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Song G, Li B, Yang Z, Lin H, Cheng J, Huang Y, Xing C, Lv F, Bai H, Wang S. Regulation of Cell Membrane Potential through Supramolecular System for Activating Calcium Ion Channels. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39196894 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of the cell membrane potential plays a crucial role in governing the transmembrane transport of various ions and cellular life processes. However, in situ and on-demand modulation of cell membrane potential for ion channel regulation is challenging. Herein, we have constructed a supramolecular assembly system based on water-soluble cationic oligo(phenylenevinylene) (OPV) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). The controllable disassembly of OPV/4CB[7] combined with the subsequent click reaction provides a step-by-step adjustable surface positive potential. These processes can be employed in situ on the plasma membrane to modulate the membrane potential on-demand for precisely controlling the activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel and up-regulating exogenous calcium-responsive gene expression. Compared with typical optogenetics, electrogenetics, and mechanogenetics, our strategy provides a perspective supramolecular genetics toolbox for the regulation of membrane potential and downstream intracellular gene regulation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Boying Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongrui Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chengfen Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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2
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José Alejandro GA, Juan M, Luis CB, Fátima Pamela SM, Ivonne B, Diana Laura PT, Ashly M. Envenomation by the Indian ornamental tarantula (Poecilotheria regalis): A case report on treatment with Latrodectus mactans antivenom. Toxicon 2024; 247:107842. [PMID: 38960287 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Poecilotheria spiders are considered theraphosids of underestimated clinical importance, with bites from these species inducing symptoms such as severe pain and intense muscle cramps. However, there is no specific treatment for the envenomation caused by these species, which, while native to India and Sri Lanka, are widely distributed worldwide. The present study reports the case of a 31-year-old man bitten by a Poecilotheria regalis specimen. The patient's clinical presentation was similar to Latrodectus envenomation, and patient was treated with an L. mactans antivenom. Most of patient's symptoms improved (fasciculations, pain, erythema, and local swelling), except muscle cramps. A toxicological study conducted on mice did not show that L. mactans antivenom has a neutralizing effect on the toxicity of P. regalis. The present report discusses the envenoming process of Poecilotheria species and the possible neutralizing effect exerted by L. mactans antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- García-Arredondo José Alejandro
- Departamento de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, 76010, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Mosqueda Juan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Vacunas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico; Aracnario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Av. De Las Ciencias S/N, 76230, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Cuéllar-Balleza Luis
- Aracnario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Av. De Las Ciencias S/N, 76230, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Sánchez-Morales Fátima Pamela
- Hospital General Regional No. 2 El Marqués, Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social, Circuito Universidades KM 1 S/N, 76269, El Marqués, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Buitrón Ivonne
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, 76010, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Pescador-Tovar Diana Laura
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, 76010, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mohan Ashly
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, 76010, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
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3
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Koh DS, Stratiievska A, Jana S, Otto SC, Swanson TM, Nhim A, Carlson S, Raza M, Naves LA, Senning EN, Mehl RA, Gordon SE. Genetic code expansion, click chemistry, and light-activated PI3K reveal details of membrane protein trafficking downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases. eLife 2024; 12:RP91012. [PMID: 39162616 PMCID: PMC11335347 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ligands such as insulin, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and nerve growth factor (NGF) initiate signals at the cell membrane by binding to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Along with G-protein-coupled receptors, RTKs are the main platforms for transducing extracellular signals into intracellular signals. Studying RTK signaling has been a challenge, however, due to the multiple signaling pathways to which RTKs typically are coupled, including MAP/ERK, PLCγ, and Class 1A phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K). The multi-pronged RTK signaling has been a barrier to isolating the effects of any one downstream pathway. Here, we used optogenetic activation of PI3K to decouple its activation from other RTK signaling pathways. In this context, we used genetic code expansion to introduce a click chemistry noncanonical amino acid into the extracellular side of membrane proteins. Applying a cell-impermeant click chemistry fluorophore allowed us to visualize delivery of membrane proteins to the plasma membrane in real time. Using these approaches, we demonstrate that activation of PI3K, without activating other pathways downstream of RTK signaling, is sufficient to traffic the TRPV1 ion channels and insulin receptors to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Su Koh
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & BiophysicsSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Subhashis Jana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State UniversityCorvallisUnited States
| | - Shauna C Otto
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & BiophysicsSeattleUnited States
| | - Teresa M Swanson
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & BiophysicsSeattleUnited States
| | - Anthony Nhim
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & BiophysicsSeattleUnited States
| | - Sara Carlson
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & BiophysicsSeattleUnited States
| | - Marium Raza
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & BiophysicsSeattleUnited States
| | - Ligia Araujo Naves
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & BiophysicsSeattleUnited States
| | - Eric N Senning
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State UniversityCorvallisUnited States
| | - Sharona E Gordon
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & BiophysicsSeattleUnited States
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4
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Howe CL, Icka-Araki D, Viray AEG, Garza S, Frank JA. Optical Control of TRPV1 Channels In Vitro with Tethered Photopharmacology. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1466-1473. [PMID: 38904446 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel that is important for nociception and inflammatory pain and is activated by a variety of nociceptive stimuli─including lipids such as capsaicin (CAP) and endocannabinoids. TRPV1's role in physiological systems is often studied by activating it with externally perfused ligands; however, this approach is plagued by poor spatiotemporal resolution. Lipid agonists are insoluble in physiological buffers and can permeate membranes to accumulate nonselectively inside cells, where they can have off-target effects. To increase the spatiotemporal precision with which we can activate lipids on cells and tissues, we previously developed optically cleavable targeted (OCT) ligands, which use protein tags (SNAP-tags) to localize a photocaged ligand on a target cellular membrane. After enrichment, the active ligand is released on a flash of light to activate nearby receptors. In our previous work, we developed an OCT-ligand to control a cannabinoid-sensitive GPCR. Here, we expand the scope of OCT-ligand technology to target TRPV1 ion channels. We synthesize a probe, OCT-CAP, that tethers to membrane-bound SNAP-tags and releases a TRPV1 agonist when triggered by UV-A irradiation. Using Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology in HEK293T cells expressing TRPV1, we demonstrate that OCT-CAP uncaging activates TRPV1 with superior spatiotemporal precision when compared to standard diffusible ligands or photocages. This study is the first example of an OCT-ligand designed to manipulate an ion-channel target. We anticipate that these tools will find many applications in controlling lipid signaling pathways in various cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel L Howe
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - David Icka-Araki
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Alexander E G Viray
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Sarahi Garza
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - James A Frank
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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5
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Koh DS, Stratiievska A, Jana S, Otto SC, Swanson TM, Nhim A, Carlson S, Raza M, Naves LA, Senning EN, Mehl RA, Gordon SE. Genetic code expansion, click chemistry, and light-activated PI3K reveal details of membrane protein trafficking downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.29.555449. [PMID: 37693391 PMCID: PMC10491195 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Ligands such as insulin, epidermal growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, and nerve growth factor (NGF) initiate signals at the cell membrane by binding to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Along with G-protein coupled receptors, RTKs are the main platforms for transducing extracellular signals into intracellular signals. Studying RTK signaling has been a challenge, however, due to the multiple signaling pathways to which RTKs typically are coupled, including MAP/ERK, PLCγ, and Class 1A phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K). The multi-pronged RTK signaling has been a barrier to isolating the effects of any one downstream pathway. Here, we used optogenetic activation of PI3K to decouple its activation from other RTK signaling pathways. In this context, we used genetic code expansion to introduce a click chemistry noncanonical amino acid into the extracellular side of membrane proteins. Applying a cell-impermeant click chemistry fluorophore allowed us to visualize delivery of membrane proteins to the plasma membrane in real time. Using these approaches, we demonstrate that activation of PI3K, without activating other pathways downstream of RTK signaling, is sufficient to traffic the TRPV1 ion channels and insulin receptors to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Su Koh
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & Biophysics
| | | | - Subhashis Jana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University
| | - Shauna C. Otto
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & Biophysics
| | | | - Anthony Nhim
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & Biophysics
| | - Sara Carlson
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & Biophysics
| | - Marium Raza
- University of Washington, Department of Physiology & Biophysics
| | | | | | - Ryan A. Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University
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6
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Jiang H, Wang Y, Zhang G, Jia A, Wei Z, Wang Y. Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of the Widely Distributed CAP Superfamily in Spider Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:240. [PMID: 38922134 PMCID: PMC11209345 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Venom plays a crucial role in the defense and predation of venomous animals. Spiders (Araneae) are among the most successful predators and have a fascinating venom composition. Their venom mainly contains disulfide-rich peptides and large proteins. Here, we analyzed spider venom protein families, utilizing transcriptomic and genomic data, and highlighted their similarities and differences. We show that spiders have specific combinations of toxins for better predation and defense, typically comprising a core toxin expressed alongside several auxiliary toxins. Among them, the CAP superfamily is widely distributed and highly expressed in web-building Araneoidea spiders. Our analysis of evolutionary relationships revealed four subfamilies (subA-subD) of the CAP superfamily that differ in structure and potential functions. CAP proteins are composed of a conserved CAP domain and diverse C-terminal domains. CAP subC shares similar domains with the snake ion channel regulator svCRISP proteins, while CAP subD possesses a sequence similar to that of insect venom allergen 5 (Ag5). Furthermore, we show that gene duplication and selective expression lead to increased expression of CAP subD, making it a core member of the CAP superfamily. This study sheds light on the functional diversity of CAP subfamilies and their evolutionary history, which has important implications for fully understanding the composition of spider venom proteins and the core toxin components of web-building spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcen Jiang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.J.)
