1
|
Shen Y, Ori-McKenney KM. Microtubule-associated protein MAP7 promotes tubulin posttranslational modifications and cargo transport to enable osmotic adaptation. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1553-1570.e7. [PMID: 38574732 PMCID: PMC11187767 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cells remodel their cytoskeletal networks to adapt to their environment. Here, we analyze the mechanisms utilized by the cell to tailor its microtubule landscape in response to changes in osmolarity that alter macromolecular crowding. By integrating live-cell imaging, ex vivo enzymatic assays, and in vitro reconstitution, we probe the impact of cytoplasmic density on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs). We find that human epithelial cells respond to fluctuations in cytoplasmic density by modulating microtubule acetylation, detyrosination, or MAP7 association without differentially affecting polyglutamylation, tyrosination, or MAP4 association. These MAP-PTM combinations alter intracellular cargo transport, enabling the cell to respond to osmotic challenges. We further dissect the molecular mechanisms governing tubulin PTM specification and find that MAP7 promotes acetylation and inhibits detyrosination. Our data identify MAP7 in modulating the tubulin code, resulting in microtubule cytoskeleton remodeling and alteration of intracellular transport as an integrated mechanism of cellular adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tan Z, Yue Y, Leprevost F, Haynes S, Basrur V, Nesvizhskii AI, Verhey KJ, Cianfrocco MA. Autoinhibited kinesin-1 adopts a hierarchical folding pattern. eLife 2023; 12:RP86776. [PMID: 37910016 PMCID: PMC10619981 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional kinesin-1 is the primary anterograde motor in cells for transporting cellular cargo. While there is a consensus that the C-terminal tail of kinesin-1 inhibits motility, the molecular architecture of a full-length autoinhibited kinesin-1 remains unknown. Here, we combine crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS), electron microscopy (EM), and AlphaFold structure prediction to determine the architecture of the full-length autoinhibited kinesin-1 homodimer (kinesin-1 heavy chain [KHC]) and kinesin-1 heterotetramer (KHC bound to kinesin light chain 1 [KLC1]). Our integrative analysis shows that kinesin-1 forms a compact, bent conformation through a break in coiled-coil 3. Moreover, our XL-MS analysis demonstrates that kinesin light chains stabilize the folded inhibited state rather than inducing a new structural state. Using our structural model, we show that disruption of multiple interactions between the motor, stalk, and tail domains is required to activate the full-length kinesin-1. Our work offers a conceptual framework for understanding how cargo adaptors and microtubule-associated proteins relieve autoinhibition to promote activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tan
- Department of Biophysics, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Felipe Leprevost
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Sarah Haynes
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Venkatesha Basrur
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Michael A Cianfrocco
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan Z, Yue Y, da Veiga Leprevost F, Haynes SE, Basrur V, Nesvizhskii AI, Verhey KJ, Cianfrocco MA. Autoinhibited kinesin-1 adopts a hierarchical folding pattern. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525761. [PMID: 36747757 PMCID: PMC9901034 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Conventional kinesin-1 is the primary anterograde motor in cells for transporting cellular cargo. While there is a consensus that the C-terminal tail of kinesin-1 inhibits motility, the molecular architecture of a full-length autoinhibited kinesin-1 remains unknown. Here, we combine cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS), electron microscopy (EM), and AlphaFold structure prediction to determine the architecture of the full-length autoinhibited kinesin-1 homodimer [kinesin-1 heavy chain (KHC)] and kinesin-1 heterotetramer [KHC bound to kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1)]. Our integrative analysis shows that kinesin-1 forms a compact, bent conformation through a break in coiled coil 3. Moreover, our XL-MS analysis demonstrates that kinesin light chains stabilize the folded inhibited state rather than inducing a new structural state. Using our structural model, we show that disruption of multiple interactions between the motor, stalk, and tail domains is required to activate the full-length kinesin-1. Our work offers a conceptual framework for understanding how cargo adaptors and microtubule-associated proteins relieve autoinhibition to promote activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tan
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Alexey I. Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan
| | | | - Michael A. Cianfrocco
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suber Y, Alam MNA, Nakos K, Bhakt P, Spiliotis ET. Microtubule-associated septin complexes modulate kinesin and dynein motility with differential specificities. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105084. [PMID: 37495111 PMCID: PMC10463263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-range membrane traffic is guided by microtubule-associated proteins and posttranslational modifications, which collectively comprise a traffic code. The regulatory principles of this code and how it orchestrates the motility of kinesin and dynein motors are largely unknown. Septins are a large family of GTP-binding proteins, which assemble into complexes that associate with microtubules. Using single-molecule in vitro motility assays, we tested how the microtubule-associated SEPT2/6/7, SEPT2/6/7/9, and SEPT5/7/11 complexes affect the motilities of the constitutively active kinesins KIF5C and KIF1A and the dynein-dynactin-bicaudal D (DDB) motor complex. We found that microtubule-associated SEPT2/6/7 is a potent inhibitor of DDB and KIF5C, preventing mainly their association with microtubules. SEPT2/6/7 also inhibits KIF1A by obstructing stepping along microtubules. On SEPT2/6/7/9-coated microtubules, KIF1A inhibition is dampened by SEPT9, which alone enhances KIF1A, showing that individual septin subunits determine the regulatory properties of septin complexes. Strikingly, SEPT5/7/11 differs from SEPT2/6/7, in permitting the motility of KIF1A and immobilizing DDB to the microtubule lattice. In hippocampal neurons, filamentous SEPT5 colocalizes with somatodendritic microtubules that underlie Golgi membranes and lack SEPT6. Depletion of SEPT5 disrupts Golgi morphology and polarization of Golgi ribbons into the shaft of somato-proximal dendrites, which is consistent with the tethering of DDB to microtubules by SEPT5/7/11. Collectively, these results suggest that microtubule-associated complexes have differential specificities in the regulation of the motility and positioning of microtubule motors. We posit that septins are an integral part of the microtubule-based code that spatially controls membrane traffic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yani Suber
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Md Noor A Alam
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Konstantinos Nakos
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Priyanka Bhakt
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elias T Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuo WH, Chu PY, Wang CC, Huang PS, Chan SH. MAP7D3, a novel prognostic marker for triple-negative breast cancer, drives cell invasiveness and cancer-initiating cell properties to promote metastatic progression. Biol Direct 2023; 18:44. [PMID: 37550720 PMCID: PMC10405500 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tend to develop visceral metastasis within five years, making them the most challenging BC patients to treat. The MAP7 protein family is a group of microtubule-binding proteins with a well-known role in microtubule-related cell migration, but its role in metastasis-related properties of TNBC remains unclear. METHODS qRT-PCR and western blot were used to validate mRNA and protein expression of the MAP7 family in the isogenic pairs of TNBC cell lines with low and high metastasis potential. Functional characterization of MAP7D3 was carried out using cell-based and mouse models. The clinical association between MAP7D3 and TNBC was established using datasets in the public domain. RESULTS MAP7D3 expression was consistently upregulated in the metastatic subline IV2 and 468-LN at both mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of MAP7D3 inhibited the 3D colony-forming ability, cell migration, and invasion ability of IV2 and 468-LN, indicating its significant contribution to the metastasis phenotypes. Mechanistically, inhibition of MAP7D3 could significantly increase the sensitivity of metastatic TNBC cells to docetaxel and gemcitabine treatment by reducing the expression of proteins related to breast cancer-initiating cells (BCICs) and drug resistance, as well as suppressing the activity of Rac1. The animal study showed that the depletion of MAP7D3 drastically reduced TNBC tumor growth and impaired the metastatic capability of TNBC cells. Elevated expression of MAP7D3 was found in the metastatic lymph nodes and was significantly associated with advanced stage and higher grade TNBC. Moreover, MAP7D3 expression was significantly correlated with the TNBC population, and its high expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival outcomes of patients with TNBC. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that targeting MAP7D3 could be a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing the progression of TNBC, and MAP7D3 may serve as a novel predictive biomarker for the survival outcomes of triple-negative breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Shen Huang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Minckley TF, Salvagio LA, Fudge DH, Verhey K, Markus SM, Qin Y. Zn2+ decoration of microtubules arrests axonal transport and displaces tau, doublecortin, and MAP2C. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202208121. [PMID: 37326602 PMCID: PMC10276529 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Zn2+ concentrations increase via depolarization-mediated influx or intracellular release, but the immediate effects of Zn2+ signals on neuron function are not fully understood. By simultaneous recording of cytosolic Zn2+ and organelle motility, we find that elevated Zn2+ (IC50 ≈ 5-10 nM) reduces both lysosomal and mitochondrial motility in primary rat hippocampal neurons and HeLa cells. Using live-cell confocal microscopy and in vitro single-molecule TIRF imaging, we reveal that Zn2+ inhibits activity of motor proteins (kinesin and dynein) without disrupting their microtubule binding. Instead, Zn2+ directly binds to microtubules and selectively promotes detachment of tau, DCX, and MAP2C, but not MAP1B, MAP4, MAP7, MAP9, or p150glued. Bioinformatic predictions and structural modeling show that the Zn2+ binding sites on microtubules partially overlap with the microtubule binding sites of tau, DCX, dynein, and kinesin. Our results reveal that intraneuronal Zn2+ regulates axonal transport and microtubule-based processes by interacting with microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor F. Minckley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Dylan H. Fudge
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kristen Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven M. Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen Y, Ori-McKenney KM. Macromolecular Crowding Tailors the Microtubule Cytoskeleton Through Tubulin Modifications and Microtubule-Associated Proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544846. [PMID: 37398431 PMCID: PMC10312695 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells remodel their cytoskeletal networks to adapt to their environment. Here, we analyze the mechanisms utilized by the cell to tailor its microtubule landscape in response to changes in osmolarity that alter macromolecular crowding. By integrating live cell imaging, ex vivo enzymatic assays, and in vitro reconstitution, we probe the impact of acute perturbations in cytoplasmic density on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs), unraveling the molecular underpinnings of cellular adaptation via the microtubule cytoskeleton. We find that cells respond to fluctuations in cytoplasmic density by modulating microtubule acetylation, detyrosination, or MAP7 association, without differentially affecting polyglutamylation, tyrosination, or MAP4 association. These MAP-PTM combinations alter intracellular cargo transport, enabling the cell to respond to osmotic challenges. We further dissect the molecular mechanisms governing tubulin PTM specification, and find that MAP7 promotes acetylation by biasing the conformation of the microtubule lattice, and directly inhibits detyrosination. Acetylation and detyrosination can therefore be decoupled and utilized for distinct cellular purposes. Our data reveal that the MAP code dictates the tubulin code, resulting in remodeling of the microtubule cytoskeleton and alteration of intracellular transport as an integrated mechanism of cellular adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carmona B, Marinho HS, Matos CL, Nolasco S, Soares H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications: The Elusive Roles of Acetylation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040561. [PMID: 37106761 PMCID: PMC10136095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), dynamic polymers of α/β-tubulin heterodimers found in all eukaryotes, are involved in cytoplasm spatial organization, intracellular transport, cell polarity, migration and division, and in cilia biology. MTs functional diversity depends on the differential expression of distinct tubulin isotypes and is amplified by a vast number of different post-translational modifications (PTMs). The addition/removal of PTMs to α- or β-tubulins is catalyzed by specific enzymes and allows combinatory patterns largely enriching the distinct biochemical and biophysical properties of MTs, creating a code read by distinct proteins, including microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which allow cellular responses. This review is focused on tubulin-acetylation, whose cellular roles continue to generate debate. We travel through the experimental data pointing to α-tubulin Lys40 acetylation role as being a MT stabilizer and a typical PTM of long lived MTs, to the most recent data, suggesting that Lys40 acetylation enhances MT flexibility and alters the mechanical properties of MTs, preventing MTs from mechanical aging characterized by structural damage. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of tubulin acetyltransferases/desacetylases and their impacts on cell physiology. Finally, we analyze how changes in MT acetylation levels have been found to be a general response to stress and how they are associated with several human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lopes Matos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Canty JT, Hensley A, Aslan M, Jack A, Yildiz A. TRAK adaptors regulate the recruitment and activation of dynein and kinesin in mitochondrial transport. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1376. [PMID: 36914620 PMCID: PMC10011603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transport along microtubules is mediated by Miro1 and TRAK adaptors that recruit kinesin-1 and dynein-dynactin. To understand how these opposing motors are regulated during mitochondrial transport, we reconstitute the bidirectional transport of Miro1/TRAK along microtubules in vitro. We show that the coiled-coil domain of TRAK activates dynein-dynactin and enhances the motility of kinesin-1 activated by its cofactor MAP7. We find that TRAK adaptors that recruit both motors move towards kinesin-1's direction, whereas kinesin-1 is excluded from binding TRAK transported by dynein-dynactin, avoiding motor tug-of-war. We also test the predictions of the models that explain how mitochondrial transport stalls in regions with elevated Ca2+. Transport of Miro1/TRAK by kinesin-1 is not affected by Ca2+. Instead, we demonstrate that the microtubule docking protein syntaphilin induces resistive forces that stall kinesin-1 and dynein-driven motility. Our results suggest that mitochondrial transport stalls by Ca2+-mediated recruitment of syntaphilin to the mitochondrial membrane, not by disruption of the transport machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Canty
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, 94080, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew Hensley
- Physics Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Merve Aslan
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Amanda Jack
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Physics Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Barton JR, Londregan AK, Alexander TD, Entezari AA, Bar-Ad S, Cheng L, Lepore AC, Snook AE, Covarrubias M, Waldman SA. Intestinal neuropod cell GUCY2C regulates visceral pain. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e165578. [PMID: 36548082 PMCID: PMC9927949 DOI: 10.1172/jci165578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain (VP) is a global problem with complex etiologies and limited therapeutic options. Guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C), an intestinal receptor producing cyclic GMP(cGMP), which regulates luminal fluid secretion, has emerged as a therapeutic target for VP. Indeed, FDA-approved GUCY2C agonists ameliorate VP in patients with chronic constipation syndromes, although analgesic mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we revealed that intestinal GUCY2C was selectively enriched in neuropod cells, a type of enteroendocrine cell that synapses with submucosal neurons in mice and humans. GUCY2Chi neuropod cells associated with cocultured dorsal root ganglia neurons and induced hyperexcitability, reducing the rheobase and increasing the resulting number of evoked action potentials. Conversely, the GUCY2C agonist linaclotide eliminated neuronal hyperexcitability produced by GUCY2C-sufficient - but not GUCY2C-deficient - neuropod cells, an effect independent of bulk epithelial cells or extracellular cGMP. Genetic elimination of intestinal GUCY2C amplified nociceptive signaling in VP that was comparable with chemically induced VP but refractory to linaclotide. Importantly, eliminating GUCY2C selectively in neuropod cells also increased nociceptive signaling and VP that was refractory to linaclotide. In the context of loss of GUCY2C hormones in patients with VP, these observations suggest a specific role for neuropod GUCY2C signaling in the pathophysiology and treatment of these pain syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shely Bar-Ad
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology
| | | | | | - Adam E. Snook
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dullovi A, Ozgencil M, Rajvee V, Tse WY, Cutillas PR, Martin SA, Hořejší Z. Microtubule-associated proteins MAP7 and MAP7D1 promote DNA double-strand break repair in the G1 cell cycle phase. iScience 2023; 26:106107. [PMID: 36852271 PMCID: PMC9958362 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-damage response is a complex signaling network that guards genomic integrity. The microtubule cytoskeleton is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks; however, little is known about which cytoskeleton-related proteins are involved in DNA repair and how. Using quantitative proteomics, we discovered that microtubule associated proteins MAP7 and MAP7D1 interact with several DNA repair proteins including DNA double-strand break repair proteins RAD50, BRCA1 and 53BP1. We observed that downregulation of MAP7 and MAP7D1 leads to increased phosphorylation of p53 after γ-irradiation. Moreover, we determined that the downregulation of MAP7D1 leads to a strong G1 arrest and that the downregulation of MAP7 and MAP7D1 in G1 arrested cells negatively affects DNA repair, recruitment of RAD50 to chromatin and localization of 53BP1 to the sites of damage. These findings describe for the first time a novel function of MAP7 and MAP7D1 in cell cycle regulation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arlinda Dullovi
- Centre for Cancer Cell & Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Meryem Ozgencil
- Centre for Cancer Cell & Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Vinothini Rajvee
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Wai Yiu Tse
- Centre for Cancer Cell & Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Pedro R. Cutillas
- Centre for Genomics & Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sarah A. Martin
- Centre for Cancer Cell & Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Zuzana Hořejší
- Centre for Cancer Cell & Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Imanaka C, Shimada S, Ito S, Kamada M, Iguchi T, Konishi Y. A model for generating differences in microtubules between axonal branches depending on the distance from terminals. Brain Res 2023; 1799:148166. [PMID: 36402177 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the remodeling of axonal arbor, the growth and retraction of branches are differentially regulated within a single axon. Although cell-autonomously generated differences in microtubule (MT) turnover are thought to be involved in selective branch regulation, the cellular system whereby neurons generate differences of MTs between axonal branches has not been clarified. Because MT turnover tends to be slower in longer branches compared with neighboring shorter branches, feedback regulation depending on branch length is thought to be involved. In the present study, we generated a model of MT lifetime in axonal terminal branches by adapting a length-dependent model in which parameters for MT dynamics were constant in the arbor. The model predicted that differences in MT lifetime between neighboring branches could be generated depending on the distance from terminals. In addition, the following points were predicted. Firstly, destabilization of MTs throughout the arbor decreased the differences in MT lifetime between branches. Secondly, differences of MT lifetime existed even before MTs entered the branch point. In axonal MTs in primary neurons, treatment with a low concentration of nocodazole significantly decreased the differences of detyrosination (deTyr) and tyrosination (Tyr) of tubulins, indicators of MT turnover. Expansion microscopy of the axonal shaft before the branch point revealed differences in deTyr/Tyr modification on MTs. Our model recapitulates the differences in MT turnover between branches and provides a feedback mechanism for MT regulation that depends on the axonal arbor geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Imanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimada
- Department of Human and Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shino Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Marina Kamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Tokuichi Iguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui 910-3190, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Advances in Gene Therapy Techniques to Treat LRRK2 Gene Mutation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121814. [PMID: 36551242 PMCID: PMC9775085 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene mutation is an autosomal dominant mutation associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Among LRRK2 gene mutations, the LRRK2 G2019S mutation is frequently involved in PD onset. Currently, diverse gene correction tools such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HDAdV), the bacterial artificial chromosome-based homologous recombination (BAC-based HR) system, and CRISPR/Cas9-homology-directed repair (HDR) or adenine base editor (ABE) are used in genome editing. Gene correction of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation has been applied whenever new gene therapy tools emerge, being mainly applied to induced pluripotent stem cells (LRRK2 G2019S-mutant iPSCs). Here, we comprehensively introduce the principles and methods of each programmable nuclease such as ZFN, CRISPR/Cas9-HDR or ABE applied to LRRK2 G2019S, as well as those of HDAdV or BAC-based HR systems used as nonprogrammable nuclease systems.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao Y, Huang S, Tan X, Long L, He Q, Liang X, Bai J, Li Q, Lin J, Li Y, Liu N, Ma J, Chen Y. N 6 -Methyladenosine-Modified CBX1 Regulates Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Progression Through Heterochromatin Formation and STAT1 Activation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2205091. [PMID: 36310139 PMCID: PMC9798977 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Epitranscriptomic remodeling such as N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modification plays a critical role in tumor development. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms connecting m6 A modification and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) progression. Here, CBX1 is identified, a histone methylation regulator, to be significantly upregulated with m6 A hypomethylation in metastatic NPC tissues. The m6 A-modified CBX1 mRNA transcript is recognized and destabilized by the m6 A reader YTHDF3. Furthermore, it is revealed that CBX1 promotes NPC cell migration, invasion, and proliferation through transcriptional repression of MAP7 via H3K9me3-mediated heterochromatin formation. In addition to its oncogenic effect, CBX1 can facilitate immune evasion through IFN-γ-STAT1 signaling-mediated PD-L1 upregulation. Clinically, CBX1 serves as an independent predictor for unfavorable prognosis in NPC patients. The results reveal a crosstalk between epitranscriptomic and epigenetic regulation in NPC progression, and shed light on the functions of CBX1 in tumorigenesis and immunomodulation, which may provide an appealing therapeutic target in NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhao
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Shengyan Huang
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Xirong Tan
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Liufen Long
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Qingmei He
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jiewen Bai
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Qingjie Li
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jiayi Lin
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yingqin Li
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Na Liu
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jun Ma
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yupei Chen
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The ubiquitous microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) controls organelle distribution by regulating the activity of the kinesin motor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206677119. [PMID: 36191197 PMCID: PMC9565364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206677119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of organelle transport by molecular motors along the cytoskeletal microtubules is central to maintaining cellular functions. Here, we show that the ubiquitous tau-related microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) can bias the bidirectional transport of organelles toward the microtubule minus-ends. This is concurrent with MAP4 phosphorylation, mediated by the kinase GSK3β. We demonstrate that MAP4 achieves this bias by tethering the cargo to the microtubules, allowing it to impair the force generation of the plus-end motor kinesin-1. Consistent with this mechanism, MAP4 physically interacts with dynein and dynactin and, when phosphorylated, associates with the cargo-motor complex through its projection domain. Its phosphorylation coincides with the perinuclear accumulation of organelles, a phenotype that is rescued by abolishing the cargo-microtubule MAP4 tether or by the pharmacological inhibition of dynein, confirming the ability of kinesin to inch along, albeit inefficiently, in the presence of phosphorylated MAP4. These findings have broad biological significance because of the ubiquity of MAP4 and the involvement of GSK3β in multiple diseases, more specifically in cancer, where the MAP4-dependent redistribution of organelles may be prevalent in cancer cells, as we demonstrate here for mitochondria in lung carcinoma epithelial cells.