1
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Wang G, Zou X, Chen Q, Nong W, Miao W, Luo H, Qu S. The relationship and clinical significance of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:246. [PMID: 39010066 PMCID: PMC11251390 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactylation, an emerging post-translational modification, plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of digestive system tumors. This study presents a comprehensive review of lactylation in digestive system tumors, underscoring its critical involvement in tumor development and progression. By focusing on metabolic reprogramming, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and the molecular mechanisms regulating tumor progression, the potential of targeting lactylation as a therapeutic strategy is highlighted. The research reveals that lactylation participates in gene expression regulation and cell signaling by affecting the post-translational states of histones and non-histone proteins, thereby influencing metabolic pathways and immune evasion mechanisms in tumor cells. Furthermore, this study assesses the feasibility of lactylation as a therapeutic target, providing insights for clinical treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Future research should concentrate on elucidating the mechanisms of lactylation, developing efficient lactylation inhibitors, and validating their therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials, which could transform current cancer treatment and immunotherapy approaches. In summary, this review emphasizes the crucial role of lactylation in tumorigenesis and progression through a detailed analysis of its molecular mechanisms and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaosu Zou
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qicong Chen
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenqian Nong
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Weiwei Miao
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Honglin Luo
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Shenhong Qu
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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2
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Chen P, Chen Y, Xia N, Fan B, Niu Z, He Z, Wang X, Yuan J, Gupta N, Shen B. A pyruvate transporter in the apicoplast of apicomplexan parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314314121. [PMID: 38865262 PMCID: PMC11194499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314314121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate lies at a pivotal node of carbon metabolism in eukaryotes. It is involved in diverse metabolic pathways in multiple organelles, and its interorganelle shuttling is crucial for cell fitness. Many apicomplexan parasites harbor a unique organelle called the apicoplast that houses metabolic pathways like fatty acid and isoprenoid precursor biosyntheses, requiring pyruvate as a substrate. However, how pyruvate is supplied in the apicoplast remains enigmatic. Here, deploying the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii as a model apicomplexan, we identified two proteins residing in the apicoplast membranes that together constitute a functional apicoplast pyruvate carrier (APC) to mediate the import of cytosolic pyruvate. Depletion of APC results in reduced activities of metabolic pathways in the apicoplast and impaired integrity of this organelle, leading to parasite growth arrest. APC is a pyruvate transporter in diverse apicomplexan parasites, suggesting a common strategy for pyruvate acquisition by the apicoplast in these clinically relevant intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yukun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bolin Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengming He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nishith Gupta
- Intracellular Parasite Education and Research Labs, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani500078, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin10115, Germany
| | - Bang Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen518000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan430070, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Liao S, Wu G, Xie Z, Lei X, Yang X, Huang S, Deng X, Wang Z, Tang G. pH regulators and their inhibitors in tumor microenvironment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116170. [PMID: 38308950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
As an important characteristic of tumor, acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely related to immune escape, invasion, migration and drug resistance of tumor. The acidity of the TME mainly comes from the acidic products produced by the high level of tumor metabolism, such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide. pH regulators such as monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), and Na+/H+ exchange 1 (NHE1) expel protons directly or indirectly from the tumor to maintain the pH balance of tumor cells and create an acidic TME. We review the functions of several pH regulators involved in the construction of acidic TME, the structure and structure-activity relationship of pH regulator inhibitors, and provide strategies for the development of small-molecule antitumor inhibitors based on these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyi Liao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Guang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Xiangping Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Koltai T, Fliegel L. Exploring monocarboxylate transporter inhibition for cancer treatment. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:135-169. [PMID: 38464385 PMCID: PMC10918235 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells are separated from the environment by a lipid bilayer membrane that is relatively impermeable to solutes. The transport of ions and small molecules across this membrane is an essential process in cell biology and metabolism. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) belong to a vast family of solute carriers (SLCs) that facilitate the transport of certain hydrophylic small compounds through the bilipid cell membrane. The existence of 446 genes that code for SLCs is the best evidence of their importance. In-depth research on MCTs is quite recent and probably promoted by their role in cancer development and progression. Importantly, it has recently been realized that these transporters represent an interesting target for cancer treatment. The search for clinically useful monocarboxylate inhibitors is an even more recent field. There is limited pre-clinical and clinical experience with new inhibitors and their precise mechanism of action is still under investigation. What is common to all of them is the inhibition of lactate transport. This review discusses the structure and function of MCTs, their participation in cancer, and old and newly developed inhibitors. Some suggestions on how to improve their anticancer effects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Hospital del Centro Gallego de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 2199, Argentina
| | - Larry Fliegel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Alberta, Canada
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Romagnoli R, De Ventura T, Manfredini S, Baldini E, Supuran CT, Nocentini A, Brancale A, Bortolozzi R, Manfreda L, Viola G. Design, synthesis, and biological investigation of selective human carbonic anhydrase II, IX, and XII inhibitors using 7-aryl/heteroaryl triazolopyrimidines bearing a sulfanilamide scaffold. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2270180. [PMID: 37850364 PMCID: PMC10586084 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2270180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel library of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) inhibitors based on the 2-sulfanilamido[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine skeleton modified at its 7-position was prepared by an efficient convergent procedure. These derivatives were evaluated in vitro for their inhibition properties against a representative panel of hCA isoforms (hCA I, II, IV, IX, and XII). The target tumour-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII were potently inhibited with KIs in the low nanomolar range of 5-96 nM and 4-72 nM, respectively. Compounds 1d, 1j, 1v, and 1x were the most potent hCA IX inhibitors with KIs of 5.1, 8.6, 4.7, and 5.1 nM, respectively. Along with derivatives 1d and 1j, compounds 1r and 1ab potently inhibited hCA XII isoform with KIs in a single-digit nanomolar range of 8.8, 5.4, 4.3, and 9.0 nM, respectively. Compounds 1e, 1m, and 1p exhibited the best selectivity against hCA IX and hCA XII isoforms over off-target hCA II, with selectivity indexes ranging from 5 to 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziano De Ventura
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Baldini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Vysoká Škola Chemicko-Technologická v Praze, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Bortolozzi
- Department of Woman’s and Child’s Health, Hemato-Oncology Lab, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Manfreda
- Department of Woman’s and Child’s Health, Hemato-Oncology Lab, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Padova, Italy
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Department of Woman’s and Child’s Health, Hemato-Oncology Lab, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Padova, Italy
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Ildiz ES, Gvozdenovic A, Kovacs WJ, Aceto N. Travelling under pressure - hypoxia and shear stress in the metastatic journey. Clin Exp Metastasis 2023; 40:375-394. [PMID: 37490147 PMCID: PMC10495280 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-023-10224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion, intravasation and survival in the bloodstream are early steps of the metastatic process, pivotal to enabling the spread of cancer to distant tissues. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent a highly selected subpopulation of cancer cells that tamed these critical steps, and a better understanding of their biology and driving molecular principles may facilitate the development of novel tools to prevent metastasis. Here, we describe key research advances in this field, aiming at describing early metastasis-related processes such as collective invasion, shedding, and survival of CTCs in the bloodstream, paying particular attention to microenvironmental factors like hypoxia and mechanical stress, considered as important influencers of the metastatic journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Su Ildiz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Gvozdenovic
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner J Kovacs
