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Gachon F. Steve Brown's legacy: Tools to study the individual human molecular circadian clock and its regulation. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3823-3827. [PMID: 38546102 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the genetic origin of the circadian clock in Drosophila melanogaster by Konopka and Benzer in 1971, most of the research about the regulation of the molecular circadian clock relies on laboratory models. Additional models such as Cyanobacteria, Neurospora crassa, Arabidopsis and rodents helped chronobiologists to describe the species-specific molecular clocks and their regulation. However, the lack of tools and the difficulty to access biological samples somehow excluded human from this research landscape outside behavioural research. Among many other impressive achievements, Steve Brown provided to the community of chronobiologists new tools and strategies to study the individual human circadian clock and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gachon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Katsioudi G, Biancolin AD, Jiménez-Sanchez C, Dibner C. Human primary cells can tell body time: Dedicated to Steven A. Brown. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3946-3960. [PMID: 38951126 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The field of chronobiology has advanced significantly since ancient observations of natural rhythms. The intricate molecular architecture of circadian clocks, their hierarchical organization within the mammalian body, and their pivotal roles in organ physiology highlight the complexity and significance of these internal timekeeping mechanisms. In humans, circadian phenotypes exhibit considerable variability among individuals and throughout the individual's lifespan. A fundamental challenge in mechanistic studies of human chronobiology arises from the difficulty of conducting serial sampling from most organs. The concept of studying circadian clocks in vitro relies on the groundbreaking discovery by Ueli Schibler and colleagues that nearly every cell in the body harbours autonomous molecular oscillators. The advent of circadian bioluminescent reporters has provided a new perspective for this approach, enabling high-resolution continuous measurements of cell-autonomous clocks in cultured cells, following in vitro synchronization pulse. The work by Steven A. Brown has provided compelling evidence that clock characteristics assessed in primary mouse and human skin fibroblasts cultured in vitro represent a reliable estimation of internal clock properties in vivo. The in vitro approach for studying molecular human clocks in cultured explants and primary cells, pioneered by Steve Brown, represents an invaluable tool for assessing inter-individual differences in circadian characteristics alongside comprehensive genetic, biochemical and functional analyses. In a broader context, this reliable and minimally invasive approach offers a unique perspective for unravelling the functional inputs and outputs of oscillators operative in nearly any human tissue in physiological contexts and across various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Katsioudi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D Biancolin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Jiménez-Sanchez
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charna Dibner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Chiu JC. Editorial: Rising stars in chronobiology 2022. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1412956. [PMID: 38725565 PMCID: PMC11079284 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1412956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C. Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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Schibler U, Dibner C, Ripperger J. Steve Brown. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:119-124. [PMID: 36762620 PMCID: PMC10037542 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231152275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Schibler
- Ueli Schibler, Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest
Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland; e-mail:
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Kompotis K, Landolt HP. In memoriam: Professor Steven A. Brown, PhD (1970-2022). J Sleep Res 2023:e13836. [PMID: 36756725 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kompotis
