1
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Chen H, Wu Z, Yan Z, Chen C, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Gao Y, Ling K, Hu J, Wei Q. The ARPKD Protein DZIP1L Regulates Ciliary Protein Entry by Modulating the Architecture and Function of Ciliary Transition Fibers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308820. [PMID: 38634253 PMCID: PMC11200010 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Serving as the cell's sensory antennae, primary cilia are linked to numerous human genetic diseases when they malfunction. DZIP1L, identified as one of the genetic causes of human autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), is an evolutionarily conserved ciliary basal body protein. Although it has been reported that DZIP1L is involved in the ciliary entry of PKD proteins, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, an uncharacterized role of DZIP1L is reported in modulating the architecture and function of transition fibers (TFs), striking ciliary base structures essential for selective cilia gating. Using C. elegans as a model, C01G5.7 (hereafter termed DZIP-1) is identified as the sole homolog of DZIP1L, which specifically localizes to TFs. While DZIP-1 or ANKR-26 (the ortholog of ANKRD26) deficiency shows subtle impact on TFs, co-depletion of DZIP-1 and ANKR-26 disrupts TF assembly and cilia gating for soluble and membrane proteins, including the ortholog of ADPKD protein polycystin-2. Notably, the synergistic role for DZIP1L and ANKRD26 in the formation and function of TFs is highly conserved in mammalian cilia. Hence, the findings illuminate an evolutionarily conserved role of DZIP1L in TFs architecture and function, highlighting TFs as a vital part of the ciliary gate implicated in ciliopathies ARPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100039China
- Center for Energy Metabolism and ReproductionInstitute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Shenzhen518055China
| | - Zhimao Wu
- Center for Energy Metabolism and ReproductionInstitute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Shenzhen518055China
| | - Ziwei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100039China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN55905USA
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and ReproductionInstitute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Shenzhen518055China
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Institute of Medicine and Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou430000China
| | - Yuqing Gao
- Center for Energy Metabolism and ReproductionInstitute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Shenzhen518055China
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN55905USA
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN55905USA
| | - Qing Wei
- Center for Energy Metabolism and ReproductionInstitute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Shenzhen518055China
- School of Synthetic BiologyShanxi Key Laboratory of Nucleic Acid BiopesticidesShanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China
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2
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Tollervey F, Rios MU, Zagoriy E, Woodruff JB, Mahamid J. Native molecular architectures of centrosomes in C. elegans embryos. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.03.587742. [PMID: 38617234 PMCID: PMC11014625 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.587742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Centrosomes organize microtubules that are essential for mitotic divisions in animal cells. They consist of centrioles surrounded by Pericentriolar Material (PCM). Questions related to mechanisms of centriole assembly, PCM organization, and microtubule formation remain unanswered, in part due to limited availability of molecular-resolution structural analyses in situ. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography to visualize centrosomes across the cell cycle in cells isolated from C. elegans embryos. We describe a pseudo-timeline of centriole assembly and identify distinct structural features including a cartwheel in daughter centrioles, and incomplete microtubule doublets surrounded by a star-shaped density in mother centrioles. We find that centriole and PCM microtubules differ in protofilament number (13 versus 11) indicating distinct nucleation mechanisms. This difference could be explained by atypical γ-tubulin ring complexes with 11-fold symmetry identified at the minus ends of short PCM microtubules. We further characterize a porous and disordered network that forms the interconnected PCM. Thus, our work builds a three-dimensional structural atlas that helps explain how centrosomes assemble, grow, and achieve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus Tollervey
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manolo U. Rios
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Evgenia Zagoriy
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey B. Woodruff
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Julia Mahamid
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Tran MV, Khuntsariya D, Fetter RD, Ferguson JW, Wang JT, Long AF, Cote LE, Wellard SR, Vázquez-Martínez N, Sallee MD, Genova M, Magiera MM, Eskinazi S, Lee JD, Peel N, Janke C, Stearns T, Shen K, Lansky Z, Magescas J, Feldman JL. MAP9/MAPH-9 supports axonemal microtubule doublets and modulates motor movement. Dev Cell 2024; 59:199-210.e11. [PMID: 38159567 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Microtubule doublets (MTDs) comprise an incomplete microtubule (B-tubule) attached to the side of a complete cylindrical microtubule. These compound microtubules are conserved in cilia across the tree of life; however, the mechanisms by which MTDs form and are maintained in vivo remain poorly understood. Here, we identify microtubule-associated protein 9 (MAP9) as an MTD-associated protein. We demonstrate that C. elegans MAPH-9, a MAP9 homolog, is present during MTD assembly and localizes exclusively to MTDs, a preference that is in part mediated by tubulin polyglutamylation. We find that loss of MAPH-9 causes ultrastructural MTD defects, including shortened and/or squashed B-tubules with reduced numbers of protofilaments, dysregulated axonemal motor velocity, and perturbed cilia function. Because we find that the mammalian ortholog MAP9 localizes to axonemes in cultured mammalian cells and mouse tissues, we propose that MAP9/MAPH-9 plays a conserved role in regulating ciliary motors and supporting the structure of axonemal MTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Tran
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daria Khuntsariya
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James W Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandra F Long
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lauren E Cote
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Maria D Sallee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mariya Genova
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Sani Eskinazi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Nina Peel
- The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kang Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Jérémy Magescas
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jessica L Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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4
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Pierron M, Woglar A, Busso C, Jha K, Mikeladze‐Dvali T, Croisier M, Gönczy P. Centriole elimination during Caenorhabditis elegans oogenesis initiates with loss of the central tube protein SAS-1. EMBO J 2023; 42:e115076. [PMID: 37987153 PMCID: PMC10711648 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023115076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In most metazoans, centrioles are lost during oogenesis, ensuring that the zygote is endowed with the correct number of two centrioles, which are paternally contributed. How centriole architecture is dismantled during oogenesis is not understood. Here, we analyze with unprecedent detail the ultrastructural and molecular changes during oogenesis centriole elimination in Caenorhabditis elegans. Centriole elimination begins with loss of the so-called central tube and organelle widening, followed by microtubule disassembly. The resulting cluster of centriolar proteins then disappears gradually, usually moving in a microtubule- and dynein-dependent manner to the plasma membrane. Our analysis indicates that neither Polo-like kinases nor the PCM, which modulate oogenesis centriole elimination in Drosophila, do so in C. elegans. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the central tube protein SAS-1 normally departs initially from the organelle, which loses integrity earlier in sas-1 mutants. Overall, our work provides novel mechanistic insights regarding the fundamental process of oogenesis centriole elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierron
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Alexander Woglar
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Coralie Busso
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Keshav Jha
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Marie Croisier
- BIO‐EM platform, School of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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5