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chiba K, Ori-McKenney KM, Niwa S, McKenney RJ. Synergistic autoinhibition and activation mechanisms control kinesin-1 motor activity. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110900. [PMID: 35649356 PMCID: PMC9365671 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 activity is regulated by autoinhibition. Intramolecular interactions within the kinesin heavy chain (KHC) are proposed to be one facet of motor regulation. The KHC also binds to the kinesin light chain (KLC), which has been implicated in both autoinhibition and activation of the motor. We show that the KLC inhibits the kinesin-microtubule interaction independently from the proposed intramolecular interaction within KHC. Cargo-adaptor proteins that bind the KLC stimulated processive movement, but the landing rate of activated kinesin complexes remained low. Mitogen-activated protein 7 (MAP7) enhanced motility by increasing the landing rate and run length of the activated kinesin motors. Our results support a model whereby the motor activity of the kinesin is regulated by synergistic inhibition mechanisms and that cargo-adaptor binding to the KLC releases both mechanisms. However, a non-motor MAP is required for robust microtubule association of the activated motor. Thus, human kinesin is regulated by synergistic autoinhibition and activation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Chiba
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, 145 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, 6-3 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, 145 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, 6-3 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, 145 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kikuchi K, Sakamoto Y, Uezu A, Yamamoto H, Ishiguro KI, Shimamura K, Saito T, Hisanaga SI, Nakanishi H. Map7D2 and Map7D1 facilitate microtubule stabilization through distinct mechanisms in neuronal cells. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/8/e202201390. [PMID: 35470240 PMCID: PMC9039348 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated proteins Map7D2 and Map7D1, which belong to the MAP7 family, stabilize microtubules through distinct mechanisms for the control of cell motility and neurite outgrowth. Microtubule (MT) dynamics are modulated through the coordinated action of various MT-associated proteins (MAPs). However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying MT dynamics remain unclear. We show that the MAP7 family protein Map7D2 stabilizes MTs to control cell motility and neurite outgrowth. Map7D2 directly bound to MTs through its N-terminal half and stabilized MTs in vitro. Map7D2 localized prominently to the centrosome and partially on MTs in mouse N1-E115 neuronal cells, which expresses two of the four MAP7 family members, Map7D2 and Map7D1. Map7D2 loss decreased the resistance to the MT-destabilizing agent nocodazole without affecting acetylated/detyrosinated stable MTs, suggesting that Map7D2 stabilizes MTs via direct binding. In addition, Map7D2 loss increased the rate of random cell migration and neurite outgrowth, presumably by disturbing the balance between MT stabilization and destabilization. Map7D1 exhibited similar subcellular localization and gene knockdown phenotypes to Map7D2. However, in contrast to Map7D2, Map7D1 was required for the maintenance of acetylated stable MTs. Taken together, our data suggest that Map7D2 and Map7D1 facilitate MT stabilization through distinct mechanisms in cell motility and neurite outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hideyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Ishiguro
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimamura
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tymanskyj SR, Curran BM, Ma L. Selective axonal transport through branch junctions is directed by growth cone signaling and mediated by KIF1/kinesin-3 motors. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110748. [PMID: 35476993 PMCID: PMC9097860 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and function of nerve cells rely on the orchestration of microtubule-based transport from the cell body into distal axonal terminals. Neurons often have highly elaborate branches innervating multiple targets, but how protein or membrane cargos navigate through branch junctions to specific branch targets is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that anterograde transport of membrane vesicles through axonal branch junctions is highly selective, which is influenced by branch length and more strongly by growth cone motility. Using an optogenetic tool, we demonstrate that signaling from the growth cone can rapidly direct transport through branch junctions. We further demonstrate that such transport selectivity is differentially regulated for different vesicles and mediated by the KIF1/kinesin-3 family motors. We propose that this transport regulation through branch junctions could broadly impact neuronal development, function, and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Tymanskyj
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bridget M Curran
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ketschek A, Holland SM, Gallo G. SARM1 Suppresses Axon Branching Through Attenuation of Axonal Cytoskeletal Dynamics. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:726962. [PMID: 35264929 PMCID: PMC8899016 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.726962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon branching is a fundamental aspect of neuronal morphogenesis, neuronal circuit formation, and response of the nervous system to injury. Sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1 (SARM1) was initially identified as promoting Wallerian degeneration of axons. We now report a novel function of SARM1 in postnatal sensory neurons; the suppression of axon branching. Axon collateral branches develop from axonal filopodia precursors through the coordination of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. In vitro analysis revealed that cultured P0-2 dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons from a SARM1 knockout (KO) mouse exhibit increased numbers of collateral branches and axonal filopodia relative to wild-type neurons. In SARM1 KO mice, cutaneous sensory endings exhibit increased branching in the skin in vivo with normal density of innervation. Transient axonal actin patches serve as cytoskeletal platforms from which axonal filopodia emerge. Live imaging analysis of axonal actin dynamics showed that SARM1 KO neurons exhibit increased rates of axonal actin patch formation and increased probability that individual patches will give rise to a filopodium before dissipating. SARM1 KO axons contain elevated levels of drebrin and cortactin, two actin regulatory proteins that are positive regulators of actin patches, filopodia formation, and branching. Live imaging of microtubule plus tip dynamics revealed an increase in the rate of formation and velocity of polymerizing tips along the axons of SARM1 KO neurons. Stationary mitochondria define sites along the axon where branches may arise, and the axons of SARM1 KO sensory neurons exhibit an increase in stationary mitochondria. These data reveal SARM1 to be a negative regulator of axonal cytoskeletal dynamics and collateral branching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ketschek
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sabrina M. Holland
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gianluca Gallo
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ferro LS, Fang Q, Eshun-Wilson L, Fernandes J, Jack A, Farrell DP, Golcuk M, Huijben T, Costa K, Gur M, DiMaio F, Nogales E, Yildiz A. Structural and functional insight into regulation of kinesin-1 by microtubule-associated protein MAP7. Science 2022; 375:326-331. [PMID: 35050657 PMCID: PMC8985661 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf6154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule (MT)-associated protein 7 (MAP7) is a required cofactor for kinesin-1-driven transport of intracellular cargoes. Using cryo-electron microscopy and single-molecule imaging, we investigated how MAP7 binds MTs and facilitates kinesin-1 motility. The MT-binding domain (MTBD) of MAP7 bound MTs as an extended α helix between the protofilament ridge and the site of lateral contact. Unexpectedly, the MTBD partially overlapped with the binding site of kinesin-1 and inhibited its motility. However, by tethering kinesin-1 to the MT, the projection domain of MAP7 prevented dissociation of the motor and facilitated its binding to available neighboring sites. The inhibitory effect of the MTBD dominated as MTs became saturated with MAP7. Our results reveal biphasic regulation of kinesin-1 by MAP7 in the context of their competitive binding to MTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Ferro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, USA
| | - Qianglin Fang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, USA
| | - Lisa Eshun-Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, USA
| | | | - Amanda Jack
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Farrell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mert Golcuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Teun Huijben
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Mert Gur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Nogales
