1
|
Mason EC, Menon S, Schneider BR, Gaskill CF, Dawson MM, Moore CM, Armstrong LC, Cho O, Richmond BW, Kropski JA, West JD, Geraghty P, Gomperts BN, Ess KC, Gally F, Majka SM. Activation of mTOR signaling in adult lung microvascular progenitor cells accelerates lung aging. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171430. [PMID: 37874650 PMCID: PMC10721153 DOI: 10.1172/jci171430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation and dysregulation of the mTOR signaling pathway are a hallmark of aging and chronic lung disease; however, the impact on microvascular progenitor cells (MVPCs), capillary angiostasis, and tissue homeostasis is unknown. While the existence of an adult lung vascular progenitor has long been hypothesized, these studies show that Abcg2 enriches for a population of angiogenic tissue-resident MVPCs present in both adult mouse and human lungs using functional, lineage, and transcriptomic analyses. These studies link human and mouse MVPC-specific mTORC1 activation to decreased stemness, angiogenic potential, and disruption of p53 and Wnt pathways, with consequent loss of alveolar-capillary structure and function. Following mTOR activation, these MVPCs adapt a unique transcriptome signature and emerge as a venous subpopulation in the angiodiverse microvascular endothelial subclusters. Thus, our findings support a significant role for mTOR in the maintenance of MVPC function and microvascular niche homeostasis as well as a cell-based mechanism driving loss of tissue structure underlying lung aging and the development of emphysema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Mason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Swapna Menon
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute Kochi and AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Kerala, India
| | - Benjamin R. Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Christa F. Gaskill
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maggie M. Dawson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Camille M. Moore
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura Craig Armstrong
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Okyong Cho
- Genomics and Microarray Core, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bradley W. Richmond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James D. West
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Brigitte N. Gomperts
- Translational Research, UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center; Pediatrics Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin C. Ess
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fabienne Gally
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan M. Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pietrobon A, Stanford WL. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Kidney Lesion Pathogenesis: A Developmental Perspective. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1135-1149. [PMID: 37060140 PMCID: PMC10356159 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic diversity of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) kidney pathology is enigmatic. Despite a well-established monogenic etiology, an incomplete understanding of lesion pathogenesis persists. In this review, we explore the question: How do TSC kidney lesions arise? We appraise literature findings in the context of mutational timing and cell-of-origin. Through a developmental lens, we integrate the critical results from clinical studies, human specimens, and genetic animal models. We also review novel insights gleaned from emerging organoid and single-cell sequencing technologies. We present a new model of pathogenesis which posits a phenotypic continuum, whereby lesions arise by mutagenesis during development from variably timed second-hit events. This model can serve as a conceptual framework for testing hypotheses of TSC lesion pathogenesis, both in the kidney and in other affected tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pietrobon
- The Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- The Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Evans JF, Obraztsova K, Lin SM, Krymskaya VP. CrossTORC and WNTegration in Disease: Focus on Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052233. [PMID: 33668092 PMCID: PMC7956553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and wingless-related integration site (Wnt) signal transduction networks are evolutionarily conserved mammalian growth and cellular development networks. Most cells express many of the proteins in both pathways, and this review will briefly describe only the key proteins and their intra- and extracellular crosstalk. These complex interactions will be discussed in relation to cancer development, drug resistance, and stem cell exhaustion. This review will also highlight the tumor-suppressive tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) mutated, mTOR-hyperactive lung disease of women, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). We will summarize recent advances in the targeting of these pathways by monotherapy or combination therapy, as well as future potential treatments.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mac-2-binding protein glycan isomer enhances the aggressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating mTOR signaling. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1145-1153. [PMID: 32624579 PMCID: PMC7525442 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)+ Mac-2-binding protein (M2BPGi) is a novel serum marker for liver fibrosis. Although an elevated serum level of M2BPGi can predict development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the effect of M2BPGi on HCC remains unclear. There are no reports about the association of M2BPGi with HCC aggressiveness. We aimed to clarify the significance of M2BPGi in HCC. Methods The protein expression of M2BPGi and galectin-3, a ligand of M2BP, and the mRNA expression of M2BP were evaluated in surgically resected human HCC samples. M2BPGi-regulating signals in HCC cells were investigated using transcriptome analysis. The effects of M2BPGi on HCC properties and galectin-3/mTOR signaling were evaluated. Results M2BPGi and galectin-3 proteins co-localised in HCC cells, while M2BP mRNA was detected in cirrhotic liver stromal cells. mTOR signaling was upregulated in M2BPGi-treated HCC cells. Moreover, M2BPGi treatment induced tumour-promoting effects on HCC in vitro by activated mTOR signaling. In addition, M2BPGi bound to galectin-3 to induce membranous galectin-3 expression in HCC cells. In vivo, M2BPGi enhanced the growth of xenografted HCC. Conclusions M2BPGi is produced in stromal cells of the cirrhotic liver. Furthermore, M2BPGi enhances the progression of HCC through the galectin-3/mTOR pathway.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gewin LS, Summers ME, Harral JW, Gaskill CF, Khodo SN, Neelisetty S, Sullivan TM, Hopp K, Reese JJ, Klemm DJ, Kon V, Ess KC, Shi W, Majka SM. Inactivation of Tsc2 in Abcg2 lineage-derived cells drives the appearance of polycystic lesions and fibrosis in the adult kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1201-F1210. [PMID: 31461347 PMCID: PMC6879939 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00629.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), or tuberin, is a pivotal regulator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway that controls cell survival, proliferation, growth, and migration. Loss of Tsc2 function manifests in organ-specific consequences, the mechanisms of which remain incompletely understood. Recent single cell analysis of the kidney has identified ATP-binding cassette G2 (Abcg2) expression in renal proximal tubules of adult mice as well as a in a novel cell population. The impact in adult kidney of Tsc2 knockdown in the Abcg2-expressing lineage has not been evaluated. We engineered an inducible system in which expression of truncated Tsc2, lacking exons 36-37 with an intact 3' region and polycystin 1, is driven by Abcg2. Here, we demonstrate that selective expression of Tsc2fl36-37 in the Abcg2pos lineage drives recombination in proximal tubule epithelial and rare perivascular mesenchymal cells, which results in progressive proximal tubule injury, impaired kidney function, formation of cystic lesions, and fibrosis in adult mice. These data illustrate the critical importance of Tsc2 function in the Abcg2-expressing proximal tubule epithelium and mesenchyme during the development of cystic lesions and remodeling of kidney parenchyma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Gewin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension or Allergy, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Megan E Summers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Julie W Harral