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Aljiboury A, Hehnly H. The centrosome - diverse functions in fertilization and development across species. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261387. [PMID: 38038054 PMCID: PMC10730021 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a non-membrane-bound organelle that is conserved across most animal cells and serves various functions throughout the cell cycle. In dividing cells, the centrosome is known as the spindle pole and nucleates a robust microtubule spindle to separate genetic material equally into two daughter cells. In non-dividing cells, the mother centriole, a substructure of the centrosome, matures into a basal body and nucleates cilia, which acts as a signal-transducing antenna. The functions of centrosomes and their substructures are important for embryonic development and have been studied extensively using in vitro mammalian cell culture or in vivo using invertebrate models. However, there are considerable differences in the composition and functions of centrosomes during different aspects of vertebrate development, and these are less studied. In this Review, we discuss the roles played by centrosomes, highlighting conserved and divergent features across species, particularly during fertilization and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Aljiboury
- Syracuse University, Department of Biology, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Syracuse University, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Syracuse University, Department of Biology, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Syracuse University, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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6
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Campagna CM, McMahon H, Nechipurenko I. The G protein alpha chaperone and guanine-nucleotide exchange factor RIC-8 regulates cilia morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011015. [PMID: 37910589 PMCID: PMC10642896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G (αβγ) proteins are canonical transducers of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and play critical roles in communication between cells and their environment. Many GPCRs and heterotrimeric G proteins localize to primary cilia and modulate cilia morphology via mechanisms that are not well understood. Here, we show that RIC-8, a cytosolic guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and chaperone for Gα protein subunits, shapes cilia membrane morphology in a subset of Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons. Consistent with its role in ciliogenesis, C. elegans RIC-8 localizes to cilia in different sensory neuron types. Using domain mutagenesis, we demonstrate that while the GEF function alone is not sufficient, both the GEF and Gα-interacting chaperone motifs of RIC-8 are required for its role in cilia morphogenesis. We identify ODR-3 as the RIC-8 Gα client and demonstrate that RIC-8 functions in the same genetic pathway with another component of the non-canonical G protein signaling AGS-3 to shape cilia morphology. Notably, despite defects in AWC cilia morphology, ags-3 null mutants exhibit normal chemotaxis toward benzaldehyde unlike odr-3 mutant animals. Collectively, our findings describe a novel function for the evolutionarily conserved protein RIC-8 and non-canonical RIC-8-AGS-3-ODR-3 signaling in cilia morphogenesis and uncouple Gα ODR-3 functions in ciliogenesis and olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Campagna
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hayley McMahon
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Inna Nechipurenko
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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7
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Campagna CM, McMahon H, Nechipurenko I. The G protein alpha Chaperone and Guanine-Nucleotide Exchange Factor RIC-8 Regulates Cilia Morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans Sensory Neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.25.554856. [PMID: 37662329 PMCID: PMC10473713 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.25.554856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G (αβγ) proteins are canonical transducers of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and play critical roles in communication between cells and their environment. Many GPCRs and heterotrimeric G proteins localize to primary cilia and modulate cilia morphology via mechanisms that are not well understood. Here, we show that RIC-8, a cytosolic guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and chaperone for Gα protein subunits, shapes cilia membrane morphology in a subset of Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons. Consistent with its role in ciliogenesis, C. elegans RIC-8 localizes to cilia in different sensory neuron types. Using domain mutagenesis, we demonstrate that while the GEF function alone is not sufficient, both the GEF and Gα-interacting chaperone motifs of RIC-8 are required for its role in cilia morphogenesis. We identify ODR-3 as the RIC-8 Gα client and demonstrate that RIC-8 functions in the same genetic pathway with another component of the non-canonical G protein signaling AGS-3 to shape cilia morphology. Notably, despite severe defects in AWC cilia morphology, ags-3 null mutants exhibit normal chemotaxis toward benzaldehyde unlike odr-3 mutant animals. Collectively, our findings describe a novel function for the evolutionarily conserved protein RIC-8 and non-canonical RIC-8-AGS-3-ODR-3 signaling in cilia morphogenesis and uncouple Gα ODR-3 functions in ciliogenesis and olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Campagna
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hayley McMahon
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Inna Nechipurenko
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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8
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Dobbelaere J, Su TY, Erdi B, Schleiffer A, Dammermann A. A phylogenetic profiling approach identifies novel ciliogenesis genes in Drosophila and C. elegans. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113616. [PMID: 37317646 PMCID: PMC10425847 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular projections that perform sensory and motile functions in eukaryotic cells. A defining feature of cilia is that they are evolutionarily ancient, yet not universally conserved. In this study, we have used the resulting presence and absence pattern in the genomes of diverse eukaryotes to identify a set of 386 human genes associated with cilium assembly or motility. Comprehensive tissue-specific RNAi in Drosophila and mutant analysis in C. elegans revealed signature ciliary defects for 70-80% of novel genes, a percentage similar to that for known genes within the cluster. Further characterization identified different phenotypic classes, including a set of genes related to the cartwheel component Bld10/CEP135 and two highly conserved regulators of cilium biogenesis. We propose this dataset defines the core set of genes required for cilium assembly and motility across eukaryotes and presents a valuable resource for future studies of cilium biology and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Dobbelaere
- Max Perutz LabsUniversity of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Tiffany Y Su
- Max Perutz LabsUniversity of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD ProgramDoctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Balazs Erdi
- Max Perutz LabsUniversity of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Alexander Schleiffer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
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9
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Bergwell M, Smith A, Smith E, Dierlam C, Duran R, Haastrup E, Napier-Jameson R, Seidel R, Potter W, Norris A, Iyer J. A primary microcephaly-associated sas-6 mutation perturbs centrosome duplication, dendrite morphogenesis, and ciliogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2023; 224:iyad105. [PMID: 37279547 PMCID: PMC10411591 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human SASS6(I62T) missense mutation has been linked with the incidence of primary microcephaly in a Pakistani family, although the mechanisms by which this mutation causes disease remain unclear. The SASS6(I62T) mutation corresponds to SAS-6(L69T) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Given that SAS-6 is highly conserved, we modeled this mutation in C. elegans and examined the sas-6(L69T) effect on centrosome duplication, ciliogenesis, and dendrite morphogenesis. Our studies revealed that all the above processes are perturbed by the sas-6(L69T) mutation. Specifically, C. elegans carrying the sas-6(L69T) mutation exhibit an increased failure of centrosome duplication in a sensitized genetic background. Further, worms carrying this mutation also display shortened phasmid cilia, an abnormal phasmid cilia morphology, shorter phasmid dendrites, and chemotaxis defects. Our data show that the centrosome duplication defects caused by this mutation are only uncovered in a sensitized genetic background, indicating that these defects are mild. However, the ciliogenesis and dendritic defects caused by this mutation are evident in an otherwise wild-type background, indicating that they are stronger defects. Thus, our studies shed light on the novel mechanisms by which the sas-6(L69T) mutation could contribute to the incidence of primary microcephaly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Bergwell
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Cell Cycle & Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Amy Smith