| | - Yiru Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.J.)
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.J.)
| | - Anqiang Jia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.J.)
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Wei
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.J.)
| | - Yi Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.J.)
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7
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Maximiano TKE, Carneiro JA, Fattori V, Verri WA. TRPV1: Receptor structure, activation, modulation and role in neuro-immune interactions and pain. Cell Calcium 2024; 119:102870. [PMID: 38531262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In the 1990s, the identification of a non-selective ion channel, especially responsive to capsaicin, revolutionized the studies of somatosensation and pain that were to follow. The TRPV1 channel is expressed mainly in neuronal cells, more specifically, in sensory neurons responsible for the perception of noxious stimuli. However, its presence has also been detected in other non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, β- pancreatic cells, muscle cells and adipocytes. Activation of the channel occurs in response to a wide range of stimuli, such as noxious heat, low pH, gasses, toxins, endocannabinoids, lipid-derived endovanilloid, and chemical agents, such as capsaicin and resiniferatoxin. This activation results in an influx of cations through the channel pore, especially calcium. Intracellular calcium triggers different responses in sensory neurons. Dephosphorylation of the TRPV1 channel leads to its desensitization, which disrupts its function, while its phosphorylation increases the channel's sensitization and contributes to the channel's rehabilitation after desensitization. Kinases, phosphoinositides, and calmodulin are the main signaling pathways responsible for the channel's regulation. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of TRPV1 discovery, its tissue expression as well as on the mechanisms by which TRPV1 activation (directly or indirectly) induces pain in different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaila Kawane Euflazio Maximiano
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jessica Aparecida Carneiro
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, 300 Longwood Ave, 02115, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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8
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Tonggu L, Wisedchaisri G, Gamal El-Din TM, Lenaeus MJ, Logan MM, Toma T, Du Bois J, Zheng N, Catterall WA. Dual receptor-sites reveal the structural basis for hyperactivation of sodium channels by poison-dart toxin batrachotoxin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2306. [PMID: 38485923 PMCID: PMC10940626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The poison dart toxin batrachotoxin is exceptional for its high potency and toxicity, and for its multifaceted modification of the function of voltage-gated sodium channels. By using cryogenic electron microscopy, we identify two homologous, but nonidentical receptor sites that simultaneously bind two molecules of toxin, one at the interface between Domains I and IV, and the other at the interface between Domains III and IV of the cardiac sodium channel. Together, these two bound toxin molecules stabilize α/π helical conformation in the S6 segments that gate the pore, and one of the bound BTX-B molecules interacts with the crucial Lys1421 residue that is essential for sodium conductance and selectivity via an apparent water-bridged hydrogen bond. Overall, our structure provides insight into batrachotoxin's potency, efficacy, and multifaceted functional effects on voltage-gated sodium channels via a dual receptor site mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lige Tonggu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Lenaeus
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Matthew M Logan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Vividion Therapeutics, Inc., 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Tatsuya Toma
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Justin Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - William A Catterall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Amaya-Rodriguez CA, Carvajal-Zamorano K, Bustos D, Alegría-Arcos M, Castillo K. A journey from molecule to physiology and in silico tools for drug discovery targeting the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1251061. [PMID: 38328578 PMCID: PMC10847257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1251061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The heat and capsaicin receptor TRPV1 channel is widely expressed in nerve terminals of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and trigeminal ganglia innervating the body and face, respectively, as well as in other tissues and organs including central nervous system. The TRPV1 channel is a versatile receptor that detects harmful heat, pain, and various internal and external ligands. Hence, it operates as a polymodal sensory channel. Many pathological conditions including neuroinflammation, cancer, psychiatric disorders, and pathological pain, are linked to the abnormal functioning of the TRPV1 in peripheral tissues. Intense biomedical research is underway to discover compounds that can modulate the channel and provide pain relief. The molecular mechanisms underlying temperature sensing remain largely unknown, although they are closely linked to pain transduction. Prolonged exposure to capsaicin generates analgesia, hence numerous capsaicin analogs have been developed to discover efficient analgesics for pain relief. The emergence of in silico tools offered significant techniques for molecular modeling and machine learning algorithms to indentify druggable sites in the channel and for repositioning of current drugs aimed at TRPV1. Here we recapitulate the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the TRPV1 channel, including structural models obtained through cryo-EM, pharmacological compounds tested on TRPV1, and the in silico tools for drug discovery and repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A. Amaya-Rodriguez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Departamento de Fisiología y Comportamiento Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Karina Carvajal-Zamorano
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Daniel Bustos
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Química Computacional, Departamento de Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Melissa Alegría-Arcos
- Núcleo de Investigación en Data Science, Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Castillo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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10
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Ramanujam V, Crawford T, Cristofori‐Armstrong B, Deuis JR, Jia X, Maxwell MJ, Jami S, Ma L, Vetter I, Mobli M. Structural Basis of the Bivalency of the TRPV1 Agonist DkTx. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314621. [PMID: 37953402 PMCID: PMC10952689 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Bivalency is a prevalent natural mechanism to enhance receptor avidity. Various two-domain disulfide-rich peptides exhibiting bivalent action have been identified from animal venoms. A unique characteristic of these peptides is that they induce a pharmacological response different from that provoked by any of the constituent domains. The enhanced potency and avidity of such peptides is therefore a consequence of their domain fusion by a peptide linker. The role of the linker itself, beyond conjugation, remains unclear. Here, we investigate how the linker affects the bivalency of the capsaicin receptor (TRPV1) agonist DkTx. We recombinantly produced isotope labelled DkTx using a protein splicing approach, to solve the high-resolution solution structure of DkTx, revealing residual linker order stabilised by linker-domain interactions leading to biased domain orientations. The significance of this was studied using a combination of mutagenesis, spin relaxation studies and electrophysiology measurements. Our results reveal that disrupting the pre-organisation of the domains of DkTx is accompanied by reductions in potency and onset of avidity. Our findings support a model of pre-configured two-domain binding, in favour of the previously suggested sequential binding model. This highlights the significance of ordered elements in linker design and the natural evolution of these in bivalent toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Ramanujam
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Theo Crawford
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Ben Cristofori‐Armstrong
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Jennifer R. Deuis
- Institute for Molecular BiosciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Xinying Jia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Michael J. Maxwell
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Sina Jami
- Institute for Molecular BiosciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Linlin Ma
- Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoverySchool of Environment and ScienceGriffith UniversityNathan4111QueenslandAustralia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular BiosciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
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11