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Zhang J, Huang Q, Yang Y, Zhang J, Fang X, Yang Y, Liang H, Wang W, Wang Y. A novel prognostic system combining carbonic anhydrase II and preoperative CA19-9 for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after curative resection. Cancer 2023; 129:1030-1040. [PMID: 36625486 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) was investigated and a novel prognostic system combining CAII and preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) was established to predict the survival of patients with ICC after curative resection. METHODS A total of 110 patients who underwent curative-intent resection for ICC between 2012 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. CAII in tumor and peritumor regions was examined by immunohistochemistry, and the relationships between clinicopathological factors and the prognostic value of CAII and CA19-9 were analyzed. RESULTS CAII was frequently downregulated in ICC tissues (p < .001). Multivariate analyses indicated that showed that both low CAII expression level and preoperative CA19-9 ≥236 U/ml were independent risk factors for overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with ICC after radical resection. Survival analysis revealed that patients with high CAII and low CA19-9 were significantly associated with a better OS and RFS (p < .001). The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves showed that CAII + CA19-9 had better prognostic predictive ability than CAII or CA19-9 alone. The nomogram constructed on independent factors including T stage, lymph node metastasis, CA19-9 (continuous variable), and CAII achieved C-indexes of 0.754 (95% CI, 0.701-0.807) and 0.730 (0.674-0.785) for OS and RFS, respectively. The calibration curve revealed acceptable agreement between actual and predicted OS and RFS. CONCLUSIONS The combination of CAII and preoperative CA19-9 is a novel and useful prognostic tool for predicting the survival of patients with ICC after curative resection and guiding clinical decisions. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) was frequently downregulated in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) tissues. Survival analysis revealed that CAII is a novel independent factor for prognosis in patients with ICC after curative resection. CAII could be a useful prognostic marker for patients with ICC after surgery. The combination of CAII and preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 is a novel and useful prognostic tool for predicting the survival of patients with ICC after curative resection and guiding clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qiming Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Radiology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xueting Fang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yubin Yang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Missiaen R, Lesner NP, Simon MC. HIF: a master regulator of nutrient availability and metabolic cross-talk in the tumor microenvironment. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112067. [PMID: 36808622 PMCID: PMC10015374 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A role for hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in hypoxia-dependent regulation of tumor cell metabolism has been thoroughly investigated and covered in reviews. However, there is limited information available regarding HIF-dependent regulation of nutrient fates in tumor and stromal cells. Tumor and stromal cells may generate nutrients necessary for function (metabolic symbiosis) or deplete nutrients resulting in possible competition between tumor cells and immune cells, a result of altered nutrient fates. HIF and nutrients in the tumor microenvironment (TME) affect stromal and immune cell metabolism in addition to intrinsic tumor cell metabolism. HIF-dependent metabolic regulation will inevitably result in the accumulation or depletion of essential metabolites in the TME. In response, various cell types in the TME will respond to these hypoxia-dependent alterations by activating HIF-dependent transcription to alter nutrient import, export, and utilization. In recent years, the concept of metabolic competition has been proposed for critical substrates, including glucose, lactate, glutamine, arginine, and tryptophan. In this review, we discuss how HIF-mediated mechanisms control nutrient sensing and availability in the TME, the competition for nutrients, and the metabolic cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rindert Missiaen
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Lesner
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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O’Herin C, Moriuchi YW, Bemis TA, Kohlbrand AJ, Burkart MD, Cohen SM. Development of Human Carbonic Anhydrase II Heterobifunctional Degraders. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2789-2803. [PMID: 36735827 PMCID: PMC9969396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) is a metalloenzyme essential to critical physiological processes in the body. hCA inhibitors are used clinically for the treatment of indications ranging from glaucoma to epilepsy. Targeted protein degraders have emerged as a promising means of inducing the degradation of disease-implicated proteins by using the endogenous quality control mechanisms of a cell. Here, a series of heterobifunctional degrader candidates targeting hCAII were developed from a simple aryl sulfonamide fragment. Degrader candidates were functionalized to produce either cereblon E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRBN) recruiting proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) or adamantyl-based hydrophobic tags (HyTs). Screens in HEK293 cells identified two PROTAC small-molecule degraders of hCA. Optimization of linker length and composition yielded a degrader with sub-nanomolar potency and sustained depletion of hCAII over prolonged treatments. Mechanistic studies suggest that this optimized degrader depletes hCAII through the same mechanism as previously reported CRBN-recruiting heterobifunctional degraders.
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10
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Geistlinger K, Schmidt JDR, Beitz E. Human monocarboxylate transporters accept and relay protons via the bound substrate for selectivity and activity at physiological pH. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad007. [PMID: 36874278 PMCID: PMC9982067 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human monocarboxylate/H+ transporters, MCT, facilitate the transmembrane translocation of vital weak acid metabolites, mainly l-lactate. Tumors exhibiting a Warburg effect rely on MCT activity for l-lactate release. Recently, high-resolution MCT structures revealed binding sites for anticancer drug candidates and the substrate. Three charged residues, Lys 38, Asp 309, and Arg 313 (MCT1 numbering) are essential for substrate binding and initiation of the alternating access conformational change. However, the mechanism by which the proton cosubstrate binds and traverses MCTs remained elusive. Here, we report that substitution of Lys 38 by neutral residues maintained MCT functionality in principle, yet required strongly acidic pH conditions for wildtype-like transport velocity. We determined pH-dependent biophysical transport properties, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and heavy water effects for MCT1 wildtype and Lys 38 mutants. Our experimental data provide evidence for the bound substrate itself to accept and shuttle a proton from Lys 38 to Asp 309 initiating transport. We have shown before that substrate protonation is a pivotal step in the mechanisms of other MCT-unrelated weak acid translocating proteins. In connection with this study, we conclude that utilization of the proton binding and transfer capabilities of the transporter-bound substrate is probably a universal theme for weak acid anion/H+ cotransport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Geistlinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Jana D R Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Eric Beitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel 24118, Germany
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11
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Small Structural Differences Govern the Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibition Activity of Cytotoxic Triterpene Acetazolamide Conjugates. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031009. [PMID: 36770674 PMCID: PMC9919727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylated triterpenoids betulin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid were converted into their succinyl-spacered acetazolamide conjugates. These conjugates were screened for their inhibitory activity onto carbonic anhydrase II and their cytotoxicity employing several human tumor cell lines and non-malignant fibroblasts. As a result, the best inhibitors were derived from betulin and glycyrrhetinic acid while those derived from ursolic or oleanolic acid were significantly weaker inhibitors but also of diminished cytotoxicity. A betulin-derived conjugate held a Ki = 0.129 μM and an EC50 = 8.5 μM for human A375 melanoma cells.
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12
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Nachliel E, Gutman M. Reaction within the coulomb-cage; science in retrospect. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184071. [PMID: 36244436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Coulomb-cage is defined as the space where the electrostatic interaction between two bodies is more intensive than the thermal energy (kBT). For small molecule, the Coulomb-cage is a small sphere, extending only few water molecules towards the bulk and its radius is sensitive to the ionic strength of the solution. For charged proteins or membranal structures, the Coulomb-cage can engulf large fraction of the surface and provides a preferred pathway for ion propagation along the surface. Similarly, electrostatic potential at the inner space of a channel can form preferential trajectories passage for ions. The dynamics of ions inside the Coulomb-cage of ions was formulated by the studies of proton-anion recombination of excited photoacids. In the present article, we recount the study of intra- Coulomb-cage reaction taking place on the surface of macro-molecular bodies like micelles, membranes, proteins and intra-protein cavities. The study progressed stepwise, tracing the dynamics of a proton ejected from a photo-acid molecule located at defined sites (on membrane, inter-membrane space, active site of enzyme, inside Large Pore Channels etc.). Accumulation of experimental observations encouraged us to study of the reaction mechanism by molecular dynamics simulations of ions within the Coulomb-cage of proteins surface or inside large pores. The intra-Coulomb-cage proton transfer events follows closely the fine structure of the electrostatic field inside the cage and reflects the shape of nearby dielectric boundaries, the temporal ordering of the solvent molecules and the structural fluctuations of the charged side chains. The article sums some 40 years of research, which in retrospect clarifies the intra-Coulomb-cage reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nachliel
- Laser Laboratory for Fast Reactions, Dep. Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - M Gutman
- Laser Laboratory for Fast Reactions, Dep. Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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13
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Local Attraction of Substrates and Co-Substrates Enhances Weak Acid and Base Transmembrane Transport. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121794. [PMID: 36551222 PMCID: PMC9775063 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane transport of weak acid and base metabolites depends on the local pH conditions that affect the protonation status of the substrates and the availability of co-substrates, typically protons. Different protein designs ensure the attraction of substrates and co-substrates to the transporter entry sites. These include electrostatic surface charges on the transport proteins and complexation with seemingly transport-unrelated proteins that provide substrate and/or proton antenna, or enzymatically generate substrates in place. Such protein assemblies affect transport rates and directionality. The lipid membrane surface also collects and transfers protons. The complexity in the various systems enables adjustability and regulation in a given physiological or pathophysiological situation. This review describes experimentally shown principles in the attraction and facilitation of weak acid and base transport substrates, including monocarboxylates, ammonium, bicarbonate, and arsenite, plus protons as a co-substrate.