- Pfizer Inc., Pharmaceutical R&D – Drug Product Design & Development, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Ellie Smith
- University of Tulsa, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Carter Dierlam
- University of Tulsa, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Ramon Duran
- University of Tulsa, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Erin Haastrup
- University of Tulsa, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | | | - Rory Seidel
- University of Tulsa, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - William Potter
- University of Tulsa, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Adam Norris
- Southern Methodist University, Department of Biological Sciences, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Jyoti Iyer
- University of Tulsa, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
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10
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Tran MV, Ferguson JW, Cote LE, Khuntsariya D, Fetter RD, Wang JT, Wellard SR, Sallee MD, Genova M, Eskinazi S, Magiera MM, Janke C, Stearns T, Lansky Z, Shen K, Magescas J, Feldman JL. MAP9/MAPH-9 supports axonemal microtubule doublets and modulates motor movement. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.23.529616. [PMID: 36865107 PMCID: PMC9980146 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule doublets (MTDs) are a well conserved compound microtubule structure found primarily in cilia. However, the mechanisms by which MTDs form and are maintained in vivo remain poorly understood. Here, we characterize microtubule-associated protein 9 (MAP9) as a novel MTD-associated protein. We demonstrate that C. elegans MAPH-9, a MAP9 homolog, is present during MTD assembly and localizes exclusively to MTDs, a preference that is in part mediated by tubulin polyglutamylation. Loss of MAPH-9 caused ultrastructural MTD defects, dysregulated axonemal motor velocity, and perturbed cilia function. As we found that the mammalian ortholog MAP9 localized to axonemes in cultured mammalian cells and mouse tissues, we propose that MAP9/MAPH-9 plays a conserved role in supporting the structure of axonemal MTDs and regulating ciliary motors.
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11
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Santella A, Kolotuev I, Kizilyaprak C, Bao Z. Cross-modality synthesis of EM time series and live fluorescence imaging. eLife 2022; 11:77918. [PMID: 35666127 PMCID: PMC9213002 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses across imaging modalities allow the integration of complementary spatiotemporal information about brain development, structure, and function. However, systematic atlasing across modalities is limited by challenges to effective image alignment. We combine highly spatially resolved electron microscopy (EM) and highly temporally resolved time-lapse fluorescence microscopy (FM) to examine the emergence of a complex nervous system in Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis. We generate an EM time series at four classic developmental stages and create a landmark-based co-optimization algorithm for cross-modality image alignment, which handles developmental heterochrony among datasets to achieve accurate single-cell level alignment. Synthesis based on the EM series and time-lapse FM series carrying different cell-specific markers reveals critical dynamic behaviors across scales of identifiable individual cells in the emergence of the primary neuropil, the nerve ring, as well as a major sensory organ, the amphid. Our study paves the way for systematic cross-modality data synthesis in C. elegans and demonstrates a powerful approach that may be applied broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Santella
- Molecular Cytology Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Irina Kolotuev
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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12
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Holzer E, Rumpf-Kienzl C, Falk S, Dammermann A. A modified TurboID approach identifies tissue-specific centriolar components in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010150. [PMID: 35442950 PMCID: PMC9020716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximity-dependent labeling approaches such as BioID have been a great boon to studies of protein-protein interactions in the context of cytoskeletal structures such as centrosomes which are poorly amenable to traditional biochemical approaches like immunoprecipitation and tandem affinity purification. Yet, these methods have so far not been applied extensively to invertebrate experimental models such as C. elegans given the long labeling times required for the original promiscuous biotin ligase variant BirA*. Here, we show that the recently developed variant TurboID successfully probes the interactomes of both stably associated (SPD-5) and dynamically localized (PLK-1) centrosomal components. We further develop an indirect proximity labeling method employing a GFP nanobody-TurboID fusion, which allows the identification of protein interactors in a tissue-specific manner in the context of the whole animal. Critically, this approach utilizes available endogenous GFP fusions, avoiding the need to generate multiple additional strains for each target protein and the potential complications associated with overexpressing the protein from transgenes. Using this method, we identify homologs of two highly conserved centriolar components, Cep97 and BLD10/Cep135, which are present in various somatic tissues of the worm. Surprisingly, neither protein is expressed in early embryos, likely explaining why these proteins have escaped attention until now. Our work expands the experimental repertoire for C. elegans and opens the door for further studies of tissue-specific variation in centrosome architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Holzer
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sebastian Falk
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Dammermann
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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13
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Rapti G. A perspective on C. elegans neurodevelopment: from early visionaries to a booming neuroscience research. J Neurogenet 2021; 34:259-272. [PMID: 33446023 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1837799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the nervous system and its striking complexity is a remarkable feat of development. C. elegans served as a unique model to dissect the molecular events in neurodevelopment, from its early visionaries to the current booming neuroscience community. Soon after being introduced as a model, C. elegans was mapped at the level of genes, cells, and synapses, providing the first metazoan with a complete cell lineage, sequenced genome, and connectome. Here, I summarize mechanisms underlying C. elegans neurodevelopment, from the generation and diversification of neural components to their navigation and connectivity. I point out recent noteworthy findings in the fields of glia biology, sex dimorphism and plasticity in neurodevelopment, highlighting how current research connects back to the pioneering studies by Brenner, Sulston and colleagues. Multifaceted investigations in model organisms, connecting genes to cell function and behavior, expand our mechanistic understanding of neurodevelopment while allowing us to formulate emerging questions for future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Rapti
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Unit of Developmental Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Abreu CMC, Dantas TJ. Coping with centriole loss: pericentriolar material maintenance after centriole degeneration. Commun Biol 2021; 4:705. [PMID: 34108611 PMCID: PMC8190072 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortly after the onset of ciliogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons, the centrioles/basal bodies undergo degeneration. The fate of the pericentriolar material (PCM) that was associated with those centrioles has, however, remained unknown. Two recent studies by the Dammermann and the Feldman groups now show that not only does the PCM persist at the ciliary base, it also continues to assemble in the absence of canonical centrioles. Importantly, these neuronal centrosomes retain the ability to function as the cell’s main microtubule-organizing center and support ciliary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M C Abreu