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Singh Y, Sarkar D, Duari S, G S, Indra Guru PK, M V H, Singh D, Bhardwaj S, Kalia J. Dissecting the contributions of membrane affinity and bivalency of the spider venom protein DkTx to its sustained mode of TRPV1 activation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104903. [PMID: 37302551 PMCID: PMC10404664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The spider venom protein, double-knot toxin (DkTx), partitions into the cellular membrane and binds bivalently to the pain-sensing ion channel, TRPV1, triggering long-lasting channel activation. In contrast, its monovalent single knots membrane partition poorly and invoke rapidly reversible TRPV1 activation. To discern the contributions of the bivalency and membrane affinity of DkTx to its sustained mode of action, here, we developed diverse toxin variants including those containing truncated linkers between individual knots, precluding bivalent binding. Additionally, by appending the single-knot domains to the Kv2.1 channel-targeting toxin, SGTx, we created monovalent double-knot proteins that demonstrated higher membrane affinity and more sustained TRPV1 activation than the single-knots. We also produced hyper-membrane affinity-possessing tetra-knot proteins, (DkTx)2 and DkTx-(SGTx)2, that demonstrated longer-lasting TRPV1 activation than DkTx, establishing the central role of the membrane affinity of DkTx in endowing it with its sustained TRPV1 activation properties. These results suggest that high membrane affinity-possessing TRPV1 agonists can potentially serve as long-acting analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswi Singh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Debayan Sarkar
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Subhadeep Duari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shashaank G
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pawas Kumar Indra Guru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hrishikesh M V
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dheerendra Singh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sahil Bhardwaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Jeet Kalia
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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12
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Tran P, Tran HNT, McMahon KL, Deuis JR, Ragnarsson L, Norman A, Sharpe SJ, Payne RJ, Vetter I, Schroeder CI. Changes in Potency and Subtype Selectivity of Bivalent Na V Toxins are Knot-Specific. Bioconjug Chem 2023. [PMID: 37262436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide-rich peptide toxins have long been studied for their ability to inhibit voltage-gated sodium channel subtype NaV1.7, a validated target for the treatment of pain. In this study, we sought to combine the pore blocking activity of conotoxins with the gating modifier activity of spider toxins to design new bivalent inhibitors of NaV1.7 with improved potency and selectivity. To do this, we created an array of heterodimeric toxins designed to target human NaV1.7 by ligating a conotoxin to a spider toxin and assessed the potency and selectivity of the resulting bivalent toxins. A series of spider-derived gating modifier toxins (GpTx-1, ProTx-II, gHwTx-IV, JzTx-V, CcoTx-1, and Pn3a) and two pore-blocker μ-conotoxins, SxIIIC and KIIIA, were used for this study. We employed either enzymatic ligation with sortase A for C- to N-terminal ligation or click chemistry for N- to N-terminal ligation. The bivalent peptide resulting from ligation of ProTx-II and SxIIIC (Pro[LPATG6]Sx) was shown to be the best combination as native ProTx-II potency at hNaV1.7 was conserved following ligation. At hNaV1.4, a synergistic effect between the pore blocker and gating modifier toxin moieties was observed, resulting in altered sodium channel subtype selectivity compared to the parent peptides. Further studies including mutant bivalent peptides and mutant hNaV1.7 channels suggested that gating modifier toxins have a greater contribution to the potency of the bivalent peptides than pore blockers. This study delineated potential benefits and drawbacks of designing pharmacological hybrid peptides targeting hNaV1.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poanna Tran
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hue N T Tran
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kirsten L McMahon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Deuis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lotten Ragnarsson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Norman
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Simon J Sharpe
- Molecular Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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13
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Liu J, Maxwell M, Cuddihy T, Crawford T, Bassetti M, Hyde C, Peigneur S, Tytgat J, Undheim EAB, Mobli M. ScrepYard: An online resource for disulfide-stabilized tandem repeat peptides. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4566. [PMID: 36644825 PMCID: PMC9885460 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Receptor avidity through multivalency is a highly sought-after property of ligands. While readily available in nature in the form of bivalent antibodies, this property remains challenging to engineer in synthetic molecules. The discovery of several bivalent venom peptides containing two homologous and independently folded domains (in a tandem repeat arrangement) has provided a unique opportunity to better understand the underpinning design of multivalency in multimeric biomolecules, as well as how naturally occurring multivalent ligands can be identified. In previous work, we classified these molecules as a larger class termed secreted cysteine-rich repeat-proteins (SCREPs). Here, we present an online resource; ScrepYard, designed to assist researchers in identification of SCREP sequences of interest and to aid in characterizing this emerging class of biomolecules. Analysis of sequences within the ScrepYard reveals that two-domain tandem repeats constitute the most abundant SCREP domain architecture, while the interdomain "linker" regions connecting the functional domains are found to be abundant in amino acids with short or polar sidechains and contain an unusually high abundance of proline residues. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of ScrepYard as a virtual screening tool for discovery of putatively multivalent peptides, by using it as a resource to identify a previously uncharacterized serine protease inhibitor and confirm its predicted activity using an enzyme assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Liu
- Centre for Advanced ImagingThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Michael Maxwell
- Centre for Advanced ImagingThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Thom Cuddihy
- Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation Ltd.The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia,Centre for Clinical ResearchThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Theo Crawford
- Centre for Advanced ImagingThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Madeline Bassetti
- Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation Ltd.The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Cameron Hyde
- Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation Ltd.The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia,University of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydoreQueenslandAustralia
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and PharmacologyUniversity of Leuven (KU Leuven)LeuvenBelgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and PharmacologyUniversity of Leuven (KU Leuven)LeuvenBelgium
| | - Eivind A. B. Undheim
- Centre for Advanced ImagingThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced ImagingThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
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14
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Sarkar D, Mishra S, Nisal R, Majhi S, Shrivas R, Singh Y, Anusree VS, Kalia J. Site-Specific Fluorescent Labeling of the Cysteine-Rich Toxin, DkTx, for TRPV1 Ion Channel Imaging and Membrane Binding Studies. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1761-1770. [PMID: 36073164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptide toxins secreted by venomous animals bind to mammalian ion channel proteins and modulate their function. The high specificity of these toxins for their target ion channels enables them to serve as powerful tools for ion channel biology. Toxins labeled with fluorescent dyes are employed for the cellular imaging of channels and also for studying toxin-channel and toxin-membrane interactions. Several of these toxins are cysteine-rich, rendering the production of properly folded fluorescently labeled toxins technically challenging. Herein, we evaluate a variety of site-specific protein bioconjugation approaches for producing fluorescently labeled double-knot toxin (DkTx), a potent TRPV1 ion channel agonist that contains an uncommonly large number of cysteines (12 out of a total of 75 amino acids present in the protein). We find that popular cysteine-mediated bioconjugation approaches are unsuccessful as the introduction of a non-native cysteine residue for thiol modification leads to the formation of misfolded toxin species. Moreover, N-terminal aldehyde-mediated bioconjugation approaches are also not suitable as the resultant labeled toxin lacks activity. In contrast to these approaches, C-terminal bioconjugation of DkTx via the sortase bioconjugation technology yields functionally active fluorescently labeled DkTx. We employ this labeled toxin for imaging rat TRPV1 heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, as well as for performing membrane binding studies on giant unilamellar vesicles composed of different lipid compositions. Our studies set the stage for using fluorescent DkTx as a tool for TRPV1 biology and provide an informative blueprint for labeling cysteine-rich proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Sarkar
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Satyajit Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Rahul Nisal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Sumita Majhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Rohit Shrivas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Yashaswi Singh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - V S Anusree
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Jeet Kalia
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
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15