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14
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Abdel-Mohsen HT, Omar MA, Petreni A, Supuran CT. Novel 2-substituted thioquinazoline-benzenesulfonamide derivatives as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with potential anticancer activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200180. [PMID: 36056903 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-thioquinazoline-benzenesulfonamide hybrids were designed as carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. The design approach relies on molecular hybridization between the benzenesulfonamide scaffold as a Zn2+ binding group and 2-substituted thioquinazolines as a tail. Assaying the thioquinazoline-benzenesulfonamide conjugates against four different CA isoforms revealed that compounds 12f and 12p are the most potent derivatives. They exhibit Ki = 0.09 and 0.05 µM on CA II, 0.32 and 0.47 µM on CA IX, and 0.58 and 0.46 µM on CA XII, respectively. In addition, 12p demonstrated high selectivity for CA II over CA I with selectivity index (SI) = 92, and slightly higher specificity for CA II over CA IX and CA XII with SI = 9.40 and 9.20, respectively. The synthesized compounds were screened for their cytotoxic activity at 10 µM concentration and derivatives 12o, 12n, and 12f turned out to be the most potent ones from the synthesized series; they exhibit mean growth inhibition % values of 89.38%, 58.75%, and 54.71%, respectively, while 12p demonstrated moderate activity against the NCI cancer cell lines, with mean growth inhibition % = 29.62%. The analysis of the MCF-7 cell cycle after treatment with 5.0 µM of 12f displayed that it arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Molecular docking simulation of the thioquinazoline-benzenesulfonamide hybrids in the CA II active site rationalized the potent activity to the settlement of the sulfonamide moiety at the depth of the CA II active site and its stabilization by performing the important interactions with the Zn2+ ion as well as with the key amino acids Thr199 and/or Thr200, while the thioquinazoline moiety with different (un)substituted phenyl tails is stabilized by the formation of various hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with the surrounding amino acids in the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba T Abdel-Mohsen
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Omar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrea Petreni
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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15
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Abdel-Mohsen HT, Petreni A, Supuran CT. Investigation of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity of benzenesulfonamides incorporating substituted fused-pyrimidine tails. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200274. [PMID: 35972823 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two new series of 2-thiocyclopenta[d]pyrimidine-benzenesulfonamides 12a-l and 2-thiotetrahydroquinazoline-benzenesulfonamides 13a-j were synthesized and evaluated for their carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitory acivity and cytotoxic activity. The derivatives 12a and 12i exerted effective inhibition against CA II with Ki = 0.11 and 0.15 µM, while 12a, 12e, 12i, and 13d (Ki = 0.083-0.087 µM) were found to be the most potent against CA XII. In addition, higher selectivity toward CA II and CA XII over CA I and CA IX was observed for the majority of the synthesized conjugates. Analysis of the effect of the synthesized compounds on NCI cancer cell lines revealed that compounds 12b and 13d showed mean growth inhibitory effects of 53.59% and 49.25%, respectively. Docking of the synthesized hybrids in the CA II and CA XII binding pockets displayed the capability of the benzenesulfonamide derivatives to form, through their SO2 NH2 moiety, the characteristic interactions of the traditional CA inhibitors, besides additional interactions achieved by the tail with isoform-specific residues in the peripheral part of the CA binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba T Abdel-Mohsen
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrea Petreni
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Università degli Studi di Firenze, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Università degli Studi di Firenze, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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16
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Matsue T, Gi M, Shiota M, Tachibana H, Suzuki S, Fujioka M, Kakehashi A, Yamamoto T, Kato M, Uchida J, Wanibuchi H. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide inhibits urinary bladder cancers via suppression of β-catenin signaling. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2642-2653. [PMID: 35723039 PMCID: PMC9357660 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) play an important role in maintaining pH homeostasis. We previously demonstrated that overexpression of CA2 was associated with invasion and progression of urothelial carcinoma (UC) in humans. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the CA inhibitor acetazolamide (Ace) on N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN)‐induced bladder carcinogenesis in mice and explore the function of CA2 in muscle invasion by UC. Male mice were treated with 0.025% (experiment 1) or 0.05% BBN (experiment 2) in their drinking water for 10 weeks, then treated with cisplatin (Cis), Ace, or Cis plus Ace for 12 weeks. In experiment 1, the overall incidence of BBN‐induced UCs was significantly decreased in the BBN→Ace and BBN→Cis+Ace groups. In experiment 2, the overall incidence of BBN‐induced UCs was significantly decreased in the BBN→Cis+Ace group, and the incidence of muscle invasive UC was significantly decreased in both the BBN→Ace and the BBN→Cis+Ace groups. We also show that overexpression of CA2 by human UC cells T24 and UMUC3 significantly increased their migration and invasion capabilities, and that Ace significantly inhibited migration and invasion by CA2‐overexpressing T24 and UMUC3 cells. These data demonstrate a functional association of CA2 with UC development and progression, confirming the association of CA2 with UC that we had shown previously by immunohistochemical analysis of human UC specimens and proteome analysis of BBN‐induced UC in rats. Our finding that inhibition of CA2 inhibits UC development and muscle invasion also directly confirms that CA2 is a potential therapeutic target for bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Matsue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Urology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiota
- Department of Molecular Biology of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tachibana
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Urology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Kato
- Department of Urology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Uchida
- Department of Urology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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17
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San Martín A, Arce-Molina R, Aburto C, Baeza-Lehnert F, Barros LF, Contreras-Baeza Y, Pinilla A, Ruminot I, Rauseo D, Sandoval PY. Visualizing physiological parameters in cells and tissues using genetically encoded indicators for metabolites. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 182:34-58. [PMID: 35183660 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of metabolism is undergoing a renaissance. Since the year 2002, over 50 genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators (GEFIs) have been introduced, capable of monitoring metabolites with high spatial/temporal resolution using fluorescence microscopy. Indicators are fusion proteins that change their fluorescence upon binding a specific metabolite. There are indicators for sugars, monocarboxylates, Krebs cycle intermediates, amino acids, cofactors, and energy nucleotides. They permit monitoring relative levels, concentrations, and fluxes in living systems. At a minimum they report relative levels and, in some cases, absolute concentrations may be obtained by performing ad hoc calibration protocols. Proper data collection, processing, and interpretation are critical to take full advantage of these new tools. This review offers a survey of the metabolic indicators that have been validated in mammalian systems. Minimally invasive, these indicators have been instrumental for the purposes of confirmation, rebuttal and discovery. We envision that this powerful technology will foster metabolic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A San Martín
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile.
| | - R Arce-Molina
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Aburto
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - L F Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Y Contreras-Baeza
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A Pinilla
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - I Ruminot
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
| | - D Rauseo
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - P Y Sandoval
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
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18
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Abdel-Mohsen HT, El Kerdawy AM, Omar MA, Petreni A, Allam RM, El Diwani HI, Supuran CT. Application of the dual-tail approach for the design and synthesis of novel Thiopyrimidine-Benzenesulfonamide hybrids as selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114004. [PMID: 34847409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A dual-tail approach was applied to the design of a novel series of 2-thiopyrimidine-benzenesulfonamides as carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. The design strategy is based on the hybridization between a benzenesulfonamide moiety as Zn2+ binding group and 2,4-disubstituted thiopyridimidine as a tail. Among the synthesized compounds, 14h displayed the highest potency (Ki = 1.72 nM) and selectivity for CA II over the isoforms CA IX and CA XII with selectivity indexes of 50 and 5.26, respectively. Meanwhile, compounds 14a and 14l displayed a potent inhibitory activity against CA IX (Ki = 7.4 and 7.0 nM, respectively) compared with the reference drug acetazolamide (AAZ) (Ki = 25 nM), and compound 14l showed higher potency (Ki = 4.67 nM) than AAZ (Ki = 5.7 nM) against the tumor-associated isoform CA XII. Evaluation of the antiproliferative activity in NCI single-dose testing of selected hybrids revealed a pronounced potency of the selective CA II inhibitor 14h against most of the tested NCI cancer cell lines. Moreover, compound 14h demonstrated an IC50 values ranging from 2.40 to 4.50 μM against MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB-231, HCT-116, HT29 and SW-620. These results demonstrate that CA II inhibition can be an alternative therapeutic target for cancer treatment. A cell cycle analysis of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 showed that treatment with 14h arrested both cell lines at the G2/M phase with significant accumulation of cells in the pre-G1 phase. Moreover, compound 14h showed a noticeable induction of late apoptosis and necrotic cell death of both cell lines compared with untreated cells as a control. A molecular docking study suggested that the sulfonamide moiety accommodates deeply in the CA active site and interacts with the Zn2+ ion while the dual-tail extension interacts with the surrounding amino acids via several hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, which affects the potency and selectivity of the hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba T Abdel-Mohsen
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), NewGiza, Km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Omar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrea Petreni
- Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Rasha M Allam
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda I El Diwani
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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19