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tiago J Dantas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Garbrecht J, Laos T, Holzer E, Dillinger M, Dammermann A. An acentriolar centrosome at the C. elegans ciliary base. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2418-2428.e8. [PMID: 33798427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In animal cells, the functions of the microtubule cytoskeleton are coordinated by centriole-based centrosomes via γ-tubulin complexes embedded in the pericentriolar material or PCM.1 PCM assembly has been best studied in the context of mitosis, where centriolar SPD-2 recruits PLK-1, which in turn phosphorylates key scaffolding components like SPD-5 and CNN to promote expansion of the PCM polymer.2-4 To what extent these mechanisms apply to centrosomes in interphase or in differentiated cells remains unclear.5 Here, we examine a novel type of centrosome found at the ciliary base of C. elegans sensory neurons, which we show plays important roles in neuronal morphogenesis, cellular trafficking, and ciliogenesis. These centrosomes display similar dynamic behavior to canonical, mitotic centrosomes, with a stable PCM scaffold and dynamically localized client proteins. Unusually, however, they are not organized by centrioles, which degenerate early in terminal differentiation.6 Yet, PCM not only persists but continues to grow with key scaffolding proteins including SPD-5 expressed under control of the RFX transcription factor DAF-19. This assembly occurs in the absence of the mitotic regulators SPD-2, AIR-1 and PLK-1, but requires tethering by PCMD-1, a protein which also plays a role in the initial, interphase recruitment of PCM in early embryos.7 These results argue for distinct mechanisms for mitotic and non-mitotic PCM assembly, with only the former requiring PLK-1 phosphorylation to drive rapid expansion of the scaffold polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Garbrecht
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna
| | - Triin Laos
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna
| | - Elisabeth Holzer
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarita Dillinger
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Dammermann
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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16
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O'Connell KF. Centrosomes: An acentriolar MTOC at the ciliary base. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R730-R733. [PMID: 34102124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles that are embedded within pericentriolar material (PCM). Together, they comprise the centrosome, a microtubule-organizing center. PCM can sometimes exist in the absence of centrioles, but a new example of acentriolar PCM in neurons offers deeper insight into the relationship between these two entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F O'Connell
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0380, USA.
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17
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Magescas J, Eskinazi S, Tran MV, Feldman JL. Centriole-less pericentriolar material serves as a microtubule organizing center at the base of C. elegans sensory cilia. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2410-2417.e6. [PMID: 33798428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During mitosis in animal cells, the centrosome acts as a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) to assemble the mitotic spindle. MTOC function at the centrosome is driven by proteins within the pericentriolar material (PCM), however the molecular complexity of the PCM makes it difficult to differentiate the proteins required for MTOC activity from other centrosomal functions. We used the natural spatial separation of PCM proteins during mitotic exit to identify a minimal module of proteins required for centrosomal MTOC function in C. elegans. Using tissue-specific degradation, we show that SPD-5, the functional homolog of CDK5RAP2, is essential for embryonic mitosis, while SPD-2/CEP192 and PCMD-1, which are essential in the one-cell embryo, are dispensable. Surprisingly, although the centriole is known to be degraded in the ciliated sensory neurons in C. elegans,1-3 we find evidence for "centriole-less PCM" at the base of cilia and use this structure as a minimal testbed to dissect centrosomal MTOC function. Super-resolution imaging revealed that this PCM inserts inside the lumen of the ciliary axoneme and directly nucleates the assembly of dendritic microtubules toward the cell body. Tissue-specific degradation in ciliated sensory neurons revealed a role for SPD-5 and the conserved microtubule nucleator γ-TuRC, but not SPD-2 or PCMD-1, in MTOC function at centriole-less PCM. This MTOC function was in the absence of regulation by mitotic kinases, highlighting the intrinsic ability of these proteins to drive microtubule growth and organization and further supporting a model that SPD-5 is the primary driver of MTOC function at the PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Magescas
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.
| | - Sani Eskinazi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Michael V Tran
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Jessica L Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.
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18
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Akella JS, Barr MM. The tubulin code specializes neuronal cilia for extracellular vesicle release. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:231-252. [PMID: 33068333 PMCID: PMC8052387 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that display diversity in morphology, ultrastructure, protein composition, and function. The ciliary microtubules of C. elegans sensory neurons exemplify this diversity and provide a paradigm to understand mechanisms driving ciliary specialization. Only a subset of ciliated neurons in C. elegans are specialized to make and release bioactive extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment. The cilia of extracellular vesicle releasing neurons have distinct axonemal features and specialized intraflagellar transport that are important for releasing EVs. In this review, we discuss the role of the tubulin code in the specialization of microtubules in cilia of EV releasing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi S Akella
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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19
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Nechipurenko I, Lavrentyeva S, Sengupta P. GRDN-1/Girdin regulates dendrite morphogenesis and cilium position in two specialized sensory neuron types in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2021; 472:38-51. [PMID: 33460640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are located at the dendritic tips of sensory neurons and house the molecular machinery necessary for detection and transduction of sensory stimuli. The mechanisms that coordinate dendrite extension with cilium position during sensory neuron development are not well understood. Here, we show that GRDN-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of the highly conserved scaffold and signaling protein Girdin/GIV, regulates both cilium position and dendrite extension in the postembryonic AQR and PQR gas-sensing neurons. Mutations in grdn-1 disrupt dendrite outgrowth and mislocalize cilia to the soma or proximal axonal segments in AQR, and to a lesser extent, in PQR. GRDN-1 is localized to the basal body and regulates localization of HMR-1/Cadherin to the distal AQR dendrite. However, knockdown of HMR-1 and/or loss of SAX-7/LICAM, molecules previously implicated in sensory dendrite development in C. elegans, do not alter AQR dendrite morphology or cilium position. We find that GRDN-1 localization in AQR is regulated by UNC-116/Kinesin-1, and that correspondingly, unc-116 mutants exhibit severe AQR dendrite outgrowth and cilium positioning defects. In contrast, GRDN-1 and cilium localization in PQR is modulated by LIN-44/Wnt signaling. Together, these findings identify upstream regulators of GRDN-1, and describe new cell-specific roles for this multifunctional protein in sensory neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Nechipurenko
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA; Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | | | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
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20
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Jana SC. Centrosome structure and biogenesis: Variations on a theme? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:123-138. [PMID: 33455859 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes are composed of two orthogonally arranged centrioles surrounded by an electron-dense matrix called the pericentriolar material (PCM). Centrioles are cylinders with diameters of ~250 nm, are several hundred nanometres in length and consist of 9-fold symmetrically arranged microtubules (MT). In dividing animal cells, centrosomes act as the principal MT-organising centres and they also organise actin, which tunes cytoplasmic MT nucleation. In some specialised cells, the centrosome acquires additional critical structures and converts into the base of a cilium with diverse functions including signalling and motility. These structures are found in most eukaryotes and are essential for development and homoeostasis at both cellular and organism levels. The ultrastructure of centrosomes and their derived organelles have been known for more than half a century. However, recent advances in a number of techniques have revealed the high-resolution structures (at Å-to-nm scale resolution) of centrioles and have begun to uncover the molecular principles underlying their properties, including: protein components; structural elements; and biogenesis in various model organisms. This review covers advances in our understanding of the features and processes that are critical for the biogenesis of the evolutionarily conserved structures of the centrosomes. Furthermore, it discusses how variations of these aspects can generate diversity in centrosome structure and function among different species and even between cell types within a multicellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadhin Chandra Jana
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, Bellary Road, 560065 Bangalore, India.