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Rosenbaum T, Morales-Lázaro SL, Islas LD. TRP channels: a journey towards a molecular understanding of pain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:596-610. [PMID: 35831443 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The perception of nociceptive signals, which are translated into pain, plays a fundamental role in the survival of organisms. Because pain is linked to a negative sensation, animals learn to avoid noxious signals. These signals are detected by receptors, which include some members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels that act as transducers of exogenous and endogenous noxious cues. These proteins have been in the focus of the field of physiology for several years, and much knowledge of how they regulate the function of the cell types and organs where they are expressed has been acquired. The last decade has been especially exciting because the 'resolution revolution' has allowed us to learn the molecular intimacies of TRP channels using cryogenic electron microscopy. These findings, in combination with functional studies, have provided insights into the role played by these channels in the generation and maintenance of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rosenbaum
- Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sara L Morales-Lázaro
- Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - León D Islas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are sophisticated signaling machines that detect a wide variety of environmental and physiological signals. Every cell in the body expresses one or more members of the extended TRP channel family, which consists of over 30 subtypes, each likely possessing distinct pharmacological, biophysical, and/or structural attributes. While the function of some TRP subtypes remains enigmatic, those involved in sensory signaling are perhaps best characterized and have served as models for understanding how these excitatory ion channels serve as polymodal signal integrators. With the recent resolution revolution in cryo-electron microscopy, these and other TRP channel subtypes are now yielding their secrets to detailed atomic analysis, which is beginning to reveal structural underpinnings of stimulus detection and gating, ion permeation, and allosteric mechanisms governing signal integration. These insights are providing a framework for designing and evaluating modality-specific pharmacological agents for treating sensory and other TRP channel-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda M Diver
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Current affiliation: Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - John V Lin King
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Current affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - David Julius
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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17
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Molecular determinants of inhibition of the human proton channel hHv1 by the designer peptide C6 and a bivalent derivative. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120750119. [PMID: 35648818 PMCID: PMC9191634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120750119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed C6 peptide to address the absence of specific inhibitors of human voltage-gated proton channels (hHv1). Two C6 bind to the two hHv1 voltage sensors at the resting state, inhibiting activation on depolarization. Here, we identify the C6–hHv1 binding interface using tethered-toxin variants and channel mutants, unveil an important role for negatively charged lipids, and present a model of the C6–hHv1 complex. Inspired by nature, we create a peptide with two C6 epitopes (C62) that binds to both channel subunits simultaneously, yielding picomolar affinity and significantly improved inhibition at high potentials. C6 and C62 are peptides designed to regulate hHv1, a channel involved in innate immune-system inflammatory pathophysiology, sperm capacitation, cancer-cell proliferation, and tissue damage in ischemic stroke. The human voltage-gated proton channel (hHv1) is important for control of intracellular pH. We designed C6, a specific peptide inhibitor of hHv1, to evaluate the roles of the channel in sperm capacitation and in the inflammatory immune response of neutrophils [R. Zhao et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115, E11847–E11856 (2018)]. One C6 binds with nanomolar affinity to each of the two S3–S4 voltage-sensor loops in hHv1 in cooperative fashion so that C6-bound channels require greater depolarization to open and do so more slowly. As depolarization drives hHv1 sensors outwardly, C6 affinity decreases, and inhibition is partial. Here, we identified residues essential to C6–hHv1 binding by scanning mutagenesis, five in the hHv1 S3–S4 loops and seven on C6. A structural model of the C6–hHv1 complex was then generated by molecular dynamics simulations and validated by mutant-cycle analysis. Guided by this model, we created a bivalent C6 peptide (C62) that binds simultaneously to both hHv1 subunits and fully inhibits current with picomolar affinity. The results help delineate the structural basis for C6 state-dependent inhibition, support an anionic lipid-mediated binding mechanism, and offer molecular insight into the effectiveness of engineered C6 as a therapeutic agent or lead.
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18
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Kwon DH, Zhang F, Fedor JG, Suo Y, Lee SY. Vanilloid-dependent TRPV1 opening trajectory from cryoEM ensemble analysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2874. [PMID: 35610228 PMCID: PMC9130279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Single particle cryo-EM often yields multiple protein conformations within a single dataset, but experimentally deducing the temporal relationship of these conformers within a conformational trajectory is not trivial. Here, we use thermal titration methods and cryo-EM in an attempt to obtain temporal resolution of the conformational trajectory of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 with resiniferatoxin (RTx) bound. Based on our cryo-EM ensemble analysis, RTx binding to TRPV1 appears to induce intracellular gate opening first, followed by selectivity filter dilation, then pore loop rearrangement to reach the final open state. This apparent conformational wave likely arises from the concerted, stepwise, additive structural changes of TRPV1 over many subdomains. Greater understanding of the RTx-mediated long-range allostery of TRPV1 could help further the therapeutic potential of RTx, which is a promising drug candidate for pain relief associated with advanced cancer or knee arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hoon Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Justin G Fedor
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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19
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Hwang SM, Jo YY, Cohen CF, Kim YH, Berta T, Park CK. Venom Peptide Toxins Targeting the Outer Pore Region of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 in Pain: Implications for Analgesic Drug Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105772. [PMID: 35628583 PMCID: PMC9147560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel plays an important role in the peripheral nociceptive pathway. TRPV1 is a polymodal receptor that can be activated by multiple types of ligands and painful stimuli, such as noxious heat and protons, and contributes to various acute and chronic pain conditions. Therefore, TRPV1 is emerging as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of various pain conditions. Notably, various peptides isolated from venomous animals potently and selectively control the activation and inhibition of TRPV1 by binding to its outer pore region. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which venom-derived peptides interact with this portion of TRPV1 to control receptor functions and how these mechanisms can drive the development of new types of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Hwang
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.-M.H.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Youn-Yi Jo
- Gil Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Cinder Faith Cohen
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45242, USA;
| | - Yong-Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.-M.H.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Temugin Berta
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45242, USA;
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.-M.H.); (Y.-H.K.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (C.-K.P.)
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20
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Hudgins EC, Bonar AM, Nguyen T, Fancher IS. Targeting Lipid—Ion Channel Interactions in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:876634. [PMID: 35600482 PMCID: PMC9120415 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.876634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
General lipid-lowering strategies exhibit clinical benefit, however, adverse effects and low adherence of relevant pharmacotherapies warrants the investigation into distinct avenues for preventing dyslipidemia-induced cardiovascular disease. Ion channels play an important role in the maintenance of vascular tone, the impairment of which is a critical precursor to disease progression. Recent evidence suggests that the dysregulation of ion channel function in dyslipidemia is one of many contributors to the advancement of cardiovascular disease thus bringing to light a novel yet putative therapeutic avenue for preventing the progression of disease mechanisms. Increasing evidence suggests that lipid regulation of ion channels often occurs through direct binding of the lipid with the ion channel thereby creating a potential therapeutic target wherein preventing specific lipid-ion channel interactions, perhaps in combination with established lipid lowering therapies, may restore ion channel function and the proper control of vascular tone. Here we first detail specific examples of lipid-ion channel interactions that promote vascular dysfunction and highlight the benefits of preventing such interactions. We next discuss the putative therapeutic avenues, such as peptides, monoclonal antibodies, and aspects of nanomedicine that may be utilized to prevent pathological lipid-ion channel interactions. Finally, we discuss the experimental challenges with identifying lipid-ion channel interactions as well as the likely pitfalls with developing the aforementioned putative strategies.
