both an increase in type II neuroblast number and the elimination of INPs. The elimination of INPs results from the premature differentiation of INPs due to ectopic Prospero expression in newly generated immature INPs (imINPs), whereas the increase in type II neuroblasts results from the dedifferentiation of imINPs due to loss of Earmuff at later stages of imINP development. Furthermore, reducing Buttonhead enhances the loss of INPs in pntP1 mutants, suggesting that PntP1 and Buttonhead act cooperatively to prevent premature INP differentiation. Our results demonstrate that PntP1 prevents both the premature differentiation and the dedifferentiation of INPs by regulating the expression of distinct target genes at different stages of imINP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Xie
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Xiaosu Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Yanjun Hou
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Krysten O'Hara
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | - Ying Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sijun Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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19
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Li X, Xie Y, Zhu S. Notch maintains Drosophila type II neuroblasts by suppressing expression of the Fez transcription factor Earmuff. Development 2016; 143:2511-21. [PMID: 27151950 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling is crucial for maintaining neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal and heterogeneity; however, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In Drosophila, loss of Notch prematurely terminates the self-renewal of larval type II neuroblasts (NBs, the Drosophila NSCs) and transforms type II NBs into type I NBs. Here, we demonstrate that Notch maintains type II NBs by suppressing the activation of earmuff (erm) by Pointed P1 (PntP1). We show that loss of Notch or components of its canonical pathway leads to PntP1-dependent ectopic Erm expression in type II NBs. Knockdown of Erm significantly rescues the loss-of-Notch phenotypes, and misexpression of Erm phenocopies the loss of Notch. Ectopically expressed Erm promotes the transformation of type II NBs into type I NBs by inhibiting PntP1 function and expression in type II NBs. Our work not only elucidates a key mechanism of Notch-mediated maintenance of type II NB self-renewal and identity, but also reveals a novel function of Erm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosu Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Yonggang Xie
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sijun Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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20
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Yang CP, Fu CC, Sugino K, Liu Z, Ren Q, Liu LY, Yao X, Lee LP, Lee T. Transcriptomes of lineage-specific Drosophila neuroblasts profiled by genetic targeting and robotic sorting. Development 2015; 143:411-21. [PMID: 26700685 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A brain consists of numerous distinct neurons arising from a limited number of progenitors, called neuroblasts in Drosophila. Each neuroblast produces a specific neuronal lineage. To unravel the transcriptional networks that underlie the development of distinct neuroblast lineages, we marked and isolated lineage-specific neuroblasts for RNA sequencing. We labeled particular neuroblasts throughout neurogenesis by activating a conditional neuroblast driver in specific lineages using various intersection strategies. The targeted neuroblasts were efficiently recovered using a custom-built device for robotic single-cell picking. Transcriptome analysis of mushroom body, antennal lobe and type II neuroblasts compared with non-selective neuroblasts, neurons and glia revealed a rich repertoire of transcription factors expressed among neuroblasts in diverse patterns. Besides transcription factors that are likely to be pan-neuroblast, many transcription factors exist that are selectively enriched or repressed in certain neuroblasts. The unique combinations of transcription factors present in different neuroblasts may govern the diverse lineage-specific neuron fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Po Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Chi-Cheng Fu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ken Sugino
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Qingzhong Ren
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ling-Yu Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Xiaohao Yao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Luke P Lee
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tzumin Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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21
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Zhang XM, Cai Y, Wang F, Wu J, Mo L, Zhang F, Patrylo PR, Pan A, Ma C, Fu J, Yan XX. Sp8 expression in putative neural progenitor cells in guinea pig and human cerebrum. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:939-55. [PMID: 26585436 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells have been characterized at neurogenic sites in adult mammalian brain with various molecular markers. Here it has been demonstrated that Sp8, a transcription factor typically expressed among mature GABAergic interneurons, also labels putative neural precursors in adult guinea pig and human cerebrum. In guinea pigs, Sp8 immunoreactive (Sp8+) cells were localized largely in the superficial layers of the cortex including layer I, as well as the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). Sp8+ cells at the SGZ showed little colocalization with mature and immature neuronal markers, but co-expressed neural stem cell markers including Sox2. Some layer I Sp8+ cells also co-expressed Sox2. The amount of Sp8+ cells in the dentate gyrus was maintained 2 weeks after X-ray irradiation, while that of doublecortin (DCX+) cells was greatly reduced. Mild ischemic insult caused a transient increase of Sp8+ cells in the SGZ and layer I, with the subgranular Sp8+ cells exhibited an increased colabeling for the mitotic marker Ki67 and pulse-chased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Sp8+ cells in the dentate gyrus showed an age-related decline in guinea pigs, in parallel with the loss of DCX+ cells in the same region. In adult humans, Sp8+ cells exhibited comparable morphological features as seen in guinea pigs, with those at the SGZ and some in cortical layer I co-expressed Sox2. Together, these results suggested that Sp8 may label putative neural progenitors in guinea pig and human cerebrum, with the labeled cells in the SGZ appeared largely not mitotically active under normal conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 939-955, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lin Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peter R Patrylo
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Carbondale, Illinois
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
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22
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Homem CCF, Repic M, Knoblich JA. Proliferation control in neural stem and progenitor cells. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:647-59. [PMID: 26420377 DOI: 10.1038/nrn4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuit function can be drastically affected by variations in the number of cells that are produced during development or by a reduction in adult cell number owing to disease. For this reason, unique cell cycle and cell growth control mechanisms operate in the developing and adult brain. In Drosophila melanogaster and in mammalian neural stem and progenitor cells, these mechanisms are intricately coordinated with the developmental age and the nutritional, metabolic and hormonal state of the animal. Defects in neural stem cell proliferation that result in the generation of incorrect cell numbers or defects in neural stem cell differentiation can cause microcephaly or megalencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C F Homem
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Rua Camara Pestana, 6, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marko Repic
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Abstract
In the developing fruit fly brain, a protein called Trithorax increases the number of neural cells produced from a single stem cell, in part by regulating the transcription of the target genes buttonhead and pointed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrui Jiang
- Yanrui Jiang is in the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Reichert
- Heinrich Reichert is in the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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