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase MD, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley CA, USA
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bodakuntla S, Nedozralova H, Basnet N, Mizuno N. Cytoskeleton and Membrane Organization at Axon Branches. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707486. [PMID: 34540830 PMCID: PMC8440873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon branching is a critical process ensuring a high degree of interconnectivity for neural network formation. As branching occurs at sites distant from the soma, it is necessary that axons have a local system to dynamically control and regulate axonal growth. This machinery depends on the orchestration of cellular functions such as cytoskeleton, subcellular transport, energy production, protein- and membrane synthesis that are adapted for branch formation. Compared to the axon shaft, branching sites show a distinct and dynamic arrangement of cytoskeleton components, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. This review discusses the regulation of axon branching in the context of cytoskeleton and membrane remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hana Nedozralova
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nirakar Basnet
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Naoko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mast N, Petrov AM, Prendergast E, Bederman I, Pikuleva IA. Brain Acetyl-CoA Production and Phosphorylation of Cytoskeletal Proteins Are Targets of CYP46A1 Activity Modulation and Altered Sterol Flux. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2040-2060. [PMID: 34235635 PMCID: PMC8609074 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and 24-hydroxycholesterol are the most abundant brain sterols and represent the substrate and product, respectively, of cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1), a CNS-specific enzyme. CYP46A1 controls cholesterol elimination and turnover in the brain, the two processes that determine the rate of brain sterol flux through the plasma membranes and thereby the properties of these membranes. Brain sterol flux is decreased in Cyp46a1-/- mice compared to wild-type mice and increased in 5XFAD mice (a model of Alzheimer's disease) when they are treated with a small dose of efavirenz, a CYP46A1 activator. Herein, we first assessed the brain proteome (synaptosomal fractions) and phospho-proteome (synaptosomal fractions and brain homogenates) of efavirenz-treated and control 5XFAD mice. Then, based on the pattern of protein abundance change, we conducted acetyl-CoA measurements (brain homogenates and mitochondria) and metabolic profiling (brain homogenates). The phospho-proteomics datasets were used for comparative analyses with the datasets obtained by us previously on mice with the same changes (efavirenz-treated and control 5XFAD mice from a different treatment paradigm) or with changes in the opposite direction (Cyp46a1-/- vs wild-type mice) in brain sterol flux. We found that CYP46A1 activity or the rate of brain sterol flux affects acetyl-CoA-related metabolic pathways as well as phosphorylation of cytoskeletal and other proteins. Knowledge of the key roles of acetyl-CoA and cytoskeletal phosphorylation in cell biology expands our understanding of the significance of CYP46A1-mediated cholesterol 24-hydroxylation in the brain and provides an additional explanation for why CYP46A1 activity modulations are beneficial in mouse models of different brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medial University, 49 Butlerova Street, 420012, Kazan, Russia
| | - Erin Prendergast
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wilson JO, Zaragoza AD, Xu J. Tuning ensemble-averaged cargo run length via fractional change in mean kinesin number. Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 33827070 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abf5b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of motors carrying cargos in biological cells is not well-defined, instead varying from cargo to cargo about a statistical mean. Predictive understanding of motility in cells therefore requires quantitative insights into mixed ensembles of cargos. Toward this goal, here we employed Monte Carlo simulations to investigate statistical ensembles of cargos carried by a Poisson-distributed number of motors. Focusing on the key microtubule-based motor kinesin-1, our simulations utilized experimentally determined single-kinesin characteristics and alterations in kinesin's on- and off-rates caused by cellular factors and/or physical load. We found that a fractional increase in mean kinesin number enhances the ensemble-averaged cargo run length and amplifies run-length sensitivity to changes in single-kinesin on-rate and off-rate. These tuning effects can be further enhanced as solution viscosity increases over the range reported for cells. Together, our data indicate that the physiological range of kinesin number sensitively tunes the motility of mixed cargo populations. These effects have rich implications for quantitative and predictive understanding of cellular motility and its regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John O Wilson
- Physics, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Arturo D Zaragoza
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Jing Xu
- Physics, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mini-review: Microtubule sliding in neurons. Neurosci Lett 2021; 753:135867. [PMID: 33812935 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule sliding is an underappreciated mechanism that contributes to the establishment, organization, preservation, and plasticity of neuronal microtubule arrays. Powered by molecular motor proteins and regulated in part by static crosslinker proteins, microtubule sliding is the movement of microtubules relative to other microtubules or to non-microtubule structures such as the actin cytoskeleton. In addition to other important functions, microtubule sliding significantly contributes to the establishment and maintenance of microtubule polarity patterns in different regions of the neuron. The purpose of this article is to review the state of knowledge on microtubule sliding in the neuron, with emphasis on its mechanistic underpinnings as well as its functional significance.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ganguly A, Zhu C, Chen W, Dixit R. FRA1 Kinesin Modulates the Lateral Stability of Cortical Microtubules through Cellulose Synthase-Microtubule Uncoupling Proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2508-2524. [PMID: 32487563 PMCID: PMC7401024 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall assembly requires harmonized deposition of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides. Cortical microtubules orient the deposition of cellulose by guiding the trajectory of cellulose synthase complexes. Vesicles containing matrix polysaccharides are thought to be transported by the FRAGILE FIBER1 (FRA1) kinesin to facilitate their secretion along cortical microtubules. The cortical microtubule cytoskeleton thus may provide a platform to coordinate the delivery of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that the tail region of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) FRA1 kinesin physically interacts with cellulose synthase-microtubule uncoupling (CMU) proteins that are important for the microtubule-dependent guidance of cellulose synthase complexes. Interaction with CMUs did not affect microtubule binding or motility of the FRA1 kinesin but differentially affected the protein levels and microtubule localization of CMU1 and CMU2, thus regulating the lateral stability of cortical microtubules. Phosphorylation of the FRA1 tail region inhibited binding to CMUs and consequently reversed the extent of cortical microtubule decoration by CMU1 and CMU2. Genetic experiments demonstrated the significance of this interaction to the growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis plants. We propose that modulation of CMU protein levels and microtubule localization by FRA1 provides a mechanism that stabilizes the sites of deposition of both cellulose and matrix polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Ganguly
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Chuanmei Zhu
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Weizu Chen
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Radler MR, Suber A, Spiliotis ET. Spatial control of membrane traffic in neuronal dendrites. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 105:103492. [PMID: 32294508 PMCID: PMC7317674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dendrites are highly branched and specialized compartments with distinct structures and secretory organelles (e.g., spines, Golgi outposts), and a unique cytoskeletal organization that includes microtubules of mixed polarity. Dendritic membranes are enriched with proteins, which specialize in the formation and function of the post-synaptic membrane of the neuronal synapse. How these proteins partition preferentially in dendrites, and how they traffic in a manner that is spatiotemporally accurate and regulated by synaptic activity are long-standing questions of neuronal cell biology. Recent studies have shed new insights into the spatial control of dendritic membrane traffic, revealing new classes of proteins (e.g., septins) and cytoskeleton-based mechanisms with dendrite-specific functions. Here, we review these advances by revisiting the fundamental mechanisms that control membrane traffic at the levels of protein sorting and motor-driven transport on microtubules and actin filaments. Overall, dendrites possess unique mechanisms for the spatial control of membrane traffic, which might have specialized and co-evolved with their highly arborized morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Radler