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21
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Principal Postulates of Centrosomal Biology. Version 2020. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102156. [PMID: 32987651 PMCID: PMC7598677 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome, which consists of two centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material, is a unique structure that has retained its main features in organisms of various taxonomic groups from unicellular algae to mammals over one billion years of evolution. In addition to the most noticeable function of organizing the microtubule system in mitosis and interphase, the centrosome performs many other cell functions. In particular, centrioles are the basis for the formation of sensitive primary cilia and motile cilia and flagella. Another principal function of centrosomes is the concentration in one place of regulatory proteins responsible for the cell's progression along the cell cycle. Despite the existing exceptions, the functioning of the centrosome is subject to general principles, which are discussed in this review.
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22
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Lüders J. Nucleating microtubules in neurons: Challenges and solutions. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:273-283. [PMID: 32324945 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The highly polarized morphology of neurons is crucial for their function and involves formation of two distinct types of cellular extensions, the axonal and dendritic compartments. An important effector required for the morphogenesis and maintenance and thus the identity of axons and dendrites is the microtubule cytoskeleton. Microtubules in axons and dendrites are arranged with distinct polarities, to allow motor-dependent, compartment-specific sorting of cargo. Despite the importance of the microtubule cytoskeleton in neurons, the molecular mechanisms that generate the intricate compartment-specific microtubule configurations remain largely obscure. Work in other cell types has identified microtubule nucleation, the de novo formation of microtubules, and its spatio-temporal regulation as essential for the proper organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Whereas regulation of microtubule nucleation usually involves microtubule organizing centers such as the centrosome, neurons seem to rely largely on decentralized nucleation mechanisms. In this review, I will discuss recent advances in deciphering nucleation mechanisms in neurons, how they contribute to the arrangement of microtubules with specific polarities, and how this affects neuron morphogenesis. While this work has shed some light on these important processes, we are far from a comprehensive understanding. Thus, to provide a coherent model, my discussion will include both well-established mechanisms and mechanisms with more limited supporting data. Finally, I will also highlight important outstanding questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
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23
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TALPID3 and ANKRD26 selectively orchestrate FBF1 localization and cilia gating. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2196. [PMID: 32366837 PMCID: PMC7198521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition fibers (TFs) regulate cilia gating and make the primary cilium a distinct functional entity. However, molecular insights into the biogenesis of a functional cilia gate remain elusive. In a forward genetic screen in Caenorhabditis elegans, we uncover that TALP-3, a homolog of the Joubert syndrome protein TALPID3, is a TF-associated component. Genetic analysis reveals that TALP-3 coordinates with ANKR-26, the homolog of ANKRD26, to orchestrate proper cilia gating. Mechanistically, TALP-3 and ANKR-26 form a complex with key gating component DYF-19, the homolog of FBF1. Co-depletion of TALP-3 and ANKR-26 specifically impairs the recruitment of DYF-19 to TFs. Interestingly, in mammalian cells, TALPID3 and ANKRD26 also play a conserved role in coordinating the recruitment of FBF1 to TFs. We thus report a conserved protein module that specifically regulates the functional component of the ciliary gate and suggest a correlation between defective gating and ciliopathy pathogenesis. Most cells possess sensory cilia, which need to be gated properly. Here the authors show that the C. elegans proteins TALP-3 and ANKR-26 coordinate cilia gating in the context of transition fibers and that this mechanism is conserved in mammalian cells and likely implicated in certain ciliopathies.
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24
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Establishing and regulating the composition of cilia for signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 20:389-405. [PMID: 30948801 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a hair-like surface-exposed organelle of the eukaryotic cell that decodes a variety of signals - such as odorants, light and Hedgehog morphogens - by altering the local concentrations and activities of signalling proteins. Signalling within the cilium is conveyed through a diverse array of second messengers, including conventional signalling molecules (such as cAMP) and some unusual intermediates (such as sterols). Diffusion barriers at the ciliary base establish the unique composition of this signalling compartment, and cilia adapt their proteome to signalling demands through regulated protein trafficking. Much progress has been made on the molecular understanding of regulated ciliary trafficking, which encompasses not only exchanges between the cilium and the rest of the cell but also the shedding of signalling factors into extracellular vesicles.