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Anjum F, Ali F, Mohammad T, Shafie A, Akhtar O, Abdullaev B, Hassan I. Discovery of Natural Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of Human Carbonic Anhydrase II: An Integrated Virtual Screening, Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:513-524. [PMID: 34255561 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) is one of the zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide, leading to the formation of bicarbonate and proton. CAII plays a significant role in health and disease. For example, CAII helps to maintain eye pressure while regulating the pH of the tumor microenvironment, and by extension, contributing to cancer progression. Owing to its remarkable role in cancer, visual health, and other human diseases, CAII can serve as an attractive therapeutic target. We report an original study based on high-throughput virtual screening of natural compounds from the ZINC database in search of potential inhibitors of CAII. We selected the hits based on the physicochemical, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties, pan-assay interference compound (PAINS) patterns, and interaction analysis. Importantly, two natural compounds were identified, ZINC08918123 and ZINC00952700, bearing considerable affinity and specific interactions to the residues of the CAII-binding pocket with well-organized conformational fitting compatibility. We investigated the conformational dynamics of CAII in complex with the identified compounds through molecular dynamics simulation, which revealed the formation of a stable complex preserved throughout the 100 ns trajectories. The stability of the protein/ligand complexes is maintained by significant numbers of noncovalent interactions throughout the simulations. In conclusion, natural compounds identified in the present study specifically and computer-assisted drug design broadly offer a reliable resource and strategy to discover potential promising therapeutic inhibitors of CAII to cure various cancers and glaucoma after further experimental validation and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Anjum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Akhtar
- Department of Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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20
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Chandel V, Kumar D. Targeting Signalling Cross-Talk between Cancer Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblast through Monocarboxylate Transporters in Head and Neck Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1369-1378. [PMID: 32698754 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200721135230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy affecting more than 600,000 cases worldwide annually, associated with poor prognosis and significant morbidity. HNSCC tumors are dysplastic, with up to 80% fibroblasts. It has been reported that Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) facilitate HNSCC progression. Unlike normal cells, malignant cells often display increased glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen; a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. As a consequence, there is an increase in Lactic Acid (LA) production. Earlier, it has been reported that HNSCC tumors exhibit high LA levels that correlate with reduced survival. It has been reported that the activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase, c- MET, by CAF-secreted Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a major contributing event in the progression of HNSCC. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, c-MET inhibition downregulates the TP53-Induced Glycolysis and Apoptosis Regulator (TIGAR) and NADPH production resulting in apoptosis. Previously, it was demonstrated that HNSCC tumor cells are highly glycolytic. Further, CAFs show a higher capacity to utilize LA as a carbon source to fuel mitochondrial respiration than HNSCC. Earlier, we have reported that in admixed cultures, both cell types increase the expression of Monocarboxylate Transporters (MCTs) for a bidirectional LA transporter. Consequently, MCTs play an important role in signalling cross-talk between cancer cells and cancer associate fibroblast in head and neck cancer, and targeting MCTs would lead to the development of a potential therapeutic approach for head and neck cancer. In this review, we focus on the regulation of MCTs in head and neck cancer through signalling cross-talk between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, and targeting this signalling cross talk would lead to the development of a potential therapeutic approach for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Chandel
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida-201313, (UP), India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida-201313, (UP), India
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21
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Gillies RJ. Cancer heterogeneity and metastasis: life at the edge. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 39:15-19. [PMID: 33999364 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that the phenotype of cells the tumor at the stromal interface is distinct from the tumor cells that are within the core. Molecular phenotyping of cells at the edge show that they express higher levels of proteins associated with elevated glycolytic metabolism, including GLUT-1, HIF-1, and CA-IX. An end product of glycolysis is the production of acid, and acidosis of tumors is strongly associated with increased metastatic potential across a wide variety of tumor types. The molecular machinery promoting this export of acid is being defined, with close collaboration between carbonic anhydrases, sodium dependent bicarbonate and monocarboxylate transporters. Neutralization of this acidity can prevent local invasion and metastasis, and this has led to the "acid-mediated invasion hypothesis" wherein export of acid from the tumor into the stroma leads to matrix remodeling, which can promote local invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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22
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Kobayashi M, Narumi K, Furugen A, Iseki K. Transport function, regulation, and biology of human monocarboxylate transporter 1 (hMCT1) and 4 (hMCT4). Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107862. [PMID: 33894276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human monocarboxylate transporter 1 (hMCT1) and 4 (hMCT4) are involved in the proton-dependent transport of monocarboxylates such as L-lactate, which play an essential role in cellular metabolism and pH regulation. hMCT1 and 4 are overexpressed in a number of cancers, and polymorphisms in hMCT1 have been reported to be associated with the prognosis of some cancers. Accordingly, recent advances have focused on the inhibition of these transporters as a novel therapeutic strategy in cancers. To screen for MCT inhibitors for clinical application, it is important to study MCT function and regulation, and the effect of compounds on them, using human-derived cells. In this review, we focus on the transport function, regulation, and biology of hMCT1 and hMCT4, and the effects of genetic variation in these transporters in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ken Iseki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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23
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Köpnick AL, Jansen A, Geistlinger K, Epalle NH, Beitz E. Basigin drives intracellular accumulation of l-lactate by harvesting protons and substrate anions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249110. [PMID: 33770122 PMCID: PMC7996999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of l-lactate by members of the monocarboxylate transporter family, MCT, is vital in human physiology and a malignancy factor in cancer. Interaction with an accessory protein, typically basigin, is required to deliver the MCT to the plasma membrane. It is unknown whether basigin additionally exerts direct effects on the transmembrane l-lactate transport of MCT1. Here, we show that the presence of basigin leads to an intracellular accumulation of l-lactate 4.5-fold above the substrate/proton concentrations provided by the external buffer. Using basigin truncations we localized the effect to arise from the extracellular Ig-I domain. Identification of surface patches of condensed opposite electrostatic potential, and experimental analysis of charge-affecting Ig-I mutants indicated a bivalent harvesting antenna functionality for both, protons and substrate anions. From these data, and determinations of the cytosolic pH with a fluorescent probe, we conclude that the basigin Ig-I domain drives lactate uptake by locally increasing the proton and substrate concentration at the extracellular MCT entry site. The biophysical properties are physiologically relevant as cell growth on lactate media was strongly promoted in the presence of the Ig-I domain. Lack of the domain due to shedding, or misfolding due to breakage of a stabilizing disulfide bridge reversed the effect. Tumor progression according to classical or reverse Warburg effects depends on the transmembrane l-lactate distribution, and this study shows that the basigin Ig-I domain is a pivotal determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Köpnick
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Jansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Geistlinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nathan Hugo Epalle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric Beitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Ruiz-Iglesias A, Mañes S. The Importance of Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier in Cancer Cell Metabolism and Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071488. [PMID: 33804985 PMCID: PMC8037430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The characteristic metabolic hallmark of cancer cells is the massive catabolism of glucose by glycolysis, even under aerobic conditions—the so-called Warburg effect. Although energetically unfavorable, glycolysis provides “building blocks” to sustain the unlimited growth of malignant cells. Aberrant glycolysis is also responsible for lactate accumulation and acidosis in the tumor milieu, which fosters hypoxia and immunosuppression. One of the mechanisms used by cancer cells to increase glycolytic flow is the negative regulation of the proteins that conform the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex, which transports pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix to be metabolized in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Evidence suggests that MPC downregulation in tumor cells impacts many aspects of tumorigenesis, including cancer cell-intrinsic (proliferation, invasiveness, stemness, resistance to therapy) and -extrinsic (angiogenesis, anti-tumor immune activity) properties. In many cancers, but not in all, MPC downregulation is associated with poor survival. MPC regulation is therefore central to tackling glycolysis in tumors. Abstract Pyruvate is a key molecule in the metabolic fate of mammalian cells; it is the crossroads from where metabolism proceeds either oxidatively or ends with the production of lactic acid. Pyruvate metabolism is regulated by many enzymes that together control carbon flux. Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) is responsible for importing pyruvate from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix, where it is oxidatively phosphorylated to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and to generate intermediates used in multiple biosynthetic pathways. MPC activity has an important role in glucose homeostasis, and its alteration is associated with diabetes, heart failure, and neurodegeneration. In cancer, however, controversy surrounds MPC function. In some cancers, MPC upregulation appears to be associated with a poor prognosis. However, most transformed cells undergo a switch from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism, the so-called Warburg effect, which, amongst other possibilities, is induced by MPC malfunction or downregulation. Consequently, impaired MPC function might induce tumors with strong proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities. Moreover, glycolytic cancer cells secrete lactate, acidifying the microenvironment, which in turn induces angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and the expansion of stromal cell populations supporting tumor growth. This review examines the latest findings regarding the tumorigenic processes affected by MPC.