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21
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Ha T, Kim MS, Kang B, Kim K, Hong SS, Kang T, Woo J, Han K, Oh U, Choi CW, Hong GS. Lotus Seed Green Embryo Extract and a Purified Glycosyloxyflavone Constituent, Narcissoside, Activate TRPV1 Channels in Dorsal Root Ganglion Sensory Neurons. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3969-3978. [PMID: 35343690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have documented the broad-spectrum bioactivities of a lotus seed (Plumula nelumbinis [PN]) green embryo extract. However, the specific bioactive components and associated molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to identify the ion channel-activating mechanisms of PN extracts. Using fluorometric imaging and patch-clamp recordings, PN extracts were screened for calcium channel activation in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The TRPV1 channels in DRG neurons were strongly activated by the PN extract (mean amplitude of 131 ± 45 pA at 200 μg/mL) and its purified glycosyloxyflavone narcissoside (401 ± 271 pA at 100 μM). Serial treatment with a 200 μg/mL PN extract in TRPV1-overexpressing HEK293T cells induced robust desensitization to 10 ± 10% of the initial current amplitude. Thus, we propose that the PN extract and narcissoside function as TRPV1 agonists. This new finding may advance our knowledge regarding the traditional and scientific functions of PN in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoong Ha
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokeum Kang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Su Hong
- Natural Product Research Team, Gyeonggi Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Gyeonggi-Do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Kang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Woo
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungreem Han
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Uhtaek Oh
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Whan Choi
- Natural Product Research Team, Gyeonggi Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Gyeonggi-Do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Sang Hong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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22
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Diochot S. Pain-related toxins in scorpion and spider venoms: a face to face with ion channels. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20210026. [PMID: 34925480 PMCID: PMC8667759 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a common symptom induced during envenomation by spiders and scorpions.
Toxins isolated from their venom have become essential tools for studying the
functioning and physiopathological role of ion channels, as they modulate their
activity. In particular, toxins that induce pain relief effects can serve as a
molecular basis for the development of future analgesics in humans. This review
provides a summary of the different scorpion and spider toxins that directly
interact with pain-related ion channels, with inhibitory or stimulatory effects.
Some of these toxins were shown to affect pain modalities in different animal
models providing information on the role played by these channels in the pain
process. The close interaction of certain gating-modifier toxins with membrane
phospholipids close to ion channels is examined along with molecular approaches
to improve selectivity, affinity or bioavailability in vivo for
therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Diochot
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7275 et Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), 06560 Valbonne, France. Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université Côte d'Azur Valbonne France
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23
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Tran HNT, Tran P, Deuis JR, McMahon KL, Yap K, Craik DJ, Vetter I, Schroeder CI. Evaluation of Efficient Non-reducing Enzymatic and Chemical Ligation Strategies for Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2407-2419. [PMID: 34751572 PMCID: PMC10167913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Double-knotted peptides identified in venoms and synthetic bivalent peptide constructs targeting ion channels are emerging tools for the study of ion channel pharmacology and physiology. These highly complex and disulfide-rich peptides contain two individual cystine knots, each comprising six cysteines and three disulfide bonds. Until now, native double-knotted peptides, such as Hi1a and DkTx, have only been isolated from venom or produced recombinantly, whereas engineered double-knotted peptides have successfully been produced through enzymatic ligation using sortase A to form a seamless amide bond at the ligation site between two knotted toxins, and by alkyne/azide click chemistry, joining two peptide knots via a triazole linkage. To further pursue these double-knotted peptides as pharmacological tools or probes for therapeutically relevant ion channels, we sought to identify a robust methodology resulting in a high yield product that lends itself to rapid production and facile mutational studies. In this study, we evaluated the ligation efficiency of enzymatic (sortase A5°, butelase 1, wild-type OaAEP 1, C247A-OaAEP 1, and peptiligase) and mild chemical approaches (α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine, KAHA) for forming a native amide bond linking the toxins while maintaining the native disulfide connectivity of each pre-folded peptide. We used two NaV1.7 inhibitors: PaurTx3, a spider-derived gating modifier peptide, and KIIIA, a small cone snail-derived pore blocker peptide, which have previously been shown to increase affinity and inhibitory potency on hNaV1.7 when ligated together. Correctly folded peptides were successfully ligated in varying yields, without disulfide bond shuffling or reduction, with sortase A5° being the most efficient, resulting in 60% ligation conversion within 15 min. In addition, electrophysiology studies demonstrated that for these two peptides, the amino acid composition of the linker did not affect the activity of the double-knotted peptides. This study demonstrates the powerful application of enzymes in efficiently ligating complex disulfide-rich peptides, paving the way for facile production of double-knotted peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue N T Tran
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Poanna Tran
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Deuis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kirsten L McMahon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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24
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Nie Y, Li Y, Liu L, Ren S, Tian Y, Yang F. Molecular mechanism underlying modulation of TRPV1 heat activation by polyols. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100806. [PMID: 34022223 PMCID: PMC8214097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing noxiously high temperatures is crucial for living organisms to avoid heat-induced injury. The TRPV1 channel has long been known as a sensor for noxious heat. However, the mechanism of how this channel is activated by heat remains elusive. Here we found that a series of polyols including sucrose, sorbitol, and hyaluronan significantly elevate the heat activation threshold temperature of TRPV1. The modulatory effects of these polyols were only observed when they were perfused extracellularly. Interestingly, mutation of residues E601 and E649 in the outer pore region of TRPV1 largely abolished the effects of these polyols. We further observed that intraplantar injection of polyols into the hind paws of rats reduced their heat-induced pain response. Our observations not only suggest that the extracellular regions of TRPV1 are critical for the modulation of heat activation by polyols, but also indicate a potential role of polyols in reducing heat-induced pain sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Nie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanxin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Shouyan Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biophysics, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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25
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Heat-dependent opening of TRPV1 in the presence of capsaicin. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:554-563. [PMID: 34239123 PMCID: PMC8335751 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid member 1 (TRPV1) is a Ca2+-permeable cation channel that serves as the primary heat and capsaicin sensor in humans. Using cryo-EM, we have determined the structures of apo and capsaicin-bound full-length rat TRPV1 reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs over a range of temperatures. This has allowed us to visualize the noxious heat-induced opening of TRPV1 in the presence of capsaicin. Notably, noxious heat-dependent TRPV1 opening comprises stepwise conformational transitions. Global conformational changes across multiple subdomains of TRPV1 are followed by the rearrangement of the outer pore, leading to gate opening. Solvent-accessible surface area analyses and functional studies suggest that a subset of residues form an interaction network that is directly involved in heat sensing. Our study provides a glimpse of the molecular principles underlying noxious physical and chemical stimuli sensing by TRPV1, which can be extended to other thermal sensing ion channels.