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ayana Suber
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elias T Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ulisse V, Dey S, Rothbard DE, Zeevi E, Gokhman I, Dadosh T, Minis A, Yaron A. Regulation of axonal morphogenesis by the mitochondrial protein Efhd1. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/7/e202000753. [PMID: 32414840 PMCID: PMC7232985 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neurons adjust their energy balance to meet the high demands of robust axonal growth and branching. The mechanisms that regulate this tuning are largely unknown. Here, we show that sensory neurons lacking liver kinase B1 (Lkb1), a master regulator of energy homeostasis, exhibit impaired axonal growth and branching. Biochemical analysis of these neurons revealed reduction in axonal ATP levels, whereas transcriptome analysis uncovered down-regulation of Efhd1 (EF-hand domain family member D1), a mitochondrial Ca2+-binding protein. Genetic ablation of Efhd1 in mice resulted in reduced axonal morphogenesis as well as enhanced neuronal death. Strikingly, this ablation causes mitochondrial dysfunction and a decrease in axonal ATP levels. Moreover, Efhd1 KO sensory neurons display shortened mitochondria at the axonal growth cones, activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Ulk (Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1) pathway and an increase in autophagic flux. Overall, this work uncovers a new mitochondrial regulator that is required for axonal morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ulisse
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Swagata Dey
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Deborah E Rothbard
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einav Zeevi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irena Gokhman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Dadosh
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Faculty of Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Minis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avraham Yaron
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dumoulin A, Schmidt H, Rathjen FG. Sensory Neurons: The Formation of T-Shaped Branches Is Dependent on a cGMP-Dependent Signaling Cascade. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:47-57. [PMID: 32321356 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420913844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Axon bifurcation - a specific form of branching of somatosensory axons characterized by the splitting of the growth cone - is mediated by a cGMP-dependent signaling cascade composed of the extracellular ligand CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), the transmembrane receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2), and the kinase cGKI (cGMP-dependent protein kinase I). In the absence of any one of these components, the formation of T-shaped axonal branches is impaired in neurons from DRGs (dorsal root ganglia), CSGs (cranial sensory ganglia) and MTNs (mesencephalic trigeminal neurons) in the murine spinal cord or hindbrain. Instead, axons from DRGs or from CSGs extend only either in an ascending or descending direction, while axons from MTNs either elongate within the hindbrain or extend via the trigeminal ganglion to the masseter muscles. Collateral formation from non-bifurcating stem axons is not affected by impaired cGMP signaling. Activation of Npr2 requires both binding of the ligand CNP as well as phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues at the juxtamembrane regions of the receptor. The absence of bifurcation results in an altered shape of termination fields of sensory afferents in the spinal cord and resulted in impaired noxious heat sensation and nociception whereas motor coordination appeared normal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dumoulin
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
MAP7D2 Localizes to the Proximal Axon and Locally Promotes Kinesin-1-Mediated Cargo Transport into the Axon. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1988-1999.e6. [PMID: 30784582 PMCID: PMC6381606 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The motor protein kinesin-1 plays an important role in polarized sorting of transport vesicles to the axon. However, the mechanism by which the axonal entry of kinesin-1-dependent cargo transport is regulated remains unclear. Microtubule-associated protein MAP7 (ensconsin in Drosophila) is an essential kinesin-1 cofactor and promotes kinesin-1 recruitment to microtubules. Here, we found that MAP7 family member MAP7D2 concentrates at the proximal axon, where it overlaps with the axon initial segment and interacts with kinesin-1. Depletion of MAP7D2 results in reduced axonal cargo entry and defects in axon development and neuronal migration. We propose a model in which MAP7D2 in the proximal axon locally promotes kinesin-1-mediated cargo entry into the axon.
Collapse
|
30
|
The tubulin code and its role in controlling microtubule properties and functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:307-326. [PMID: 32107477 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are core components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton with essential roles in cell division, shaping, motility and intracellular transport. Despite their functional heterogeneity, microtubules have a highly conserved structure made from almost identical molecular building blocks: the tubulin proteins. Alternative tubulin isotypes and a variety of post-translational modifications control the properties and functions of the microtubule cytoskeleton, a concept known as the 'tubulin code'. Here we review the current understanding of the molecular components of the tubulin code and how they impact microtubule properties and functions. We discuss how tubulin isotypes and post-translational modifications control microtubule behaviour at the molecular level and how this translates into physiological functions at the cellular and organism levels. We then go on to show how fine-tuning of microtubule function by some tubulin modifications can affect homeostasis and how perturbation of this fine-tuning can lead to a range of dysfunctions, many of which are linked to human disease.
Collapse
|
31
|
Monroy BY, Tan TC, Oclaman JM, Han JS, Simó S, Niwa S, Nowakowski DW, McKenney RJ, Ori-McKenney KM. A Combinatorial MAP Code Dictates Polarized Microtubule Transport. Dev Cell 2020; 53:60-72.e4. [PMID: 32109385 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic cells distribute their intracellular components asymmetrically through regulated active transport driven by molecular motors along microtubule tracks. While intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of motor activity exists, what governs the overall distribution of activated motor-cargo complexes within cells remains unclear. Here, we utilize in vitro reconstitution of purified motor proteins and non-enzymatic microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to demonstrate that MAPs exhibit distinct influences on the motility of the three main classes of transport motors: kinesin-1, kinesin-3, and cytoplasmic dynein. Further, we dissect how combinations of MAPs affect motors and unveil MAP9 as a positive modulator of kinesin-3 motility. From these data, we propose a general "MAP code" that has the capacity to strongly bias directed movement along microtubules and helps elucidate the intricate intracellular sorting observed in highly polarized cells such as neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigette Y Monroy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tracy C Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Janah May Oclaman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jisoo S Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | | | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Smart motors and cargo steering drive kinesin-mediated selective transport. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 103:103464. [PMID: 31972342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are polarized cells, with dendrites and axons that require different complements of membrane proteins to fulfill their specialized functions. Membrane proteins are synthesized in the somatodendritic domain and delivered to their target membranes via long-range vesicle transport. Most anterograde vesicle transport is mediated by kinesin motors, but it is unclear how kinesins are targeted to axons or dendrites. Two main models have been proposed to explain kinesin selectivity. In the smart motor model, kinesin selectivity is conferred by a preference of the kinesin motor domain for specific subsets of microtubules. In the cargo steering model, kinesin selectivity is modulated by the vesicular cargo to which the motor is bound. We evaluate the evidence for both models and conclude that while the smart motor model may explain axonal selectivity, cargo steering is required for dendritic selectivity. Future work will determine the relative contributions of these models to polarized transport in living neurons.