- Section of Chronobiology and Sleep Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Section of Chronobiology and Sleep Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Lane JM, Qian J, Mignot E, Redline S, Scheer FAJL, Saxena R. Genetics of circadian rhythms and sleep in human health and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:4-20. [PMID: 36028773 PMCID: PMC10947799 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms and sleep are fundamental biological processes integral to human health. Their disruption is associated with detrimental physiological consequences, including cognitive, metabolic, cardiovascular and immunological dysfunctions. Yet many of the molecular underpinnings of sleep regulation in health and disease have remained elusive. Given the moderate heritability of circadian and sleep traits, genetics offers an opportunity that complements insights from model organism studies to advance our fundamental molecular understanding of human circadian and sleep physiology and linked chronic disease biology. Here, we review recent discoveries of the genetics of circadian and sleep physiology and disorders with a focus on those that reveal causal contributions to complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Lane
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Center for Narcolepsy, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Atomoxetine and circadian gene expression in human dermal fibroblasts from study participants with a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1121-1133. [PMID: 34273025 PMCID: PMC8295110 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Atomoxetine (ATO) is a second line medication for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We proposed that part of the therapeutic profile of ATO may be through circadian rhythm modulation. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the circadian gene expression in primary human-derived dermal fibroblast cultures (HDF) after ATO exposure. We analyzed circadian preference, behavioral circadian and sleep parameters as well as the circadian gene expression in a cohort of healthy controls and participants with a diagnosis of ADHD. Circadian preference was evaluated with German Morningness-Eveningness-Questionnaire (D-MEQ) and rhythms of sleep/wake behavior were assessed via actigraphy. After ex vivo exposure to different ATO concentrations in HDF cultures, the rhythmicity of circadian gene expression was analyzed via qRT-PCR. No statistical significant effect of both groups (healthy controls, ADHD group) for mid-sleep on weekend days, mid-sleep on weekdays, social jetlag, sleep WASO and total number of wake bouts was observed. D-MEQ scores indicated that healthy controls had no evening preference, whereas subjects with ADHD displayed both definitive and moderate evening preferences. ATO induced the rhythmicity of Clock in the ADHD group. This effect, however, was not observed in HDF cultures of healthy controls. Bmal1 and Per2 expression showed a significant ZT × group interaction via mixed ANOVA. Strong positive correlations for chronotype and circadian genes were observed for Bmal1, Cry1 and Per3 among the study participants. Statistical significant different Clock, Bmal1 and Per3 expressions were observed in HDFs exposed to ATO collected from ADHD participants exhibiting neutral and moderate evening preference, as well as healthy participants with morning preferences. The results of the present study illustrate that ATO impacts on circadian function, particularly on Clock, Bmal1 and Per2 gene expression.
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Palm D, Uzoni A, Simon F, Fischer M, Coogan A, Tucha O, Thome J, Faltraco F. Evolutionary conservations, changes of circadian rhythms and their effect on circadian disturbances and therapeutic approaches. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:21-34. [PMID: 34102148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is essential for the interaction of all living organisms with their environments. Several processes, such as thermoregulation, metabolism, cognition and memory, are regulated by the internal clock. Disturbances in the circadian rhythm have been shown to lead to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Interestingly, the mechanism of the circadian rhythms has been conserved in many different species, and misalignment between circadian rhythms and the environment results in evolutionary regression and lifespan reduction. This review summarises the conserved mechanism of the internal clock and its major interspecies differences. In addition, it focuses on effects the circadian rhythm disturbances, especially in cases of ADHD, and describes the possibility of recombinant proteins generated by eukaryotic expression systems as therapeutic agents as well as CRISPR/Cas9 technology as a potential tool for research and therapy. The aim is to give an overview about the evolutionary conserved mechanism as well as the changes of the circadian clock. Furthermore, current knowledge about circadian rhythm disturbances and therapeutic approaches is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Palm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Adriana Uzoni
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Frederick Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrew Coogan
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Ireland
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Thome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Faltraco
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany.