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26
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Cao E. Structural mechanisms of transient receptor potential ion channels. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:133640. [PMID: 31972006 PMCID: PMC7054860 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201811998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are evolutionarily ancient sensory proteins that detect and integrate a wide range of physical and chemical stimuli. TRP channels are fundamental for numerous biological processes and are therefore associated with a multitude of inherited and acquired human disorders. In contrast to many other major ion channel families, high-resolution structures of TRP channels were not available before 2013. Remarkably, however, the subsequent “resolution revolution” in cryo-EM has led to an explosion of TRP structures in the last few years. These structures have confirmed that TRP channels assemble as tetramers and resemble voltage-gated ion channels in their overall architecture. But beyond the relatively conserved transmembrane core embedded within the lipid bilayer, each TRP subtype appears to be endowed with a unique set of soluble domains that may confer diverse regulatory mechanisms. Importantly, TRP channel structures have revealed sites and mechanisms of action of numerous synthetic and natural compounds, as well as those for endogenous ligands such as lipids, Ca2+, and calmodulin. Here, I discuss these recent findings with a particular focus on the conserved transmembrane region and how these structures may help to rationally target this important class of ion channels for the treatment of numerous human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhu Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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27
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Gladkikh IN, Sintsova OV, Leychenko EV, Kozlov SA. TRPV1 Ion Channel: Structural Features, Activity Modulators, and Therapeutic Potential. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:S50-S70. [PMID: 33827400 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921140054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although TRPV1 ion channel has been attracting researchers' attention for many years, its functions in animal organisms, the principles of regulation, and the involvement in pathological processes have not yet been fully clarified. Mutagenesis experiments and structural studies have identified the structural features of the channel and binding sites for its numerous ligands; however, these studies are far from conclusion. This review summarizes recent achievements in the TRPV1 research with special focus on structural and functional studies of the channel and on its ligands, which are extremely diverse in their nature and interaction specificity to TRPV1. Particular attention was given to the effects of numerous endogenous agonists and antagonists that can fine-tune the channel sensitivity to its usual activators, such as capsaicin, heat, acids, or their combination. In addition to the pain sensing not covered in this review, the TRPV1 channel was found to be involved in the regulation of many important physiological and pathological processes and, therefore, can be considered as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of various diseases, such as pneumonia, ischemia, diabetes, epilepsy, schizophrenia, psoriasis, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Gladkikh
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Oksana V Sintsova
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Elena V Leychenko
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozlov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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28
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Suo Y, Lee SY. Sample preparation of the human TRPA1 ion channel for cryo-EM studies. Methods Enzymol 2021; 653:75-87. [PMID: 34099182 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel is a member of the TRP channel family that is involved in sensing noxious stimuli that elicit pain and inflammation. Because of its critical physiological role and therapeutic importance, great efforts have been made to understand the structure and mechanism of TRPA1. Several human TRPA1 structures have been reported using single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) over the last 6 years. Here, we present a protocol for the heterologous expression, large-scale purification, and nanodisc reconstitution of the human TRPA1 channel for cryo-EM and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
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29
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Zubcevic L. Temperature‐sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid channels: structural insights into ligand‐dependent activation. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:3542-3559. [DOI: 10.1111/bph.15310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lejla Zubcevic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The University of Kansas School of Medicine Kansas City KS USA
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30
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Deficiency of Inositol Monophosphatase Activity Decreases Phosphoinositide Lipids and Enhances TRPV1 Function In Vivo. J Neurosci 2020; 41:408-423. [PMID: 33239401 PMCID: PMC7821860 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0803-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane remodeling by inflammatory mediators influences the function of sensory ion channels. The capsaicin- and heat-activated transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel contributes to neurogenic inflammation and pain hypersensitivity, in part because of its potentiation downstream of phospholipase C-coupled receptors that regulate phosphoinositide lipid content. Here, we determined the effect of phosphoinositide lipids on TRPV1 function by combining genetic dissection, diet supplementation, and behavioral, biochemical, and functional analyses in Caenorhabditis elegans As capsaicin elicits heat and pain sensations in mammals, transgenic TRPV1 worms exhibit an aversive response to capsaicin. TRPV1 worms with low levels of phosphoinositide lipids display an enhanced response to capsaicin, whereas phosphoinositide lipid supplementation reduces TRPV1-mediated responses. A worm carrying a TRPV1 construct lacking the distal C-terminal domain features an enhanced response to capsaicin, independent of the phosphoinositide lipid content. Our results demonstrate that TRPV1 activity is enhanced when the phosphoinositide lipid content is reduced, and the C-terminal domain is key to determining agonist response in vivo.
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31
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Modulation of TRPV1 channel function by natural products in the treatment of pain. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 330:109178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Huffer KE, Aleksandrova AA, Jara-Oseguera A, Forrest LR, Swartz KJ. Global alignment and assessment of TRP channel transmembrane domain structures to explore functional mechanisms. eLife 2020; 9:e58660. [PMID: 32804077 PMCID: PMC7431192 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent proliferation of published TRP channel structures provides a foundation for understanding the diverse functional properties of this important family of ion channel proteins. To facilitate mechanistic investigations, we constructed a structure-based alignment of the transmembrane domains of 120 TRP channel structures. Comparison of structures determined in the absence or presence of activating stimuli reveals similar constrictions in the central ion permeation pathway near the intracellular end of the S6 helices, pointing to a conserved cytoplasmic gate and suggesting that most available structures represent non-conducting states. Comparison of the ion selectivity filters toward the extracellular end of the pore supports existing hypotheses for mechanisms of ion selectivity. Also conserved to varying extents are hot spots for interactions with hydrophobic ligands, lipids and ions, as well as discrete alterations in helix conformations. This analysis therefore provides a framework for investigating the structural basis of TRP channel gating mechanisms and pharmacology, and, despite the large number of structures included, reveals the need for additional structural data and for more functional studies to establish the mechanistic basis of TRP channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Huffer
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Antoniya A Aleksandrova
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Andrés Jara-Oseguera
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Lucy R Forrest
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kenton J Swartz
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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33
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Benítez-Angeles M, Morales-Lázaro SL, Juárez-González E, Rosenbaum T. TRPV1: Structure, Endogenous Agonists, and Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103421. [PMID: 32408609 PMCID: PMC7279265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is a polymodal protein with functions widely linked to the generation of pain. Several agonists of exogenous and endogenous nature have been described for this ion channel. Nonetheless, detailed mechanisms and description of binding sites have been resolved only for a few endogenous agonists. This review focuses on summarizing discoveries made in this particular field of study and highlighting the fact that studying the molecular details of activation of the channel by different agonists can shed light on biophysical traits that had not been previously demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tamara Rosenbaum
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-555-622-56-24; Fax: +52-555-622-56-07
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34
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Shah S, Carver CM, Mullen P, Milne S, Lukacs V, Shapiro MS, Gamper N. Local Ca 2+ signals couple activation of TRPV1 and ANO1 sensory ion channels. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/629/eaaw7963. [PMID: 32345727 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ANO1 (TMEM16A) is a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC) expressed in peripheral somatosensory neurons that are activated by painful (noxious) stimuli. These neurons also express the Ca2+-permeable channel and noxious heat sensor TRPV1, which can activate ANO1. Here, we revealed an intricate mechanism of TRPV1-ANO1 channel coupling in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Simultaneous optical monitoring of CaCC activity and Ca2+ dynamics revealed that the TRPV1 ligand capsaicin activated CaCCs. However, depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores reduced capsaicin-induced Ca2+ increases and CaCC activation, suggesting that ER Ca2+ release contributed to TRPV1-induced CaCC activation. ER store depletion by plasma membrane-localized TRPV1 channels was demonstrated with an ER-localized Ca2+ sensor in neurons exposed to a cell-impermeable TRPV1 ligand. Proximity ligation assays established that ANO1, TRPV1, and the IP3 receptor IP3R1 were often found in close proximity to each other. Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) confirmed the close association between all three channels in DRG neurons. Together, our data reveal the existence of ANO1-containing multichannel nanodomains in DRG neurons and suggest that coupling between TRPV1 and ANO1 requires ER Ca2+ release, which may be necessary to enhance ANO1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihab Shah
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Chase M Carver
- Department of Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Pierce Mullen
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen Milne
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Viktor Lukacs
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark S Shapiro
- Department of Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Nikita Gamper
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
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35