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang L, Liu X, Song L, Zhai H, Chang C. MAP7 promotes migration and invasion and progression of human cervical cancer through modulating the autophagy. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 31956295 PMCID: PMC6958635 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-1095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microtubule-associated proteins 7(MAP7) was reported to be engaged into the function of neuronal function. The function of MAP7 in human cervical cancer (CC) was unknown. We aimed to uncover the function and mechanism of MAP7 on CC. Methods We applied qRT-PCR, western blot and immunochemistry to detect the expression difference between normal tissue and CC. In vitro, we establish MAP7 stable knocking down and overexpression cell lines and investigated the function and underlying mechanism of MAP7 in CC. Results Both mRNA and protein of MAP7 were upregulated in CC compared with the normal tissue. MAP7 was correlated with the clinical stage and tumor size and lymph node metastasis. MAP7 promotes the invasion and migration of CC cell lines. We next detected EMT pathway and autophagy associated pathway. MAP7 promotes the EMT through modulating the autophagy. Conclusion Taken above, our results showed that MAP7 promotes the migration and invasion and EMT through modulating the autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- 1Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Women and Children Health Hospital, No. 2 Jianguo Xiaojing 3rd Road Center Area, Jinan, Shandong 250001 China
| | - Xudong Liu
- 2Department of Pain, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lina Song
- 1Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Women and Children Health Hospital, No. 2 Jianguo Xiaojing 3rd Road Center Area, Jinan, Shandong 250001 China
| | - Hui Zhai
- 1Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Women and Children Health Hospital, No. 2 Jianguo Xiaojing 3rd Road Center Area, Jinan, Shandong 250001 China
| | - Chaohua Chang
- 3Department of Anethesia, Jinan Women and Children Health Hospital, No. 2 Jianguo Xiaojing 3rd Road Center Area, Jinan, Shandong 250001 China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Palomo-Guerrero M, Fadó R, Casas M, Pérez-Montero M, Baena M, Helmer PO, Domínguez JL, Roig A, Serra D, Hayen H, Stenmark H, Raiborg C, Casals N. Sensing of nutrients by CPT1C regulates late endosome/lysosome anterograde transport and axon growth. eLife 2019; 8:51063. [PMID: 31868590 PMCID: PMC6927751 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterograde transport of late endosomes or lysosomes (LE/Lys) is crucial for proper axon growth. However, the role of energetic nutrients has been poorly explored. Malonyl-CoA is a precursor of fatty acids, and its intracellular levels highly fluctuate depending on glucose availability or the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We demonstrate in HeLa cells that carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C (CPT1C) senses malonyl-CoA and enhances LE/Lys anterograde transport by interacting with the endoplasmic reticulum protein protrudin and facilitating the transfer of Kinesin-1 from protrudin to LE/Lys. In cultured mouse cortical neurons, glucose deprivation, pharmacological activation of AMPK or inhibition of malonyl-CoA synthesis decreases LE/Lys abundance at the axon terminal, and shortens axon length in a CPT1C-dependent manner. These results identify CPT1C as a new regulator of anterograde LE/Lys transport in response to malonyl-CoA changes, and give insight into how axon growth is controlled by nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palomo-Guerrero
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rut Fadó
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria Casas
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Montero
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Miguel Baena
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Patrick O Helmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - José Luis Domínguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Aina Roig
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Raiborg
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bodakuntla S, Jijumon AS, Villablanca C, Gonzalez-Billault C, Janke C. Microtubule-Associated Proteins: Structuring the Cytoskeleton. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:804-819. [PMID: 31416684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were initially discovered as proteins that bind to and stabilize microtubules. Today, an ever-growing number of MAPs reveals a more complex picture of these proteins as organizers of the microtubule cytoskeleton that have a large variety of functions. MAPs enable microtubules to participate in a plethora of cellular processes such as the assembly of mitotic and meiotic spindles, neuronal development, and the formation of the ciliary axoneme. Although some subgroups of MAPs have been exhaustively characterized, a strikingly large number of MAPs remain barely characterized other than their interactions with microtubules. We provide a comprehensive view on the currently known MAPs in mammals. We discuss their molecular mechanisms and functions, as well as their physiological role and links to pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - A S Jijumon
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cristopher Villablanca
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
MAP7 Prevents Axonal Branch Retraction by Creating a Stable Microtubule Boundary to Rescue Polymerization. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7118-7131. [PMID: 31391261 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0775-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex neural circuits are built from axonal branches that allow each neuron to connect with multiple targets. During development, maturation of nascent branches depends on stabilization of newly assembled or transported microtubules, which are thought to be regulated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). However, because many known MAPs inhibit branch formation, it is not clear which MAP is responsible for regulating microtubule stability during branch development. Here, we show that MAP7, a less-well understood MAP that is localized to branch junctions, provides a key molecular mechanism to regulate microtubule stability during branch formation. In developing rodent sensory neurons of mixed sex, MAP7 is required for branch maturation mainly by preventing branch retraction. This function is mediated by the ability of MAP7 to control microtubule stability, as microtubules are more stable at branch junctions where MAP7 is localized. Consistently, nascent branches depleted of MAP7 have decreased stable microtubules but increased dynamic microtubules. Moreover, MAP7 binds to the acetylated and stable region of individual microtubules and avoids the dynamic plus end, thereby creating a boundary that prevents microtubule depolymerization and rescues microtubule polymerization. This unique binding property, which is not observed for other MAPs, can prevent branch retraction caused by laser-induced severing or nocodazole-induced microtubule depolymerization. Together, our study identifies a novel molecular mechanism mediated by MAP7 to regulate microtubule stability and strengthen branches at different stages of axonal branch morphogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Development and maintenance of axonal branches rely on microtubule stability, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we show that MAP7, a unique protein that interacts with both microtubules and the motor protein kinesin-1, plays a key role at branch junctions. MAP7 stabilizes microtubules in nascent branches and prevents branch retraction during branch maturation or after laser-induced injury. MAP7 also binds to the acetylated region of microtubules to prevent depolymerization and rescue polymerization. This unique binding property supports a novel mechanism mediated by MAP7 to cooperate with other MAPs and control microtubule stability during axonal branch development. This mechanism could also impact microtubule regulation in branch regeneration after nerve injury.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chaudhary AR, Lu H, Krementsova EB, Bookwalter CS, Trybus KM, Hendricks AG. MAP7 regulates organelle transport by recruiting kinesin-1 to microtubules. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10160-10171. [PMID: 31085585 PMCID: PMC6664170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate microtubule polymerization, dynamics, and organization. In addition, MAPs alter the motility of kinesin and dynein to control trafficking along microtubules. MAP7 (ensconsin, E-MAP-115) is a ubiquitous MAP that organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton in mitosis and neuronal branching. MAP7 also recruits kinesin-1 to microtubules. To understand how the activation of kinesin-1 by MAP7 regulates the motility of organelles transported by ensembles of kinesin and dynein, we isolated organelles and reconstituted their motility in vitro In the absence of MAP7, isolated phagosomes exhibit approximately equal fractions of plus- and minus-end-directed motility along microtubules. MAP7 causes a pronounced shift in motility; phagosomes move toward the plus-end ∼80% of the time, and kinesin teams generate more force. To dissect MAP7-mediated regulation of kinesin-driven transport, we examined its effects on the motility and force generation of single and teams of full-length kinesin-1 motors. We find that MAP7 does not alter the force exerted by a single kinesin-1 motor, but instead increases its binding rate to the microtubule. For ensembles of kinesin, a greater number of kinesin motors are simultaneously engaged and generating force to preferentially target organelles toward the microtubule plus-end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah R Chaudhary
- From the Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada and
| | - Hailong Lu
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0075
| | - Elena B Krementsova
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0075
| | - Carol S Bookwalter
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0075
| | - Kathleen M Trybus
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0075
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- From the Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada and
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Navarro-Barriuso J, Mansilla MJ, Quirant-Sánchez B, Ardiaca-Martínez A, Teniente-Serra A, Presas-Rodríguez S, ten Brinke A, Ramo-Tello C, Martínez-Cáceres EM. MAP7 and MUCL1 Are Biomarkers of Vitamin D3-Induced Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1251. [PMID: 31293564 PMCID: PMC6598738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) has become a promising alternative for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Specifically, the use of vitamin D3 for the generation of tolDC (vitD3-tolDC) constitutes one of the most widely studied approaches, as it has evidenced significant immune regulatory properties, both in vitro and in vivo. In this article, we generated human vitD3-tolDC from monocytes from healthy donors and MS patients, characterized in both cases by a semi-mature phenotype, secretion of IL-10 and inhibition of allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation. Additionally, we studied their transcriptomic profile and selected a number of differentially expressed genes compared to control mature and immature dendritic cells for their analysis. Among them, qPCR results validated CYP24A1, MAP7 and MUCL1 genes as biomarkers of vitD3-tolDC in both healthy donors and MS patients. Furthermore, we constructed a network of protein interactions based on the literature, which manifested that MAP7 and MUCL1 genes are both closely connected between them and involved in immune-related functions. In conclusion, this study evidences that MAP7 and MUCL1 constitute robust and potentially functional biomarkers of the generation of vitD3-tolDC, opening the window for their use as quality controls in clinical trials for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Navarro-Barriuso