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25
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Akella JS, Carter SP, Nguyen K, Tsiropoulou S, Moran AL, Silva M, Rizvi F, Kennedy BN, Hall DH, Barr MM, Blacque OE. Ciliary Rab28 and the BBSome negatively regulate extracellular vesicle shedding. eLife 2020; 9:e50580. [PMID: 32101165 PMCID: PMC7043889 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia both receive and send information, the latter in the form of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are nano-communication devices that influence cell, tissue, and organism behavior. Mechanisms driving ciliary EV biogenesis are almost entirely unknown. Here, we show that the ciliary G-protein Rab28, associated with human autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy, negatively regulates EV levels in the sensory organs of Caenorhabditis elegans in a cilia specific manner. Sequential targeting of lipidated Rab28 to periciliary and ciliary membranes is highly dependent on the BBSome and the prenyl-binding protein phosphodiesterase 6 subunit delta (PDE6D), respectively, and BBSome loss causes excessive and ectopic EV production. We also find that EV defective mutants display abnormalities in sensory compartment morphogenesis. Together, these findings reveal that Rab28 and the BBSome are key in vivo regulators of EV production at the periciliary membrane and suggest that EVs may mediate signaling between cilia and glia to shape sensory organ compartments. Our data also suggest that defects in the biogenesis of cilia-related EVs may contribute to human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi S Akella
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Stephen P Carter
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Ken Nguyen
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Sofia Tsiropoulou
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Ailis L Moran
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Malan Silva
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Fatima Rizvi
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Breandan N Kennedy
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - David H Hall
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College DublinDublinIreland
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26
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Bai X, Melesse M, Sorensen Turpin CG, Sloan DE, Chen CY, Wang WC, Lee PY, Simmons JR, Nebenfuehr B, Mitchell D, Klebanow LR, Mattson N, Betzig E, Chen BC, Cheerambathur D, Bembenek JN. Aurora B functions at the apical surface after specialized cytokinesis during morphogenesis in C. elegans. Development 2020; 147:dev.181099. [PMID: 31806662 PMCID: PMC6983721 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although cytokinesis has been intensely studied, the way it is executed during development is not well understood, despite a long-standing appreciation that various aspects of cytokinesis vary across cell and tissue types. To address this, we investigated cytokinesis during the invariant Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic divisions and found several parameters that are altered at different stages in a reproducible manner. During early divisions, furrow ingression asymmetry and midbody inheritance is consistent, suggesting specific regulation of these events. During morphogenesis, we found several unexpected alterations to cytokinesis, including apical midbody migration in polarizing epithelial cells of the gut, pharynx and sensory neurons. Aurora B kinase, which is essential for several aspects of cytokinesis, remains apically localized in each of these tissues after internalization of midbody ring components. Aurora B inactivation disrupts cytokinesis and causes defects in apical structures, even if inactivated post-mitotically. Therefore, we demonstrate that cytokinesis is implemented in a specialized way during epithelial polarization and that Aurora B has a role in the formation of the apical surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Michael Melesse
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Dillon E. Sloan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chin-Yi Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Wang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yi Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James R. Simmons
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Benjamin Nebenfuehr
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Diana Mitchell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lindsey R. Klebanow
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Nicholas Mattson
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan,Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Dhanya Cheerambathur
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Joshua N. Bembenek
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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27
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DiTirro D, Philbrook A, Rubino K, Sengupta P. The Caenorhabditis elegans Tubby homolog dynamically modulates olfactory cilia membrane morphogenesis and phospholipid composition. eLife 2019; 8:48789. [PMID: 31259686 PMCID: PMC6624019 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in sensory signaling is partly mediated via regulated trafficking of signaling molecules to and from primary cilia. Tubby-related proteins regulate ciliary protein transport; however, their roles in remodeling cilia properties are not fully understood. We find that the C. elegans TUB-1 Tubby homolog regulates membrane morphogenesis and signaling protein transport in specialized sensory cilia. In particular, TUB-1 is essential for sensory signaling-dependent reshaping of olfactory cilia morphology. We show that compromised sensory signaling alters cilia membrane phosphoinositide composition via TUB-1-dependent trafficking of a PIP5 kinase. TUB-1 regulates localization of this lipid kinase at the cilia base in part via localization of the AP-2 adaptor complex subunit DPY-23. Our results describe new functions for Tubby proteins in the dynamic regulation of cilia membrane lipid composition, morphology, and signaling protein content, and suggest that this conserved family of proteins plays a critical role in mediating cilia structural and functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle DiTirro
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Alison Philbrook
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Kendrick Rubino
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
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28
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Akella JS, Silva M, Morsci NS, Nguyen KC, Rice WJ, Hall DH, Barr MM. Cell type-specific structural plasticity of the ciliary transition zone in C. elegans. Biol Cell 2019; 111:95-107. [PMID: 30681171 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The current consensus on cilia development posits that the ciliary transition zone (TZ) is formed via extension of nine centrosomal microtubules. In this model, TZ structure remains unchanged in microtubule number throughout the cilium life cycle. This model does not however explain structural variations of TZ structure seen in nature and could also lend itself to the misinterpretation that deviations from nine-doublet microtubule ultrastructure represent an abnormal phenotype. Thus, a better understanding of events that occur at the TZ in vivo during metazoan development is required. RESULTS To address this issue, we characterized ultrastructure of two types of sensory cilia in developing Caenorhabditis elegans. We discovered that, in cephalic male (CEM) and inner labial quadrant (IL2Q) sensory neurons, ciliary TZs are structurally plastic and remodel from one structure to another during animal development. The number of microtubule doublets forming the TZ can be increased or decreased over time, depending on cilia type. Both cases result in structural TZ intermediates different from TZ in cilia of adult animals. In CEM cilia, axonemal extension and maturation occurs concurrently with TZ structural maturation. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our work extends the current model to include the structural plasticity of metazoan transition zone, which can be structurally delayed, maintained or remodelled in cell type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi S Akella
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Malan Silva
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | | | - Ken C Nguyen
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - William J Rice
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, NY, 10027, USA
| | - David H Hall
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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29
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Cilia Distal Domain: Diversity in Evolutionarily Conserved Structures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020160. [PMID: 30769894 PMCID: PMC6406257 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface to fulfill sensory and motility functions. Their basic structure consists of an axoneme templated by a centriole/basal body. Striking differences in ciliary ultra-structures can be found at the ciliary base, the axoneme and the tip, not only throughout the eukaryotic tree of life, but within a single organism. Defects in cilia biogenesis and function are at the origin of human ciliopathies. This structural/functional diversity and its relationship with the etiology of these diseases is poorly understood. Some of the important events in cilia function occur at their distal domain, including cilia assembly/disassembly, IFT (intraflagellar transport) complexes' remodeling, and signal detection/transduction. How axonemal microtubules end at this domain varies with distinct cilia types, originating different tip architectures. Additionally, they show a high degree of dynamic behavior and are able to respond to different stimuli. The existence of microtubule-capping structures (caps) in certain types of cilia contributes to this diversity. It has been proposed that caps play a role in axoneme length control and stabilization, but their roles are still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on cilia structure diversity with a focus on the cilia distal domain and caps and discuss how they affect cilia structure and function.
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30
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Schmidt-Cernohorska M, Zhernov I, Steib E, Le Guennec M, Achek R, Borgers S, Demurtas D, Mouawad L, Lansky Z, Hamel V, Guichard P. Flagellar microtubule doublet assembly in vitro reveals a regulatory role of tubulin C-terminal tails. Science 2019; 363:285-288. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule doublets (MTDs), consisting of an incomplete B-microtubule at the surface of a complete A-microtubule, provide a structural scaffold mediating intraflagellar transport and ciliary beating. Despite the fundamental role of MTDs, the molecular mechanism governing their formation is unknown. We used a cell-free assay to demonstrate a crucial inhibitory role of the carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) tail of tubulin in MTD assembly. Removal of the C-terminal tail of an assembled A-microtubule allowed for the nucleation of a B-microtubule on its surface. C-terminal tails of only one A-microtubule protofilament inhibited this side-to-surface tubulin interaction, which would be overcome in vivo with binding protein partners. The dynamics of B-microtubule nucleation and its distinctive isotropic elongation was elucidated by using live imaging. Thus, inherent interaction properties of tubulin provide a structural basis driving flagellar MTD assembly.