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Becker HM, Deitmer JW. Proton Transport in Cancer Cells: The Role of Carbonic Anhydrases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063171. [PMID: 33804674 PMCID: PMC8003680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra- and extracellular pH regulation is a pivotal function of all cells and tissues. Net outward transport of H+ is a prerequisite for normal physiological function, since a number of intracellular processes, such as metabolism and energy supply, produce acid. In tumor tissues, distorted pH regulation results in extracellular acidification and the formation of a hostile environment in which cancer cells can outcompete healthy local host cells. Cancer cells employ a variety of H+/HCO3−-coupled transporters in combination with intra- and extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms, to alter intra- and extracellular pH to values that promote tumor progression. Many of the transporters could closely associate to CAs, to form a protein complex coined “transport metabolon”. While transport metabolons built with HCO3−-coupled transporters require CA catalytic activity, transport metabolons with monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) operate independently from CA catalytic function. In this article, we assess some of the processes and functions of CAs for tumor pH regulation and discuss the role of intra- and extracellular pH regulation for cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M. Becker
- Zoology and Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, TU Dresden, D-01217 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Joachim W. Deitmer
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
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26
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Fairweather SJ, Shah N, Brӧer S. Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 21:13-127. [PMID: 33052588 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans, and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of molecular characterisation, multiple solute carriers that form obligatory heteromers with unrelated subunits are emerging as a distinctive principle of membrane transporter assembly. Here we comprehensively review experimentally established heteromeric solute carriers: SLC3-SLC7 amino acid exchangers, SLC16 monocarboxylate/H+ symporters and basigin/embigin, SLC4A1 (AE1) and glycophorin A exchanger, SLC51 heteromer Ost α-Ost β uniporter, and SLC6 heteromeric symporters. The review covers the history of the heteromer discovery, transporter physiology, structure, disease associations and pharmacology - all with a focus on the heteromeric assembly. The cellular locations, requirements for complex formation, and the functional role of dimerization are extensively detailed, including analysis of the first complete heteromer structures, the SLC7-SLC3 family transporters LAT1-4F2hc, b0,+AT-rBAT and the SLC6 family heteromer B0AT1-ACE2. We present a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers and conclude with common principles of their functional roles and structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Resarch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Nishank Shah
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Brӧer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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27
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Xing X, Yuan H, Liu H, Tan X, Zhao B, Wang Y, Ouyang J, Lin M, Liu X, Huang A. Quantitative Secretome Analysis Reveals Clinical Values of Carbonic Anhydrase II in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:94-107. [PMID: 33662630 PMCID: PMC8498920 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and intervention are key strategies to reduce mortality, increase long-term survival, and improve the therapeutic effects of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Herein, the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic strategy was used to study the secretomes in conditioned media from HCC cancerous tissues, surrounding noncancerous tissues, and distal noncancerous tissues to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HCC. In total, 22 and 49 dysregulated secretory proteins were identified in the cancerous and surrounding noncancerous tissues, respectively, compared with the distal noncancerous tissues. Among these proteins, carbonic anhydrase II (CA2) was identified to be significantly upregulated in the secretome of cancerous tissues; correspondingly, the serum concentrations of CA2 were remarkably increased in HCC patients compared with that in normal populations. Interestingly, a significant increase of serum CA2 in recurrent HCC patients after radical resection was also confirmed compared with HCC patients without recurrence, and the serum level of CA2 could act as an independent prognostic factor for time to recurrence and overall survival. Regarding the mechanism, the secreted CA2 enhances the migration and invasion of HCC cells by activating the epithelial mesenchymal transition pathway. Taken together, this study identified a novel biomarker for HCC diagnosis and prognosis, and provided a valuable resource of HCC secretome for investigating serological biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xing
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China; The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Xionghong Tan
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Bixing Zhao
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Jiahe Ouyang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Minjie Lin
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China; The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China.
| | - Aimin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China.
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28
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Roosterman D, Cottrell GS. Rethinking the Citric Acid Cycle: Connecting Pyruvate Carboxylase and Citrate Synthase to the Flow of Energy and Material. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020604. [PMID: 33435350 PMCID: PMC7827294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1937, Sir H. A Krebs first published the Citric Acid Cycle, a unidirectional cycle with carboxylic acids. The original concept of the Citric Acid Cycle from Krebs’ 1953 Nobel Prize lecture illustrates the unidirectional degradation of lactic acid to water, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Here, we add the heart lactate dehydrogenase•proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter 1 complex, connecting the original Citric Acid Cycle to the flow of energy and material. The heart lactate dehydrogenase•proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter 1 complex catalyses the first reaction of the Citric Acid Cycle, the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate, and thus secures the provision of pyruvic acid. In addition, we modify Krebs’ original concept by feeding the cycle with oxaloacetic acid. Our concept enables the integration of anabolic processes and allows adaption of the organism to recover ATP faster.
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Koltai T. Targeting the pH Paradigm at the Bedside: A Practical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9221. [PMID: 33287221 PMCID: PMC7730959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inversion of the pH gradient in malignant tumors, known as the pH paradigm, is increasingly becoming accepted by the scientific community as a hallmark of cancer. Accumulated evidence shows that this is not simply a metabolic consequence of a dysregulated behavior, but rather an essential process in the physiopathology of accelerated proliferation and invasion. From the over-simplification of increased lactate production as the cause of the paradigm, as initially proposed, basic science researchers have arrived at highly complex and far-reaching knowledge, that substantially modified that initial belief. These new developments show that the paradigm entails a different regulation of membrane transporters, electrolyte exchangers, cellular and membrane enzymes, water trafficking, specialized membrane structures, transcription factors, and metabolic changes that go far beyond fermentative glycolysis. This complex world of dysregulations is still shuttered behind the walls of experimental laboratories and has not yet reached bedside medicine. However, there are many known pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals that are capable of targeting the pH paradigm. Most of these products are well known, have low toxicity, and are also inexpensive. They need to be repurposed, and this would entail shorter clinical studies and enormous cost savings if we compare them with the time and expense required for the development of a new molecule. Will targeting the pH paradigm solve the "cancer problem"? Absolutely not. However, reversing the pH inversion would strongly enhance standard treatments, rendering them more efficient, and in some cases permitting lower doses of toxic drugs. This article's goal is to describe how to reverse the pH gradient inversion with existing drugs and nutraceuticals that can easily be used in bedside medicine, without adding toxicity to established treatments. It also aims at increasing awareness among practicing physicians that targeting the pH paradigm would be able to improve the results of standard therapies. Some clinical cases will be presented as well, showing how the pH gradient inversion can be treated at the bedside in a simple manner with repurposed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Centro de Diagnostico y Tratamiento de la Obra Social del Personal de la Alimentacion, Talar de Pacheco, Buenos Aires 1617, Argentina
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30