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Christa F Gaskill
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension or Allergy, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stellor Nlandu Khodo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension or Allergy, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Surekha Neelisetty
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension or Allergy, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Timothy M Sullivan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Katharina Hopp
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - J Jeffrey Reese
- Division of Nephrology or Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dwight J Klemm
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Valentina Kon
- Division of Nephrology or Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin C Ess
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Shi
- Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program at the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Susan M Majka
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Associated with Hemihypertrophy and Combined Vascular Malformations. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
7
|
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Associated with Hemihypertrophy and Combined Vascular Malformations. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018; 110:164-167. [PMID: 30244874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
8
|
Steagall WK, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Darling TN, Torre O, Harari S, Moss J. The Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Lung Cell and Its Human Cell Models. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:678-683. [PMID: 29406787 PMCID: PMC6002654 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0403tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a multisystem disease of women, affecting lungs, kidneys, and lymphatics. It is caused by the proliferation of abnormal smooth muscle-like LAM cells, with mutations and loss of heterozygosity in the TSC1 or, more frequently, TSC2 genes. Isolated pulmonary LAM cells have been difficult to maintain in culture, and most studies of LAM lung cells involve mixtures of TSC2 wild-type and TSC2-null cells. A clonal population of LAM lung cells has not been established, making analysis of the cells challenging. Cell lines have been established from angiomyolipomas, a common manifestation of LAM, and from tumors from patients with TSC. Circulating LAM cells have also been isolated from blood and other body fluids. LAM cells may also be identified in clusters apparently derived from lymphatic vessels. Genetics, patterns of antigen expression, and signaling pathways have been studied in LAM lung tissue and in LAM cell models, although rarely all in the same study. We show here that LAM cells manifest differences in these characteristics, depending on the source investigated, suggesting further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K. Steagall
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas N. Darling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Olga Torre
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Harari
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Elola MT, Ferragut F, Méndez-Huergo SP, Croci DO, Bracalente C, Rabinovich GA. Galectins: Multitask signaling molecules linking fibroblast, endothelial and immune cell programs in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:34-45. [PMID: 29602445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells corrupt surrounding normal cells instructing them to support proliferative, pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive networks that favor tumorigenesis and metastasis. This dynamic cross-talk is sustained by a range of intracellular signals and extracellular mediators produced by both tumoral and non-tumoral cells. Galectins -whether secreted or intracellularly expressed- play central roles in the tumorigenic process by delivering regulatory signals that contribute to reprogram fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cell programs. Through glycosylation-dependent or independent mechanisms, these endogenous lectins control a variety of cellular events leading to tumor cell proliferation, survival, migration, inflammation, angiogenesis and immune escape. Here we discuss the role of galectin-driven pathways, particularly those activated in non-tumoral stromal cells, in modulating tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María T Elola
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro Paladini (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1113 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Fátima Ferragut
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro Paladini (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1113 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago P Méndez-Huergo
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego O Croci
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunopatología. Instituto de Histología y Embriología "Dr. Marío H. Burgos" (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Facultad de Exactas y Naturales, C5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Candelaria Bracalente
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro Paladini (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1113 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oyerinde O, Buccine D, Treichel A, Hong C, Lee CCR, Moss J, Darling TN. Fibrous cephalic plaques in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 78:717-724. [PMID: 29258863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrous cephalic plaques (FCPs) stereotypically develop on the forehead of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). They constitute a major feature for TSC diagnosis and may present before other TSC-related cutaneous hamartomas. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical characteristics of FCPs in TSC. METHODS A total of 113 patients with TSC were enrolled in an observational cohort study. Retrospective analysis of medical records and skin photography was performed. FCPs were categorized by anatomic location and size. RESULTS FCPs were observed in 36% of patients (41 of 113). Of 62 total lesions, 58% were 1 to less than 5 cm, 13% were 5 cm or larger, and 29% were of unknown size mostly because of prior excision. The distribution of lesions was 39% on the forehead, 27% on the face (nonforehead), 3% on the neck, and 31% on the scalp. Fourteen patients had similar lesions less than 1 cm in diameter. Histopathologically, FCPs displayed dermal collagenosis, decreased elastic fibers, and features of angiofibromas or fibrofolliculomas. LIMITATIONS Men were under-represented because the cohort was enriched for patients with TSC with lymphangioleiomyomatosis, which occurs in adult women. CONCLUSION Two-fifths of FCPs presented on the forehead, with most of the remainder in other locations on the face and scalp. Better recognition of these lesions may lead to earlier diagnosis of TSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oyetewa Oyerinde
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Danielle Buccine
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alison Treichel
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claire Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chyi-Chia Richard Lee
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas N Darling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|