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31
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Harterink M, Edwards SL, de Haan B, Yau KW, van den Heuvel S, Kapitein LC, Miller KG, Hoogenraad CC. Local microtubule organization promotes cargo transport in C. elegans dendrites. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.223107. [PMID: 30254025 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific organization of the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton in axons and dendrites is an evolutionarily conserved determinant of neuronal polarity that allows for selective cargo sorting. However, how dendritic microtubules are organized and whether local differences influence cargo transport remains largely unknown. Here, we use live-cell imaging to systematically probe the microtubule organization in Caenorhabditis elegans neurons, and demonstrate the contribution of distinct mechanisms in the organization of dendritic microtubules. We found that most non-ciliated neurons depend on unc-116 (kinesin-1), unc-33 (CRMP) and unc-44 (ankyrin) for correct microtubule organization and polarized cargo transport, as previously reported. Ciliated neurons and the URX neuron, however, use an additional pathway to nucleate microtubules at the tip of the dendrite, from the base of the cilium in ciliated neurons. Since inhibition of distal microtubule nucleation affects distal dendritic transport, we propose a model in which the presence of a microtubule-organizing center at the dendrite tip ensures correct dendritic cargo transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Harterink
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stacey L Edwards
- Genetic Models of Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, US
| | - Bart de Haan
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kah Wai Yau
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van den Heuvel
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth G Miller
- Genetic Models of Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, US
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Uzbekov R, Garanina A, Bressac C. Centrioles without microtubules: a new morphological type of centriole. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio036012. [PMID: 29997243 PMCID: PMC6124565 DOI: 10.1242/bio.036012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the organizing center of microtubules in the cell, the basis for the origin of cilia and flagella and a site for the concentration of a regulatory proteins multitude. The centrosome comprises two centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material. Centrioles in the cells of different organisms can contain nine triplets, doublets or singlets of microtubules. Here, we show that in somatic cells of male wasp larvae Anisopteromalus calandrae, centrioles do not contain microtubules and are composed of nine electron-dense prongs, which together form a cogwheel structure. These microtubule-free centrioles can be the platform for procentriole formation and form microtubule-free cilia-like structures. In nymph and imago cells centrioles have a microtubule triplet structure. Our study describes how centriole structure differs in a development-stage-dependent and a cell-type-dependent manner. The discovery of a centriole without microtubules casts a new light on the centriole formation process and the evolution of this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Uzbekov
- Department of Microscopy, University of Tours, Tours 37032, France
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | | | - Christophe Bressac
- Institute of Research on Insect Biology, IMIP research team UMR CNRS 7261, University of AQ1 Tours, Tours 37200, France
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33
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Gupta A, Kitagawa D. Ultrastructural diversity between centrioles of eukaryotes. J Biochem 2018; 164:1-8. [PMID: 29462371 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several decades of centriole research have revealed the beautiful symmetry present in these microtubule-based organelles, which are required to form centrosomes, cilia and flagella in many eukaryotes. Centriole architecture is largely conserved across most organisms; however, individual centriolar features such as the central cartwheel or microtubule walls exhibit considerable variability when examined with finer resolution. In this paper, we review the ultrastructural characteristics of centrioles in commonly studied organisms, highlighting the subtle and not-so-subtle differences between specific structural components of these centrioles. In addition, we survey some non-canonical centriole structures that have been discovered in various species, from the coaxial bicentrioles of protists and lower land plants to the giant irregular centrioles of the fungus gnat Sciara. Finally, we speculate on the functional significance of these differences between centrioles, and the contribution of individual structural elements such as the cartwheel or microtubules towards the stability of centrioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshari Gupta
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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34
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Fishman EL, Jo K, Nguyen QPH, Kong D, Royfman R, Cekic AR, Khanal S, Miller AL, Simerly C, Schatten G, Loncarek J, Mennella V, Avidor-Reiss T. A novel atypical sperm centriole is functional during human fertilization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2210. [PMID: 29880810 PMCID: PMC5992222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inheritance of the centrosome during human fertilization remains mysterious. Here we show that the sperm centrosome contains, in addition to the known typical barrel-shaped centriole (the proximal centriole, PC), a surrounding matrix (pericentriolar material, PCM), and an atypical centriole (distal centriole, DC) composed of splayed microtubules surrounding previously undescribed rods of centriole luminal proteins. The sperm centrosome is remodeled by both reduction and enrichment of specific proteins and the formation of these rods during spermatogenesis. In vivo and in vitro investigations show that the flagellum-attached, atypical DC is capable of recruiting PCM, forming a daughter centriole, and localizing to the spindle pole during mitosis. Altogether, we show that the DC is compositionally and structurally remodeled into an atypical centriole, which functions as the zygote's second centriole. These findings now provide novel avenues for diagnostics and therapeutic strategies for male infertility, and insights into early embryo developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Fishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA
| | - Kyoung Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA
| | - Quynh P H Nguyen
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Rachel Royfman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA
| | - Anthony R Cekic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA
| | - Sushil Khanal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Calvin Simerly
- Departments of Cell Biology; Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; and Bioengineering, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Gerald Schatten
- Departments of Cell Biology; Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; and Bioengineering, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Vito Mennella
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA.