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Moss FJ, Boron WF. Carbonic anhydrases enhance activity of endogenous Na-H exchangers and not the electrogenic Na/HCO 3 cotransporter NBCe1-A, expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol 2020; 598:5821-5856. [PMID: 32969493 PMCID: PMC7747792 DOI: 10.1113/jp280143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS According to the HCO 3 - metabolon hypothesis, direct association of cytosolic carbonic anhydrases (CAs) with the electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransporter NBCe1-A speeds transport by regenerating/consuming HCO 3 - . The present work addresses published discrepancies as to whether cytosolic CAs stimulate NBCe1-A, heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We confirm the essential elements of the previous experimental observations, taken as support for the HCO 3 - metabolon hypothesis. However, using our own experimental protocols or those of others, we find that NBCe1-A function is unaffected by cytosolic CAs. Previous conclusions that cytosolic CAs do stimulate NBCe1-A can be explained by an unanticipated stimulatory effect of the CAs on an endogenous Na-H exchanger. Theoretical analyses show that, although CAs could stimulate non- HCO 3 - transporters (e.g. Na-H exchangers) by accelerating CO2 / HCO 3 - -mediated buffering of acid-base equivalents, they could not appreciably affect transport rates of NBCe1 or other transporters carrying HCO 3 - , CO 3 = , or NaCO 3 - ion pairs. ABSTRACT The HCO 3 - metabolon hypothesis predicts that cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CA) binds to NBCe1-A, promotes HCO 3 - replenishment/consumption, and enhances transport. Using a short step-duration current-voltage (I-V) protocol with Xenopus oocytes expressing eGFP-tagged NBCe1-A, our group reported that neither injecting human CA II (hCA II) nor fusing hCA II to the NBCe1-A carboxy terminus affects background-subtracted NBCe1 slope conductance (GNBC ), which is a direct measure of NBCe1-A activity. Others - using bovine CA (bCA), untagged NBCe1-A, and protocols keeping holding potential (Vh ) far from NBCe1-A's reversal potential (Erev ) for prolonged periods - found that bCA increases total membrane current (ΔIm ), which apparently supports the metabolon hypothesis. We systematically investigated differences in the two protocols. In oocytes expressing untagged NBCe1-A, injected with bCA and clamped to -40 mV, CO2 / HCO 3 - exposures markedly decrease Erev , producing large transient outward currents persisting for >10 min and rapid increases in [Na+ ]i . Although the CA inhibitor ethoxzolamide (EZA) reduces both ΔIm and d[Na+ ]i /dt, it does not reduce GNBC . In oocytes not expressing NBCe1-A, CO2 / HCO 3 - triggers rapid increases in [Na+ ]i that both hCA II and bCA enhance in concentration-dependent manners. These d[Na+ ]i /dt increases are inhibited by EZA and blocked by EIPA, a Na-H exchanger (NHE) inhibitor. In oocytes expressing untagged NBCe1-A and injected with bCA, EIPA abolishes the EZA-dependent decreases in ΔIm and d[Na+ ]i /dt. Thus, CAs/EZA produce their ΔIm and d[Na+ ]i /dt effects not through NBCe1-A, but endogenous NHEs. Theoretical considerations argue against a CA stimulation of HCO 3 - transport, supporting the conclusion that an NBCe1-A- HCO 3 - metabolon does not exist in oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser J. Moss
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Walter F. Boron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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31
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Huang HY, Fan SY, Chang EH, Lam CH, Lin YC, Lin XH, Gupta NK, Tan KT. Self-Immolative Difluorophenyl Ester Linker for Affinity-Based Fluorescence Turn-on Protein Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15463-15471. [PMID: 33179902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently most fluorogenic probes are developed for the analysis of enzymes, where a bond breaking or rearrangement reaction is required to transform a nonfluorescent enzymatic substrate into a fluorescent product. However, this approach cannot be used for proteins that do not possess enzymatic activities. In this article, we show that fluorogenic probes with a self-immolative difluorophenyl ester linker can mimic the bond disassembly processes of fluorogenic enzyme substrates for the rapid analysis of nonenzymatic proteins. Although numerous self-immolative reagents have shown promising applications in sensors, drug delivery systems, and material chemistry, all of them are triggered by either enzymes or small reactive molecules. In our strategy, the probe binds to the protein via a specific protein-ligand interaction, inducing a chemical reaction between the self-immolative linker and an amino acid of the protein, thereby triggering a cascade reaction that leads to the activation and release of the fluorogenic reporter. In contrast, a phenyl ester linker without the difluoro substituent cannot be triggered to release the fluorogenic reporter. With this probe design, live-cell imaging of extracellular and intracellular endogenous tumor marker proteins can be achieved with high selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Syuan-Yun Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - En-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chak Hin Lam
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hui Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Nitesh K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kui-Thong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
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32
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Felmlee MA, Jones RS, Rodriguez-Cruz V, Follman KE, Morris ME. Monocarboxylate Transporters (SLC16): Function, Regulation, and Role in Health and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:466-485. [PMID: 32144120 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 16 (SLC16) is comprised of 14 members of the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family that play an essential role in the transport of important cell nutrients and for cellular metabolism and pH regulation. MCTs 1-4 have been extensively studied and are involved in the proton-dependent transport of L-lactate, pyruvate, short-chain fatty acids, and monocarboxylate drugs in a wide variety of tissues. MCTs 1 and 4 are overexpressed in a number of cancers, and current investigations have focused on transporter inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy in cancers. MCT1 has also been used in strategies aimed at enhancing drug absorption due to its high expression in the intestine. Other MCT isoforms are less well characterized, but ongoing studies indicate that MCT6 transports xenobiotics such as bumetanide, nateglinide, and probenecid, whereas MCT7 has been characterized as a transporter of ketone bodies. MCT8 and MCT10 transport thyroid hormones, and recently, MCT9 has been characterized as a carnitine efflux transporter and MCT12 as a creatine transporter. Expressed at the blood brain barrier, MCT8 mutations have been associated with an X-linked intellectual disability, known as Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. Many MCT isoforms are associated with hormone, lipid, and glucose homeostasis, and recent research has focused on their potential roles in disease, with MCTs representing promising novel therapeutic targets. This review will provide a summary of the current literature focusing on the characterization, function, and regulation of the MCT family isoforms and on their roles in drug disposition and in health and disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The 14-member solute carrier family 16 of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) plays a fundamental role in maintaining intracellular concentrations of a broad range of important endogenous molecules in health and disease. MCTs 1, 2, and 4 (L-lactate transporters) are overexpressed in cancers and represent a novel therapeutic target in cancer. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of MCTs in glucose, lipid, and hormone homeostasis, including MCT8 in thyroid hormone brain uptake, MCT12 in carnitine transport, and MCT11 in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (M.A.F.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., V.R.-C., M.E.M.); and Certara Strategic Consulting, Certara USA, Princeton, New Jersey (K.E.F.)
| | - Robert S Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (M.A.F.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., V.R.-C., M.E.M.); and Certara Strategic Consulting, Certara USA, Princeton, New Jersey (K.E.F.)
| | - Vivian Rodriguez-Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (M.A.F.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., V.R.-C., M.E.M.); and Certara Strategic Consulting, Certara USA, Princeton, New Jersey (K.E.F.)
| | - Kristin E Follman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (M.A.F.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., V.R.-C., M.E.M.); and Certara Strategic Consulting, Certara USA, Princeton, New Jersey (K.E.F.)
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (M.A.F.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., V.R.-C., M.E.M.); and Certara Strategic Consulting, Certara USA, Princeton, New Jersey (K.E.F.)
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33
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Certo M, Marone G, de Paulis A, Mauro C, Pucino V. Lactate: Fueling the fire starter. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1474. [PMID: 31840439 PMCID: PMC7187281 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly appreciated that intermediates of metabolic pathways, besides their anabolic and catabolic functions, can act as signaling molecules and influence the outcome of immune responses. Although lactate was previously considered as a waste product of glucose metabolism, accumulating evidence has highlighted its pivotal role in regulating diverse biological processes, including immune cell polarization, differentiation and effector functions. In addition, lactate is a key player in modulating tumor immune surveillance. Hence, targeting lactate-induced signaling pathways is a promising tool to reduce inflammation, to prevent autoimmunity and to restore anti-tumor immune response. This article is characterized under: Biological Mechanisms > Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Certo
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- Ospedale dei Colli, Hospital PharmacyNaplesItaly
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET)University of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), School of MedicineUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesQueen Elizabeth Hospital, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Roosterman D, Cottrell GS. Astrocytes and neurons communicate via a monocarboxylic acid shuttle. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 7:94-106. [PMID: 32607414 PMCID: PMC7321766 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since formulation of the Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle (ANLS) hypothesis in 1994, the hypothesis has provoked criticism and debate. Our review does not criticise, but rather integrates experimental data characterizing proton-linked monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) into the ANLS. MCTs have wide substrate specificity and are discussed to be in protein complex with a proton donor (PD). We particularly focus on the proton-driven transfer of l-lactic acid (l-lacH) and pyruvic acid (pyrH), were PDs link MCTs to a flow of energy. The precise nature of the PD predicts the activity and catalytic direction of MCTs. By doing so, we postulate that the MCT4·phosphoglycerate kinase complex exports and at the same time in the same astrocyte, MCT1·carbonic anhydrase II complex imports monocarboxylic acids. Similarly, neuronal MCT2 preferentially imports pyrH. The repertoire of MCTs in astrocytes and neurons allows them to communicate via monocarboxylic acids. A change in imported pyrH/l-lacH ratio in favour of l-lacH encodes signals stabilizing the transit of glucose from astrocytes to neurons. The presented astrocyte neuron communication hypothesis has the potential to unite the community by suggesting that the exchange of monocarboxylic acids paves the path of glucose provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Roosterman
- Ruhr Universität Bochum, LWL-Hospital of Psychiatry, Bochum, Germany