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María José Mansilla
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alicia Ardiaca-Martínez
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aina Teniente-Serra
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Silvia Presas-Rodríguez
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Ramo-Tello
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva M. Martínez-Cáceres
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Baas PW, Qiang L. Tau: It's Not What You Think. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:452-461. [PMID: 30929793 PMCID: PMC6527491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tau is a multifunctional microtubule-associated protein in the neuron. For decades, tau's main function in neurons has been broadly accepted as stabilizing microtubules in the axon; however, this conclusion was reached mainly on the basis of studies performed in vitro and on ectopic expression of tau in non-neuronal cells. The idea has become so prevailing that some disease researchers are even seeking to use microtubule-stabilizing drugs to treat diseases in which tau dissociates from microtubules. Recent work suggests that tau is not a stabilizer of microtubules in the axon, but rather enables axonal microtubules to have long labile domains, in part by outcompeting genuine stabilizers. This new perspective on tau challenges long-standing dogma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Baas
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Liang Qiang
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Métivier M, Monroy BY, Gallaud E, Caous R, Pascal A, Richard-Parpaillon L, Guichet A, Ori-McKenney KM, Giet R. Dual control of Kinesin-1 recruitment to microtubules by Ensconsin in Drosophila neuroblasts and oocytes. Development 2019; 146:dev.171579. [PMID: 30936181 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila Ensconsin (also known as MAP7) controls spindle length, centrosome separation in brain neuroblasts (NBs) and asymmetric transport in oocytes. The control of spindle length by Ensconsin is Kinesin-1 independent but centrosome separation and oocyte transport require targeting of Kinesin-1 to microtubules by Ensconsin. However, the molecular mechanism used for this targeting remains unclear. Ensconsin contains a microtubule (MT)-binding domain (MBD) and a Kinesin-binding domain (KBD). Rescue experiments show that only full-length Ensconsin restores the spindle length phenotype. KBD expression rescues ensc centrosome separation defects in NBs, but not the fast oocyte streaming and the localization of Staufen and Gurken. Interestingly, the KBD can stimulate Kinesin-1 targeting to MTs in vivo and in vitro We propose that a KBD and Kinesin-1 complex is a minimal activation module that increases Kinesin-1 affinity for MTs. Addition of the MBD present in full-length Ensconsin allows this process to occur directly on the MT and triggers higher Kinesin-1 targeting. This dual regulation by Ensconsin is essential for optimal Kinesin-1 targeting to MTs in oocytes, but not in NBs, illustrating the importance of adapting Kinesin-1 recruitment to different biological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Métivier
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Brigette Y Monroy
- University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Emmanuel Gallaud
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Renaud Caous
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aude Pascal
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Richard-Parpaillon
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Guichet
- Institut Jacques Monod-Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | | | - Régis Giet
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zheng B, Lorenzana AO, Ma L. Understanding the axonal response to injury by in vivo imaging in the mouse spinal cord: A tale of two branches. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:277-285. [PMID: 30986398 PMCID: PMC6588497 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the basic properties of how axons respond to injury in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is of fundamental value for developing strategies to promote neural repair. Axons possess complex morphologies with stereotypical branching patterns. However, current knowledge of the axonal response to injury gives little consideration to axonal branches, nor do strategies to promote axon regeneration. This article reviews evidence from in vivo spinal cord imaging that axonal branches markedly impact the degenerative and regenerative responses to injury. At a major bifurcation point, depending on whether one or both axonal branches are injured, neurons may choose either a more self-preservative response or a more dynamic response. The stabilizing effect of the spared branch may underlie a well-known divergence in neuronal responses to injury, and illustrates an example where in vivo spinal cord imaging reveals insights that are difficult to elucidate with conventional histological methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Ariana O Lorenzana
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hooikaas PJ, Martin M, Mühlethaler T, Kuijntjes GJ, Peeters CAE, Katrukha EA, Ferrari L, Stucchi R, Verhagen DGF, van Riel WE, Grigoriev I, Altelaar AFM, Hoogenraad CC, Rüdiger SGD, Steinmetz MO, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. MAP7 family proteins regulate kinesin-1 recruitment and activation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1298-1318. [PMID: 30770434 PMCID: PMC6446838 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 is responsible for microtubule-based transport of numerous cellular cargoes. Here, we explored the regulation of kinesin-1 by MAP7 proteins. We found that all four mammalian MAP7 family members bind to kinesin-1. In HeLa cells, MAP7, MAP7D1, and MAP7D3 act redundantly to enable kinesin-1-dependent transport and microtubule recruitment of the truncated kinesin-1 KIF5B-560, which contains the stalk but not the cargo-binding and autoregulatory regions. In vitro, purified MAP7 and MAP7D3 increase microtubule landing rate and processivity of kinesin-1 through transient association with the motor. MAP7 proteins promote binding of kinesin-1 to microtubules both directly, through the N-terminal microtubule-binding domain and unstructured linker region, and indirectly, through an allosteric effect exerted by the kinesin-binding C-terminal domain. Compared with MAP7, MAP7D3 has a higher affinity for kinesin-1 and a lower affinity for microtubules and, unlike MAP7, can be cotransported with the motor. We propose that MAP7 proteins are microtubule-tethered kinesin-1 activators, with which the motor transiently interacts as it moves along microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jan Hooikaas
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maud Martin
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Mühlethaler
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Gert-Jan Kuijntjes
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cathelijn A E Peeters
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daan G F Verhagen
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina E van Riel
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - A F Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan G D Rüdiger
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ilan Y. Microtubules: From understanding their dynamics to using them as potential therapeutic targets. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7923-7937. [PMID: 30536951 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MT) and actin microfilaments are dynamic cytoskeleton components involved in a range of intracellular processes. MTs play a role in cell division, beating of cilia and flagella, and intracellular transport. Over the past decades, much knowledge has been gained regarding MT function and structure, and its role in underlying disease progression. This makes MT potential therapeutic targets for various disorders. Disturbances in MT and their associated proteins are the underlying cause of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and several genetic diseases. Some of the advances in the field of MT research, as well as the potenti G beta gamma, is needed al uses of MT-targeting agents in various conditions have been reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Magiera MM, Bodakuntla S, Žiak J, Lacomme S, Marques Sousa P, Leboucher S, Hausrat TJ, Bosc C, Andrieux A, Kneussel M, Landry M, Calas A, Balastik M, Janke C. Excessive tubulin polyglutamylation causes neurodegeneration and perturbs neuronal transport. EMBO J 2018; 37:e100440. [PMID: 30420556 PMCID: PMC6276888 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of tubulin are emerging regulators of microtubule functions. We have shown earlier that upregulated polyglutamylation is linked to rapid degeneration of Purkinje cells in mice with a mutation in the deglutamylating enzyme CCP1. How polyglutamylation leads to degeneration, whether it affects multiple neuron types, or which physiological processes it regulates in healthy neurons has remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that excessive polyglutamylation induces neurodegeneration in a cell-autonomous manner and can occur in many parts of the central nervous system. Degeneration of selected neurons in CCP1-deficient mice can be fully rescued by simultaneous knockout of the counteracting polyglutamylase TTLL1. Excessive polyglutamylation reduces the efficiency of neuronal transport in cultured hippocampal neurons, suggesting that impaired cargo transport plays an important role in the observed degenerative phenotypes. We thus establish polyglutamylation as a cell-autonomous mechanism for neurodegeneration that might be therapeutically accessible through manipulation of the enzymes that control this posttranslational modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Jakub Žiak
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Sabrina Lacomme
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patricia Marques Sousa
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Leboucher
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Torben J Hausrat
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Landry
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR5297, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - André Calas
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR5297, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martin Balastik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|