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35
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Wang JT, Stearns T. The ABCs of Centriole Architecture: The Form and Function of Triplet Microtubules. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 82:145-155. [PMID: 29540555 PMCID: PMC11156431 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.034496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The centriole is a defining feature of many eukaryotic cells. It nucleates a cilium, organizes microtubules as part of the centrosome, and is duplicated in coordination with the cell cycle. Centrioles have a remarkable structure, consisting of microtubules arranged in a barrel with ninefold radial symmetry. At their base, or proximal end, centrioles have unique triplet microtubules, formed from three microtubules linked to each other. This microtubule organization is not found anywhere else in the cell, is conserved in all major branches of the eukaryotic tree, and likely was present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. At their tip, or distal end, centrioles have doublet microtubules, which template the cilium. Here, we consider the structures of the compound microtubules in centrioles and discuss potential mechanisms for their formation and their function. We propose that triplet microtubules are required for the structural integrity of centrioles, allowing the centriole to serve as the essential nucleator of the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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36
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Riparbelli MG, Persico V, Gottardo M, Callaini G. The developing Drosophila eye - a new model to study centriole reduction. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.211441. [PMID: 29361550 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing Drosophila eye, the centrioles of the differentiating retinal cells are not surrounded by the microtubule-nucleating γ-tubulin, suggesting that they are unable to organize functional microtubule-organizing centers. Consistent with this idea, Cnn and Spd-2, which are involved in γ-tubulin recruitment, and the scaffold protein Plp, which plays a role in the organization of the pericentriolar material, are lost in the third-instar larval stage. However, the centrioles maintain their structural integrity, and both the parent centrioles accumulate Asl and Ana1. Although the loading of Asl points to the acquisition of the motherhood condition, the daughter centrioles fail to recruit Plk4 and do not duplicate. However, it is surprising that the mother centrioles that accumulate Plk4 also never duplicate. This suggests that the loading of Plk4 is not sufficient, in this system, to allow centriole duplication. By halfway through pupal life, the centriole number decreases and structural defects, ranging from being incomplete or lacking B-tubules, are detected. Asl, Ana1 and Sas-4 are still present, suggesting that the centriole integrity does not depend on these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Riparbelli
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Veronica Persico
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuliano Callaini
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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37
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Agbu SO, Liang Y, Liu A, Anderson KV. The small GTPase RSG1 controls a final step in primary cilia initiation. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:413-427. [PMID: 29038301 PMCID: PMC5748968 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential for normal development and tissue homeostasis, but the mechanisms that remodel the centriole to promote cilia initiation are not well understood. Agbu et al. report that mouse RSG1, a small GTPase, regulates a late step in cilia initiation, downstream of TTBK2 and the CPLANE protein INTU. Primary cilia, which are essential for normal development and tissue homeostasis, are extensions of the mother centriole, but the mechanisms that remodel the centriole to promote cilia initiation are poorly understood. Here we show that mouse embryos that lack the small guanosine triphosphatase RSG1 die at embryonic day 12.5, with developmental abnormalities characteristic of decreased cilia-dependent Hedgehog signaling. Rsg1 mutant embryos have fewer primary cilia than wild-type embryos, but the cilia that form are of normal length and traffic Hedgehog pathway proteins within the cilium correctly. Rsg1 mother centrioles recruit proteins required for cilia initiation and dock onto ciliary vesicles, but axonemal microtubules fail to elongate normally. RSG1 localizes to the mother centriole in a process that depends on tau tubulin kinase 2 (TTBK2), the CPLANE complex protein Inturned (INTU), and its own GTPase activity. The data suggest a specific role for RSG1 in the final maturation of the mother centriole and ciliary vesicle that allows extension of the ciliary axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie O Agbu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Yinwen Liang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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38
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Lamkin ER, Heiman MG. Coordinated morphogenesis of neurons and glia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:58-64. [PMID: 28988011 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glia adopt remarkable shapes that are tightly coordinated with the morphologies of their neuronal partners. To achieve these precise shapes, glia and neurons exhibit coordinated morphological changes on the time scale of minutes and on size scales ranging from nanometers to hundreds of microns. Here, we review recent studies that reveal the highly dynamic, localized morphological changes of mammalian neuron-glia contacts. We then explore the power of Drosophila and C. elegans models to study coordinated changes at defined neuron-glia contacts, highlighting the use of innovative genetic and imaging tools to uncover the molecular mechanisms responsible for coordinated morphogenesis of neurons and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Lamkin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA 02115, United States
| | - Maxwell G Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA 02115, United States.
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39
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Nechipurenko IV, Sengupta P. The rise and fall of basal bodies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Cilia 2017; 6:9. [PMID: 28770089 PMCID: PMC5530580 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-017-0053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a widely used genetic model organism for investigations into centriole and cilia biology. Only sensory neurons are ciliated in C. elegans; morphologically diverse cilia in these neurons are nucleated by basal bodies located at the dendritic endings. C. elegans centrioles comprise a central tube with a symmetric array of nine singlet microtubules. These singlet microtubules remodel in a subset of sensory neurons to form the doublet microtubules of the basal bodies. Following initiation of ciliogenesis, the central tube, but not the outer centriole wall, of the basal body degenerates. Recent ultrastructural characterization of basal body architecture and remodeling have laid the foundation for future studies into mechanisms underlying different aspects of basal body genesis, remodeling, and intracellular positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V Nechipurenko
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454 USA
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454 USA
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40
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Li W, Yi P, Zhu Z, Zhang X, Li W, Ou G. Centriole translocation and degeneration during ciliogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans neurons. EMBO J 2017; 36:2553-2566. [PMID: 28743734 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cilia that are formed at the dendritic endings of sensory neurons are essential for sensory perception. However, it remains unclear how the centriole-derived basal body is positioned to form a template for cilium formation. Using fluorescence time-lapse microscopy, we show that the centriole translocates from the cell body to the dendrite tip in the Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons. The centriolar protein SAS-5 interacts with the dynein light-chain LC8 and conditional mutations of cytoplasmic dynein-1 block centriole translocation and ciliogenesis. The components of the central tube are essential for the biogenesis of centrioles, which later drive ciliogenesis in the dendrite; however, the centriole loses these components at the late stage of centriole translocation and subsequently recruits transition zone and intraflagellar transport proteins. Together, our results provide a comprehensive model of ciliogenesis in sensory neurons and reveal the importance of the dynein-dependent centriole translocation in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peishan Yi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianliang Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Wingfield JL, Mengoni I, Bomberger H, Jiang YY, Walsh JD, Brown JM, Picariello T, Cochran DA, Zhu B, Pan J, Eggenschwiler J, Gaertig J, Witman GB, Kner P, Lechtreck K. IFT trains in different stages of assembly queue at the ciliary base for consecutive release into the cilium. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28562242 PMCID: PMC5451262 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains, multimegadalton assemblies of IFT proteins and motors, traffic proteins in cilia. To study how trains assemble, we employed fluorescence protein-tagged IFT proteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. IFT-A and motor proteins are recruited from the cell body to the basal body pool, assembled into trains, move through the cilium, and disperse back into the cell body. In contrast to this ‘open’ system, IFT-B proteins from retrograde trains reenter the pool and a portion is reused directly in anterograde trains indicating a ‘semi-open’ system. Similar IFT systems were also observed in Tetrahymena thermophila and IMCD3 cells. FRAP analysis indicated that IFT proteins and motors of a given train are sequentially recruited to the basal bodies. IFT dynein and tubulin cargoes are loaded briefly before the trains depart. We conclude that the pool contains IFT trains in multiple stages of assembly queuing for successive release into the cilium upon completion. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26609.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Wingfield
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Ilaria Mengoni
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Heather Bomberger
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States.,College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Yu-Yang Jiang
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Jonathon D Walsh
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Jason M Brown
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Department of Biology, Salem State University, Salem, United States
| | - Tyler Picariello
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Deborah A Cochran
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Bing Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - George B Witman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Peter Kner
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Karl Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
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