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Becker HM, Deitmer JW. Transport Metabolons and Acid/Base Balance in Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040899. [PMID: 32272695 PMCID: PMC7226098 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are metabolically highly active tissues, which produce large amounts of acid. The acid/base balance in tumor cells is regulated by the concerted interplay between a variety of membrane transporters and carbonic anhydrases (CAs), which cooperate to produce an alkaline intracellular, and an acidic extracellular, environment, in which cancer cells can outcompete their adjacent host cells. Many acid/base transporters form a structural and functional complex with CAs, coined "transport metabolon". Transport metabolons with bicarbonate transporters require the binding of CA to the transporter and CA enzymatic activity. In cancer cells, these bicarbonate transport metabolons have been attributed a role in pH regulation and cell migration. Another type of transport metabolon is formed between CAs and monocarboxylate transporters, which mediate proton-coupled lactate transport across the cell membrane. In this complex, CAs function as "proton antenna" for the transporter, which mediate the rapid exchange of protons between the transporter and the surroundings. These transport metabolons do not require CA catalytic activity, and support the rapid efflux of lactate and protons from hypoxic cancer cells to allow sustained glycolytic activity and cell proliferation. Due to their prominent role in tumor acid/base regulation and metabolism, transport metabolons might be promising drug targets for new approaches in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M. Becker
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Joachim W. Deitmer
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
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Targeting the Acidic Tumor Microenvironment: Unexpected Pro-Neoplastic Effects of Oral NaHCO 3 Therapy in Murine Breast Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040891. [PMID: 32268614 PMCID: PMC7226235 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic tumor microenvironment modifies malignant cell behavior. Here, we study consequences of the microenvironment in breast carcinomas. Beginning at carcinogen-based breast cancer induction, we supply either regular or NaHCO3-containing drinking water to female C57BL/6j mice. We evaluate urine and blood acid-base status, tumor metabolism (microdialysis sampling), and tumor pH (pH-sensitive microelectrodes) in vivo. Based on freshly isolated epithelial organoids from breast carcinomas and normal breast tissue, we assess protein expression (immunoblotting, mass spectrometry), intracellular pH (fluorescence microscopy), and cell proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine incorporation). Oral NaHCO3 therapy increases breast tumor pH in vivo from 6.68 ± 0.04 to 7.04 ± 0.09 and intracellular pH in breast epithelial organoids by ~0.15. Breast tumors develop with median latency of 85.5 ± 8.2 days in NaHCO3-treated mice vs. 82 ± 7.5 days in control mice. Oral NaHCO3 therapy does not affect tumor growth, histopathology or glycolytic metabolism. The capacity for cellular net acid extrusion is increased in NaHCO3-treated mice and correlates negatively with breast tumor latency. Oral NaHCO3 therapy elevates proliferative activity in organoids from breast carcinomas. Changes in protein expression patterns-observed by high-throughput proteomics analyses-between cancer and normal breast tissue and in response to oral NaHCO3 therapy reveal complex influences on metabolism, cytoskeleton, cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction, and cell signaling pathways. We conclude that oral NaHCO3 therapy neutralizes the microenvironment of breast carcinomas, elevates the cellular net acid extrusion capacity, and accelerates proliferation without net effect on breast cancer development or tumor growth. We demonstrate unexpected pro-neoplastic consequences of oral NaHCO3 therapy that in breast tissue cancel out previously reported anti-neoplastic effects.
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Comito G, Ippolito L, Chiarugi P, Cirri P. Nutritional Exchanges Within Tumor Microenvironment: Impact for Cancer Aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2020; 10:396. [PMID: 32266157 PMCID: PMC7105815 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic tissues are composed not only by tumor cells but also by several non-transformed stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells, that actively participate to tumor progression. Starting from the very beginning of carcinogenesis, tumor cells, through the release of paracrine soluble factors and vesicles, i.e., exosomes, modify the behavior of the neighboring cells, so that they can give efficient support for cancer cell proliferation and spreading. A mandatory role in tumor progression has been recently acknowledged to metabolic deregulation. Beside undergoing a metabolic reprogramming coherent to their high proliferation rate, tumor cells also rewire the metabolic assets of their stromal cells, educating them to serve as nutrient donors. Hence, an alteration in the composition and in the flow rate of many nutrients within tumor microenvironment has been associated with malignancy progression. This review is focused on metabolic remodeling of the different cell populations within tumor microenvironment, dealing with reciprocal re-education through the symbiotic sharing of metabolites, behaving both as nutrients and as transcriptional regulators, describing their impact on tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Comito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Ippolito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Parks SK, Mueller-Klieser W, Pouysségur J. Lactate and Acidity in the Cancer Microenvironment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fermentative glycolysis, an ancient evolved metabolic pathway, is exploited by rapidly growing tissues and tumors but also occurs in response to the nutritional and energetic demands of differentiated tissues. The lactic acid it produces is transported across cell membranes through reversible H+/lactate−symporters (MCT1 and MCT4) and is recycled in organs as a major metabolic precursor of gluconeogenesis and an energy source. Concentrations of lactate in the tumor environment, investigated utilizing an induced metabolic bioluminescence imaging (imBI) technique, appear to be dominant biomarkers of tumor response to irradiation and resistance to treatment. Suppression of lactic acid formation by genetic disruption of lactate dehydrogenases A and B in aggressive tumors reactivated OXPHOS (oxidative phosphorylation) to maintain xenograft tumor growth at a halved rate. In contrast, disruption of the lactic acid transporters MCT1/4 suppressed glycolysis, mTORC1, and tumor growth as a result of intracellular acidosis. Furthermore, the global reduction of tumor acidity contributes to activation of the antitumor immune responses, offering hope for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K. Parks
- Department of Medical Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), 98000 Monaco
| | - Wolfgang Mueller-Klieser
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Department of Medical Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), 98000 Monaco
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), CNRS UMR 7284, INSERM U1081, Centre A. Lacassagne, University Côte d'Azur, 06189 Nice, France
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Palese LL. Oxygen-oxygen distances in protein-bound crystallographic water suggest the presence of protonated clusters. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yamaguchi A, Futagi Y, Kobayashi M, Narumi K, Furugen A, Iseki K. Extracellular lysine 38 plays a crucial role in pH-dependent transport via human monocarboxylate transporter 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Vergara D, Ravaioli S, Fonzi E, Adamo L, Damato M, Bravaccini S, Pirini F, Gaballo A, Barbano R, Pasculli B, Franck J, Fournier I, Salzet M, Maffia M. Carbonic Anhydrase XII Expression Is Modulated during Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Regulated through Protein Kinase C Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030715. [PMID: 31979064 PMCID: PMC7037142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the carbonic anhydrase family are functionally involved in the regulation of intracellular and extracellular pH in physiological and pathological conditions. Their expression is finely regulated to maintain a strict control on cellular homeostasis, and it is dependent on the activation of extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways. Combining RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), NanoString, and bioinformatics data, we demonstrated that the expression of carbonic anhydrase 12 (CAXII) is significantly different in luminal and triple negative breast cancer (BC) models and patients, and is associated with the activation of an epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. In BC models, the phorbol ester 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-mediated activation of protein kinase C (PKC) induced a down-regulation of CAXII with a concomitant modulation of other members of the transport metabolon, including CAIX and the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 3 (NBCn1). This is associated with a remodeling of tumor glycolytic metabolism induced after PKC activation. Overall, this analysis highlights the dynamic nature of transport metabolom and identifies signaling pathways finely regulating this plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Vergara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.A.); (M.D.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, 73100 ASL-Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.V.); (M.M.); Tel.: +39-0832-661915 (D.V.); +39-0832-298670 (M.M.)
| | - Sara Ravaioli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (S.R.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Eugenio Fonzi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (S.R.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Loredaria Adamo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.A.); (M.D.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, 73100 ASL-Lecce, Italy
| | - Marina Damato
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.A.); (M.D.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, 73100 ASL-Lecce, Italy
| | - Sara Bravaccini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (S.R.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesca Pirini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (S.R.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Antonio Gaballo
- CNR-NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Raffaela Barbano
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Laboratorio di Oncologia, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (R.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Barbara Pasculli
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Laboratorio di Oncologia, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (R.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Julien Franck
- Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille, INSERM, U1192 F-59000 Lille, France; (J.F.); (I.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille, INSERM, U1192 F-59000 Lille, France; (J.F.); (I.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Michel Salzet
- Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille, INSERM, U1192 F-59000 Lille, France; (J.F.); (I.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Michele Maffia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.A.); (M.D.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, 73100 ASL-Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.V.); (M.M.); Tel.: +39-0832-661915 (D.V.); +39-0832-298670 (M.M.)