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Podvin S, Jones A, Liu Q, Aulston B, Mosier C, Ames J, Winston C, Lietz CB, Jiang Z, O’Donoghue AJ, Ikezu T, Rissman RA, Yuan SH, Hook V. Mutant Presenilin 1 Dysregulates Exosomal Proteome Cargo Produced by Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Neurons. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13033-13056. [PMID: 34056454 PMCID: PMC8158845 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and propagation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-Tau) is a neuropathological hallmark occurring with neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extracellular vesicles, exosomes, have been shown to initiate tau propagation in the brain. Notably, exosomes from human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) neurons expressing the AD familial A246E mutant form of presenilin 1 (mPS1) are capable of inducing tau deposits in the mouse brain after in vivo injection. To gain insights into the exosome proteome cargo that participates in propagating tau pathology, this study conducted proteomic analysis of exosomes produced by human iPSC neurons expressing A246E mPS1. Significantly, mPS1 altered the profile of exosome cargo proteins to result in (1) proteins present only in mPS1 exosomes and not in controls, (2) the absence of proteins in the mPS1 exosomes which were present only in controls, and (3) shared proteins which were upregulated or downregulated in the mPS1 exosomes compared to controls. These results show that mPS1 dysregulates the proteome cargo of exosomes to result in the acquisition of proteins involved in the extracellular matrix and protease functions, deletion of proteins involved in RNA and protein translation systems along with proteasome and related functions, combined with the upregulation and downregulation of shared proteins, including the upregulation of amyloid precursor protein. Notably, mPS1 neuron-derived exosomes displayed altered profiles of protein phosphatases and kinases involved in regulating the status of p-tau. The dysregulation of exosome cargo proteins by mPS1 may be associated with the ability of mPS1 neuron-derived exosomes to propagate tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Alexander Jones
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Qing Liu
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Brent Aulston
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Janneca Ames
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Charisse Winston
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Christopher B. Lietz
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology,
Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston 02118, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
- Veterans
Affairs San Diego Healthcare System,
La Jolla, San Diego 92161, California, United States
| | - Shauna H. Yuan
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
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Korman M, Palm D, Uzoni A, Faltraco F, Tucha O, Thome J, Coogan AN. ADHD 24/7: Circadian clock genes, chronotherapy and sleep/wake cycle insufficiencies in ADHD. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:156-171. [PMID: 30234417 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1523565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The current paper addresses the evidence for circadian clock characteristics associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and possible therapeutic approaches based on chronomodulation through bright light (BL) therapy.Methods: We review the data reported in ADHD on genetic risk factors for phase-delayed circadian rhythms and on the role of photic input in circadian re-alignment.Results: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in circadian genes were recently associated with core ADHD symptoms, increased evening-orientation and frequent sleep problems. Additionally, alterations in exposure and response to photic input may underlie circadian problems in ADHD. BL therapy was shown to be effective for re-alignment of circadian physiology toward morningness, reducing sleep disturbances and bringing overall improvement in ADHD symptoms. The susceptibility of the circadian system to phase shift by timed BL exposure may have broad cost-effective potential implications for the treatment of ADHD.Conclusions: We conclude that further research of circadian function in ADHD should focus on detection of genetic markers (e.g., using human skin fibroblasts) and development of BL-based therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Korman
- The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Denise Palm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Adriana Uzoni
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Faltraco
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Thome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrew N Coogan
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
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McCarthy MJ. Missing a beat: assessment of circadian rhythm abnormalities in bipolar disorder in the genomic era. Psychiatr Genet 2019; 29:29-36. [PMID: 30516584 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm abnormalities have been recognized as a central feature of bipolar disorder (BD) but a coherent biological explanation for them remains lacking. Using genetic mutation of 'clock genes', robust animal models of mania and depression have been developed that elucidate key aspects of circadian rhythms and the circadian clock-mood connection. However, translation of this knowledge into humans remains incomplete. In recent years, very large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted and the genetic underpinnings of BD are beginning to emerge. However, these genetic studies in BD do not match well with the evidence from animal studies that implicate the circadian clock in mood regulation. Even larger GWAS have been conducted for circadian phenotypes including chronotype, rhythm amplitude, sleep duration, and insomnia. These studies have identified a diverse set of associated genes, including a minority with previously well-characterized functions in the circadian clock. Taken together, the data from recent GWAS of BD and circadian phenotypes indicate that the genetic organization of the circadian clock, both in health and in BD is complex. The findings from GWAS elucidate potentially novel circadian mechanism that may be partly distinct from those identified in animal models. Pleiotropy, epistasis and nongenetic factors may play important roles in regulating circadian rhythms, some of which may underlie circadian rhythm disturbances in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Circadian Biology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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