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Novak ML, Wang GY. The effect of e-cigarettes on cognitive function: a scoping review. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1287-1297. [PMID: 38724716 PMCID: PMC11199295 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
AIM Much research has been conducted on the acute effects of nicotine on human cognitive performance, demonstrating both enhancing and impairing cognitive effects. With the relatively recent introduction of electronic cigarettes ('e-cigarettes') as a smoking cessation device, little is known about the cognitive effects of e-cigarettes specifically, either as a nicotine replacement device or in the absence of nicotine. The purpose of this review was to present an overview of evidence from empirical studies on the effect of e-cigarettes on cognitive function. APPROACH Guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews guidelines (PRISMA-ScR), SCOPUS, PubMed, and EBSCOhost were searched from 2006, the year e-cigarettes were introduced, to June 2023 for relevant papers, along with reference lists checked for additional papers. KEY FINDINGS Seven experimental and four cross-sectional survey studies were identified and included. The majority of the studies only include regular and current cigarette smokers and primarily assessed the acute cognitive effect of e-cigarettes relative to nicotine. While the findings primarily suggest either no or positive effect of e-cigarettes on cognition in cigarette smokers, associations between e-cigarettes and cognitive impairments in memory, concentration and decision making were reported in both cigarette smokers and never-smokers. IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS The acute cognitive effect of e-cigarettes on regular cigarette smokers appears minimal. However, long-term cognitive effect and their effects on never-smokers are unclear. Given that the increased numbers of e-cigarette users are non-smokers and/or adolescents, research with those naïve to nicotine and a developmentally vulnerable adolescent population on its long-term effect is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Novak
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
| | - Grace Y Wang
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia.
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.
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2
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Abdelmissih S, Abdelgwad M, Ali DME, Negm MSI, Eshra MA, Youssef A. High-dose Agomelatine Combined with Haloperidol Decanoate Improves Cognition, Downregulates MT2, Upregulates D5, and Maintains Krüppel-like Factor 9 But Alters Cardiac Electrophysiology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 390:125-145. [PMID: 38816228 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Haloperidol decanoate (HD) has been implicated in cognitive impairment. Agomelatine (AGO) has been claimed to improve cognition. We aimed at investigating the effects of HD + low- or high-dose AGO on cognition, verifying the melatonergic/dopaminergic to the cholinergic hypothesis of cognition and exploring relevant cardiovascular issues in adult male Wistar albino rats. HD + high-dose AGO prolonged the step-through latency by +61.47% (P < 0.0001), increased the time spent in bright light by +439.49% (P < 0.0001), reduced the time spent in dim light by -66.25% (P < 0.0001), and increased the percent of alternations by +71.25% (P < 0.0001), despite the reductions in brain acetylcholine level by -10.67% (P < 0.0001). Neurodegeneration was minimal, while the mean power frequency of the source wave was reduced by -23.39% (P < 0.05). Concurrently, the relative expression of brain melatonin type 2 receptors was reduced by -18.75% (P < 0.05), against increased expressions of dopamine type 5 receptors by +22.22% (P < 0.0001) and angiopoietin-like 4 by +119.18% (P < 0.0001). Meanwhile, electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrated inverted P wave, reduced P wave duration by -36.15% (P < 0.0001) and PR interval by -19.91% (P < 0.0001), prolonged RR interval by +27.97% (P < 0.05), increased R wave amplitude by +523.15% (P < 0.0001), and a depressed ST segment and inverted T wave. In rats administered AGO, HD, or HD+ low-dose AGO, Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neuropathologic features were more evident, accompanied by extensive ECG and neurochemical alterations. HD + high-dose AGO enhances cognition but alters cardiac electrophysiology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Given the issue of cognitive impairment associated with HD and the claimed cognitive-enhancing activity of AGO, combined high-dose AGO with HD improved cognition of adult male rats, who exhibited minimal neurodegenerative changes. HD+ high-dose AGO was relatively safe regarding triggering epileptogenesis, while it altered cardiac electrophysiology. In the presence of low acetylcholine, the melatonergic/dopaminergic hypothesis, added to angiopoietin-like 4 and Krüppel-like factor 9, could offer some clue, thus offering novel targets for pharmacologic manipulation of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine Abdelmissih
- Departments of Medical Pharmacology (S.A., A.Y.), Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.), Pathology (M.S.I.N.), and Medical Physiology (M.A.E.), Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt (D.M.E.A.)
| | - Marwa Abdelgwad
- Departments of Medical Pharmacology (S.A., A.Y.), Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.), Pathology (M.S.I.N.), and Medical Physiology (M.A.E.), Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt (D.M.E.A.)