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Liu TY, Chu Y, Mei HR, Chang D, Chuang HH. Two Vanilloid Ligand Bindings Per Channel Are Required to Transduce Capsaicin-Activating Stimuli. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:302. [PMID: 31998070 PMCID: PMC6962233 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tetrameric capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in mammals has evolved the capability to integrate pain signal arising from harmful temperature and chemical irritants. The four repetitions of TRPV1 subunits result in an ion channel with excellent pain sensitivity, allowing this ionotropic receptor to differentiate graded injuries. We manipulated the stoichiometry and relative steric coordination of capsaicin-bound structures at the molecular level to determine the rules by which the receptor codes pain across a broad range of intensities. By introducing capsaicin-insensitive S512F mutant subunits into the TRPV1 channel, we found that binding of the first ligand results in low but clear channel activation. Maximal agonist-induced activation is already apparent in tetramers harboring two or three wild-type TRPV1 subunits, which display comparable activity to wild-type tetramer. The non-vanilloid agonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) differs from that of capsaicin in the TRPV1 channel opening mechanism activating all S512F-mutated TRPV1 channels. Two or more wild-type TRPV1 subunits are also required for full anandamide-induced channel activation, a cannabinoid that shares overlapping binding-pocket to capsaicin. Our results demonstrate that the stoichiometry of TRPV1 activation is conserved for two types of agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yi Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying Chu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ruei Mei
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dennis Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Hu Chuang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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36
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Yu R, Liu H, Wang B, Harvey PJ, Wei N, Chu Y. Synthesis and biological activity study of the retro-isomer of RhTx against TRPV1. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2141-2145. [PMID: 35494567 PMCID: PMC9048425 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08829f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPV1 is a ligand-gated ion channel and plays an important role in detecting noxious heat and pain with an unknown mechanism. RhTx from Chinese red-headed centipede activates the TRPV1 channel through the heat activation pathway by binding to the outer pore region, and causes extreme pain. Here, we synthesized RhTx and its retro-isomer RL-RhTx. Their structures were investigated by their circular dichroic spectra and NMR spectra. The effect of RhTx and RL-RhTx on the currents of wild-type and mutants of TRPV1 indicated that RL-RhTx have comparable TRPV1 activation responses to RhTx. A mutagenesis study showed that four TRPV1 residues, including Leu461, Asp602, Tyr632 and Thr634, significantly contributed to the activation effects of RL-RhTx and RhTx, and both peptides probably bind with TRPV1 in similar binding modes. As a novel TRPV1 activator, RL-RhTx provides an essential powerful tool for the investigation of activation mechanisms of TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Huijie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Baishi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Peta J Harvey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ningning Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Yanyan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266003 China
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37
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Jara-Oseguera A, Huffer KE, Swartz KJ. The ion selectivity filter is not an activation gate in TRPV1-3 channels. eLife 2019; 8:51212. [PMID: 31724952 PMCID: PMC6887487 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of TRPV1 channels in sensory neurons results in opening of a cation permeation pathway that triggers the sensation of pain. Opening of TRPV1 has been proposed to involve two gates that appear to prevent ion permeation in the absence of activators: the ion selectivity filter on the external side of the pore and the S6 helices that line the cytosolic half of the pore. Here we measured the access of thiol-reactive ions across the selectivity filters in rodent TRPV1-3 channels. Although our results are consistent with structural evidence that the selectivity filters in these channels are dynamic, they demonstrate that cations can permeate the ion selectivity filters even when channels are closed. Our results suggest that the selectivity filters in TRPV1-3 channels do not function as activation gates but might contribute to coupling structural rearrangements in the external pore to those in the cytosolic S6 gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Jara-Oseguera
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Katherine E Huffer
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Kenton J Swartz
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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38
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Pore-modulating toxins exploit inherent slow inactivation to block K + channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18700-18709. [PMID: 31444298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908903116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent potassium channels (Kvs) gate in response to changes in electrical membrane potential by coupling a voltage-sensing module with a K+-selective pore. Animal toxins targeting Kvs are classified as pore blockers, which physically plug the ion conduction pathway, or as gating modifiers, which disrupt voltage sensor movements. A third group of toxins blocks K+ conduction by an unknown mechanism via binding to the channel turrets. Here, we show that Conkunitzin-S1 (Cs1), a peptide toxin isolated from cone snail venom, binds at the turrets of Kv1.2 and targets a network of hydrogen bonds that govern water access to the peripheral cavities that surround the central pore. The resulting ectopic water flow triggers an asymmetric collapse of the pore by a process resembling that of inherent slow inactivation. Pore modulation by animal toxins exposes the peripheral cavity of K+ channels as a novel pharmacological target and provides a rational framework for drug design.
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Luo L, Wang Y, Li B, Xu L, Kamau PM, Zheng J, Yang F, Yang S, Lai R. Molecular basis for heat desensitization of TRPV1 ion channels. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2134. [PMID: 31086183 PMCID: PMC6513986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel is a prototypical molecular sensor for noxious heat in mammals. Its role in sustained heat response remains poorly understood, because rapid heat-induced desensitization (Dh) follows tightly heat-induced activation (Ah). To understand the physiological role and structural basis of Dh, we carried out a comparative study of TRPV1 channels in mouse (mV1) and those in platypus (pV1), which naturally lacks Dh. Here we show that a temperature-sensitive interaction between the N- and C-terminal domains of mV1 but not pV1 drives a conformational rearrangement in the pore leading to Dh. We further show that knock-in mice expressing pV1 sensed heat normally but suffered scald damages in a hot environment. Our findings suggest that Dh evolved late during evolution as a protective mechanism and a delicate balance between Ah and Dh is crucial for mammals to sense and respond to noxious heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Lizhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Biophysics and Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Peter Muiruri Kamau
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Biophysics and Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Shilong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
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Maatuf Y, Geron M, Priel A. The Role of Toxins in the Pursuit for Novel Analgesics. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020131. [PMID: 30813430 PMCID: PMC6409898 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major medical issue which reduces the quality of life of millions and inflicts a significant burden on health authorities worldwide. Currently, management of chronic pain includes first-line pharmacological therapies that are inadequately effective, as in just a portion of patients pain relief is obtained. Furthermore, most analgesics in use produce severe or intolerable adverse effects that impose dose restrictions and reduce compliance. As the majority of analgesic agents act on the central nervous system (CNS), it is possible that blocking pain at its source by targeting nociceptors would prove more efficient with minimal CNS-related side effects. The development of such analgesics requires the identification of appropriate molecular targets and thorough understanding of their structural and functional features. To this end, plant and animal toxins can be employed as they affect ion channels with high potency and selectivity. Moreover, elucidation of the toxin-bound ion channel structure could generate pharmacophores for rational drug design while favorable safety and analgesic profiles could highlight toxins as leads or even as valuable therapeutic compounds themselves. Here, we discuss the use of plant and animal toxins in the characterization of peripherally expressed ion channels which are implicated in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Maatuf
- The Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Matan Geron
- The Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Avi Priel
- The Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
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Zhang F, Swartz KJ, Jara-Oseguera A. Conserved allosteric pathways for activation of TRPV3 revealed through engineering vanilloid-sensitivity. eLife 2019; 8:42756. [PMID: 30644819 PMCID: PMC6333442 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV) channel is activated by an array of stimuli, including heat and vanilloid compounds. The TRPV1 homologues TRPV2 and TRPV3 are also activated by heat, but sensitivity to vanilloids and many other agonists is not conserved among TRPV subfamily members. It was recently discovered that four mutations in TRPV2 are sufficient to render the channel sensitive to the TRPV1-specific vanilloid agonist resiniferatoxin (RTx). Here, we show that mutation of six residues in TRPV3 corresponding to the vanilloid site in TRPV1 is sufficient to engineer RTx binding. However, robust activation of TRPV3 by RTx requires facilitation of channel opening by introducing mutations in the pore, temperatures > 30°C, or sensitization with another agonist. Our results demonstrate that the energetics of channel activation can determine the apparent sensitivity to a stimulus and suggest that allosteric pathways for activation are conserved in the TRPV family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Kenton Jon Swartz
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Andres Jara-Oseguera
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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Abstract
Many neurotoxins inflict pain by targeting receptors expressed on nociceptors, such as the polymodal cationic channel TRPV1. The tarantula double-knot toxin (DkTx) is a peptide with an atypical bivalent structure, providing it with the unique capability to lock TRPV1 in its open state and evoke an irreversible channel activation. Here, we describe a distinct gating mechanism of DkTx-evoked TRPV1 activation. Interestingly, DkTx evokes significantly smaller TRPV1 macroscopic currents than capsaicin, with a significantly lower unitary conductance. Accordingly, while capsaicin evokes aversive behaviors in TRPV1-transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans, DkTx fails to evoke such response at physiological concentrations. To determine the structural feature(s) responsible for this phenomenon, we engineered and evaluated a series of mutated toxins and TRPV1 channels. We found that elongating the DkTx linker, which connects its two knots, increases channel conductance compared with currents elicited by the native toxin. Importantly, deletion of the TRPV1 pore turret, a stretch of amino acids protruding out of the channel's outer pore region, is sufficient to produce both full conductance and aversive behaviors in response to DkTx. Interestingly, this deletion decreases the capsaicin-evoked channel activation. Taken together with structure modeling analysis, our results demonstrate that the TRPV1 pore turret restricts DkTx-mediated pore opening, probably through steric hindrance, limiting the current size and mitigating the evoked downstream physiological response. Overall, our findings reveal that DkTx and capsaicin elicit distinct TRPV1 gating mechanisms and subsequent pain responses. Our results also indicate that the TRPV1 pore turret regulates the mechanisms of channel gating and permeation.