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Becker HM. Carbonic anhydrase IX and acid transport in cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:157-167. [PMID: 31819195 PMCID: PMC7051959 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in tumour metabolism and acid/base regulation result in the formation of a hostile environment, which fosters tumour growth and metastasis. Acid/base homoeostasis in cancer cells is governed by the concerted interplay between carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and various transport proteins, which either mediate proton extrusion or the shuttling of acid/base equivalents, such as bicarbonate and lactate, across the cell membrane. Accumulating evidence suggests that some of these transporters interact both directly and functionally with CAIX to form a protein complex coined the 'transport metabolon'. Transport metabolons formed between bicarbonate transporters and CAIX require CA catalytic activity and have a function in cancer cell migration and invasion. Another type of transport metabolon is formed by CAIX and monocarboxylate transporters. In this complex, CAIX functions as a proton antenna for the transporter, which drives the export of lactate and protons from the cell. Since CAIX is almost exclusively expressed in cancer cells, these transport metabolons might serve as promising targets to interfere with tumour pH regulation and energy metabolism. This review provides an overview of the current state of research on the function of CAIX in tumour acid/base transport and discusses how CAIX transport metabolons could be exploited in modern cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M Becker
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.
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Carbonic anhydrase 2 (CAII) supports tumor blood endothelial cell survival under lactic acidosis in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:169. [PMID: 31847904 PMCID: PMC6918655 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) perform tumor angiogenesis, which is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor cells produce large amounts of lactic acid from glycolysis; however, the mechanism underlying the survival of TECs to enable tumor angiogenesis under high lactic acid conditions in tumors remains poorly understood. Methodology The metabolomes of TECs and normal endothelial cells (NECs) were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The expressions of pH regulators in TECs and NECs were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Cell proliferation was measured by the MTS assay. Western blotting and ELISA were used to validate monocarboxylate transporter 1 and carbonic anhydrase 2 (CAII) protein expression within the cells, respectively. Human tumor xenograft models were used to access the effect of CA inhibition on tumor angiogenesis. Immunohistochemical staining was used to observe CAII expression, quantify tumor microvasculature, microvessel pericyte coverage, and hypoxia. Results The present study shows that, unlike NECs, TECs proliferate in lactic acidic. TECs showed an upregulated CAII expression both in vitro and in vivo. CAII knockdown decreased TEC survival under lactic acidosis and nutrient-replete conditions. Vascular endothelial growth factor A and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling induced CAII expression in NECs. CAII inhibition with acetazolamide minimally reduced tumor angiogenesis in vivo. However, matured blood vessel number increased after acetazolamide treatment, similar to bevacizumab treatment. Additionally, acetazolamide-treated mice showed decreased lung metastasis. Conclusion These findings suggest that due to their effect on blood vessel maturity, pH regulators like CAII are promising targets of antiangiogenic therapy. Video Abstract
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Deitmer JW, Theparambil SM, Ruminot I, Noor SI, Becker HM. Energy Dynamics in the Brain: Contributions of Astrocytes to Metabolism and pH Homeostasis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1301. [PMID: 31866811 PMCID: PMC6909239 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of metabolism is complex and involves enzymes and membrane transporters, which form networks to support energy dynamics. Lactate, as a metabolic intermediate from glucose or glycogen breakdown, appears to play a major role as additional energetic substrate, which is shuttled between glycolytic and oxidative cells, both under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Transport of lactate across the cell membrane is mediated by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in cotransport with H+, which is a substrate, a signal and a modulator of metabolic processes. MCTs form a “transport metabolon” with carbonic anhydrases (CAs), which not only provide a rapid equilibrium between CO2, HCO3– and H+, but, in addition, enhances lactate transport, as found in Xenopus oocytes, employed as heterologous expression system, as well as in astrocytes and cancer cells. Functional interactions between different CA isoforms and MCTs have been found to be isoform-specific, independent of the enzyme’s catalytic activity, and they require physical interaction between the proteins. CAs mediate between different states of metabolic acidosis, induced by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and play a relay function in coupling pH regulation and metabolism. In the brain, metabolic processes in astrocytes appear to be linked to bicarbonate transport and to neuronal activity. Here, we focus on physiological processes of energy dynamics in astrocytes as well as on the transfer of energetic substrates to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim W Deitmer
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Shefeeq M Theparambil
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sina I Noor
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger M Becker
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
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Saghafi T, Taheri RA, Parkkila S, Emameh RZ. Phytochemicals as Modulators of Long Non-Coding RNAs and Inhibitors of Cancer-Related Carbonic Anhydrases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2939. [PMID: 31208095 PMCID: PMC6627131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are classified as a group of transcripts which regulate various biological processes, such as RNA processing, epigenetic control, and signaling pathways. According to recent studies, lncRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and play an important role in cancer incidence and spreading. There is also an association between lncRNAs and the overexpression of some tumor-associated proteins, including carbonic anhydrases II, IX, and XII (CA II, CA IX, and CA XII). Therefore, not only CA inhibition, but also lncRNA modulation, could represent an attractive strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. Experimental studies have suggested that herbal compounds regulate the expression of many lncRNAs involved in cancer, such as HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA), H19, MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), PCGEM1 (Prostate cancer gene expression marker 1), PVT1, etc. These plant-derived drugs or phytochemicals include resveratrol, curcumin, genistein, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-galate, camptothcin, and 3,3'-diindolylmethane. More comprehensive information about lncRNA modulation via phytochemicals would be helpful for the administration of new herbal derivatives in cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art and potential of phytochemicals as modulators of lncRNAs in different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Saghafi
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramezan Ali Taheri
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 14965/161 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Laboratories Ltd. and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
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Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Schneider HP, Becker HM, Narkilahti S, Parkkila S, Deitmer JW. Catalytically inactive carbonic anhydrase-related proteins enhance transport of lactate by MCT1. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1204-1211. [PMID: 31033227 PMCID: PMC6609565 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CA) catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to protons and bicarbonate and thereby play a fundamental role in the epithelial acid/base transport mechanisms serving fluid secretion and absorption for whole‐body acid/base regulation. The three carbonic anhydrase‐related proteins (CARPs) VIII, X, and XI, however, are catalytically inactive. Previous work has shown that some CA isoforms noncatalytically enhance lactate transport through various monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). Therefore, we examined whether the catalytically inactive CARPs play a role in lactate transport. Here, we report that CARP VIII, X, and XI enhance transport activity of the MCT MCT1 when coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes, as evidenced by the rate of rise in intracellular H+ concentration detected using ion‐sensitive microelectrodes. Based on previous studies, we suggest that CARPs may function as a ‘proton antenna’ for MCT1, to drive proton‐coupled lactate transport across the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finland
| | | | | | - Holger M Becker
- Division of General Zoology, FB Biologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finland
| | - Joachim W Deitmer
- Division of General Zoology, FB Biologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Forero-Quintero LS, Ames S, Schneider HP, Thyssen A, Boone CD, Andring JT, McKenna R, Casey JR, Deitmer JW, Becker HM. Membrane-anchored carbonic anhydrase IV interacts with monocarboxylate transporters via their chaperones CD147 and GP70. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:593-607. [PMID: 30446621 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) mediate the proton-coupled exchange of high-energy metabolites, including lactate and pyruvate, between cells and tissues. The transport activity of MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4 can be facilitated by the extracellular carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) via a noncatalytic mechanism. Combining physiological measurements in HEK-293 cells and Xenopus oocytes with pulldown experiments, we analyzed the direct interaction between CAIV and the two MCT chaperones basigin (CD147) and embigin (GP70). Our results show that facilitation of MCT transport activity requires direct binding of CAIV to the transporters chaperones. We found that this binding is mediated by the highly conserved His-88 residue in CAIV, which is also the central residue of the enzyme's intramolecular proton shuttle, and a charged amino acid residue in the Ig1 domain of the chaperone. Although the position of the CAIV-binding site in the chaperone was conserved, the amino acid residue itself varied among different species. In human CD147, binding of CAIV was mediated by the negatively charged Glu-73 and in rat CD147 by the positively charged Lys-73. In rat GP70, we identified the positively charged Arg-130 as the binding site. Further analysis of the CAIV-binding site revealed that the His-88 in CAIV can either act as H donor or H acceptor for the hydrogen bond, depending on the charge of the binding residue in the chaperone. Our results suggest that the CAIV-mediated increase in MCT transport activity requires direct binding between CAIV-His-88 and a charged amino acid in the extracellular domain of the transporter's chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Forero-Quintero
- From the Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserlautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Samantha Ames
- From the Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserlautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Schneider
- From the Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserlautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Anne Thyssen
- From the Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserlautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christopher D Boone
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Jacob T Andring
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Robert McKenna
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Joseph R Casey
- the Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada, and
| | - Joachim W Deitmer
- From the Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserlautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Holger M Becker
- From the Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserlautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany, .,the Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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