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Maxwell M, Undheim EAB, Mobli M. Secreted Cysteine-Rich Repeat Proteins "SCREPs": A Novel Multi-Domain Architecture. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1333. [PMID: 30524283 PMCID: PMC6262176 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide toxins isolated from animal venom secretions have proven to be useful pharmacological tools for probing the structure and function of a number of molecular receptors. Their molecular structures are stabilized by posttranslational formation of multiple disulfide bonds formed between sidechain thiols of cysteine residues, resulting in high thermal and chemical stability. Many of these peptides have been found to be potent modulators of ion channels, making them particularly influential in this field. Recently, several peptide toxins have been described that have an unusual tandem repeat organization, while also eliciting a unique pharmacological response toward ion channels. Most of these are two-domain peptide toxins from spider venoms, such as the double-knot toxin (DkTx), isolated from the Earth Tiger tarantula (Haplopelma schmidti). The unusual pharmacology of DkTx is its high avidity for its receptor (TRPV1), a property that has been attributed to a bivalent mode-of-action. DkTx has subsequently proven a powerful tool for elucidating the structural basis for the function of the TRPV1 channel. Interestingly, all tandem repeat peptides functionally characterized to date share this high avidity to their respective binding targets, suggesting they comprise an unrecognized structural class of peptides with unique structural features that result in a characteristic set of pharmacological properties. In this article, we explore the prevalence of this emerging class of peptides, which we have named Secreted, Cysteine-rich REpeat Peptides, or “SCREPs.” To achieve this, we have employed data mining techniques to extract SCREP-like sequences from the UniProtKB database, yielding approximately sixty thousand candidates. These results indicate that SCREPs exist within a diverse range of species with greatly varying sizes and predicted fold types, and likely include peptides with novel structures and unique modes of action. We present our approach to mining this database for discovery of novel ion-channel modulators and discuss a number of “hits” as promising leads for further investigation. Our database of SCREPs thus constitutes a novel resource for biodiscovery and highlights the value of a data-driven approach to the identification of new bioactive pharmacological tools and therapeutic lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maxwell
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Eivind A B Undheim
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Ombati R, Luo L, Yang S, Lai R. Centipede envenomation: Clinical importance and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Toxicon 2018; 154:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sarkar D, Singh Y, Kalia J. Protein-Lipid Interfaces Can Drive the Functions of Membrane-Embedded Protein-Protein Complexes. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2689-2698. [PMID: 30080384 PMCID: PMC6326545 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The roles of surrounding membrane lipids in the functions of transmembrane and peripheral membrane proteins are largely unknown. Herein, we utilize the recently reported structures of the TRPV1 ion channel protein bound to its potent protein agonist, the double-knot toxin (DkTx), as a model system to investigate the roles of toxin-lipid interfaces in TRPV1 activation by characterizing a series of DkTx variants electrophysiologically. Together with membrane partitioning experiments, these studies reveal that toxin-lipid interfaces play an overwhelmingly dominant role in channel activation as compared to lipid-devoid toxin-channel interfaces. Additionally, we find that whereas the membrane interfaces formed by one of the knots of the toxin endow it with its low channel-dissociation rate, those formed by other knot contribute primarily to its potency. These studies establish that protein-lipid interfaces play nuanced yet profound roles in the function of protein-protein complexes within membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Sarkar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune−411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yashaswi Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune−411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jeet Kalia
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune−411008, Maharashtra, India
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Hollingsworth SA, Dror RO. Molecular Dynamics Simulation for All. Neuron 2018; 99:1129-1143. [PMID: 30236283 PMCID: PMC6209097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 969] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The impact of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in molecular biology and drug discovery has expanded dramatically in recent years. These simulations capture the behavior of proteins and other biomolecules in full atomic detail and at very fine temporal resolution. Major improvements in simulation speed, accuracy, and accessibility, together with the proliferation of experimental structural data, have increased the appeal of biomolecular simulation to experimentalists-a trend particularly noticeable in, although certainly not limited to, neuroscience. Simulations have proven valuable in deciphering functional mechanisms of proteins and other biomolecules, in uncovering the structural basis for disease, and in the design and optimization of small molecules, peptides, and proteins. Here we describe, in practical terms, the types of information MD simulations can provide and the ways in which they typically motivate further experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Hollingsworth
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Agwa AJ, Blomster LV, Craik DJ, King GF, Schroeder CI. Efficient Enzymatic Ligation of Inhibitor Cystine Knot Spider Venom Peptides: Using Sortase A To Form Double-Knottins That Probe Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.7. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3309-3319. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akello J. Agwa
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Linda V. Blomster
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Glenn F. King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christina I. Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Sierra-Valdez FJ, Stein RA, Velissety P, Vasquez V, Cordero-Morales JF. Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30035769 DOI: 10.3791/57796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymodal ion channels transduce multiple stimuli of different natures into allosteric changes; these dynamic conformations are challenging to determine and remain largely unknown. With recent advances in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) shedding light on the structural features of agonist binding sites and the activation mechanism of several ion channels, the stage is set for an in-depth dynamic analysis of their gating mechanisms using spectroscopic approaches. Spectroscopic techniques such as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and double electron-electron resonance (DEER) have been mainly restricted to the study of prokaryotic ion channels that can be purified in large quantities. The requirement for large amounts of functional and stable membrane proteins has hampered the study of mammalian ion channels using these approaches. EPR and DEER offer many advantages, including determination of the structure and dynamic changes of mobile protein regions, albeit at low resolution, that might be difficult to obtain by X-ray crystallography or cryo-EM, and monitoring reversible gating transition (i.e., closed, open, sensitized, and desensitized). Here, we provide protocols for obtaining milligrams of functional detergent-solubilized transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) that can be labeled for EPR and DEER spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Phanindra Velissety
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center; CuriRX, Inc
| | - Valeria Vasquez
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center
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Oxytocin Modulates Nociception as an Agonist of Pain-Sensing TRPV1. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1681-1691. [PMID: 29117570 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is a hormone with various actions. Oxytocin-containing parvocellular neurons project to the brainstem and spinal cord. Oxytocin release from these neurons suppresses nociception of inflammatory pain, the molecular mechanism of which remains unclear. Here, we report that the noxious stimulus receptor TRPV1 is an ionotropic oxytocin receptor. Oxytocin elicits TRPV1 activity in native and heterologous expression systems, regardless of the presence of the classical oxytocin receptor. In TRPV1 knockout mice, DRG neurons exhibit reduced oxytocin sensitivity relative to controls, and oxytocin injections significantly attenuate capsaicin-induced nociception in in vivo experiments. Furthermore, oxytocin potentiates TRPV1 in planar lipid bilayers, supporting a direct agonistic action. Molecular modeling and simulation experiments provide insight into oxytocin-TRPV1 interactions, which resemble DkTx. Together, our findings suggest the existence of endogenous regulatory pathways that modulate nociception via direct action of oxytocin on TRPV1, implying its analgesic effect via channel desensitization.
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