| | - Doaa Mohamed Elroby Ali
- Departments of Medical Pharmacology (S.A., A.Y.), Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.), Pathology (M.S.I.N.), and Medical Physiology (M.A.E.), Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt (D.M.E.A.)
| | - Mohamed Sharif Ismail Negm
- Departments of Medical Pharmacology (S.A., A.Y.), Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.), Pathology (M.S.I.N.), and Medical Physiology (M.A.E.), Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt (D.M.E.A.)
| | - Mohamed Ali Eshra
- Departments of Medical Pharmacology (S.A., A.Y.), Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.), Pathology (M.S.I.N.), and Medical Physiology (M.A.E.), Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt (D.M.E.A.)
| | - Amal Youssef
- Departments of Medical Pharmacology (S.A., A.Y.), Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.), Pathology (M.S.I.N.), and Medical Physiology (M.A.E.), Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt (D.M.E.A.)
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3
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McClain SP, Ma X, Johnson DA, Johnson CA, Layden AE, Yung JC, Lubejko ST, Livrizzi G, He XJ, Zhou J, Chang-Weinberg J, Ventriglia E, Rizzo A, Levinstein M, Gomez JL, Bonaventura J, Michaelides M, Banghart MR. In vivo photopharmacology with light-activated opioid drugs. Neuron 2023; 111:3926-3940.e10. [PMID: 37848025 PMCID: PMC11188017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods for site-specific drug delivery in the brain are slow, invasive, and difficult to interface with recordings of neural activity. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility and experimental advantages of in vivo photopharmacology using "caged" opioid drugs that are activated in the brain with light after systemic administration in an inactive form. To enable bidirectional manipulations of endogenous opioid receptors in vivo, we developed photoactivatable oxymorphone (PhOX) and photoactivatable naloxone (PhNX), photoactivatable variants of the mu opioid receptor agonist oxymorphone and the antagonist naloxone. Photoactivation of PhOX in multiple brain areas produced local changes in receptor occupancy, brain metabolic activity, neuronal calcium activity, neurochemical signaling, and multiple pain- and reward-related behaviors. Combining PhOX photoactivation with optical recording of extracellular dopamine revealed adaptations in the opioid sensitivity of mesolimbic dopamine circuitry in response to chronic morphine administration. This work establishes a general experimental framework for using in vivo photopharmacology to study the neural basis of drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan P McClain
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Desiree A Johnson
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Caroline A Johnson
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aryanna E Layden
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jean C Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Susan T Lubejko
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giulia Livrizzi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - X Jenny He
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Janie Chang-Weinberg
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emilya Ventriglia
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Arianna Rizzo
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08907, Catalonia, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08907, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marjorie Levinstein
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Juan L Gomez
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08907, Catalonia, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08907, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Matthew R Banghart
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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4
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Gheidi A, Fitzpatrick CJ, Gregory JD, Morrow JD. Nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonism dose-dependently decreases sign- but not goal-tracking behavior in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:871-880. [PMID: 36795109 PMCID: PMC10599605 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acetylcholinergic antagonists have shown some promise in reducing addiction-related behaviors in both preclinical and clinical studies. However, the psychological mechanisms by which these drugs are able to affect addictive behavior remain unclear. A particular key process for the development of addiction is the attribution of incentive salience to reward-related cues, which can be specifically measured in animals using a Pavlovian conditioned approach procedure. When confronted with a lever that predicts food delivery, some rats engage with the lever directly (i.e., they sign track), indicating attribution of incentive-motivational properties to the lever itself. In contrast, others treat the lever as a predictive cue and approach the location of impending food delivery (i.e., they goal track), without treating the lever itself as a reward. OBJECTIVES We tested whether systemic antagonism of the either nicotinic or muscarinic acetylcholine receptors would selectively affect sign- or goal-tracking behavior, indicating a selective effect on incentive salience attribution. METHODS A total of 98 male Sprague Dawley rats were either given the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (100, 50, or 10 µg/kg i.p.) or the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (0.3, 1.0, or 3 mg/kg i.p.) before being trained on a Pavlovian conditioned approach procedure. RESULTS Scopolamine dose-dependently decreased sign tracking behavior and increased goal-tracking behavior. Mecamylamine reduced sign-tracking but did not affect goal-tracking behavior. CONCLUSIONS Antagonism of either muscarinic or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can reduce incentive sign-tracking behavior in male rats. This effect appears to be specifically due to a reduction in incentive salience attribution since goal-tracking either increased or was not affected by these manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gheidi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University, Macon, USA
| | | | - Jordan D Gregory
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Jonathan D Morrow
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Gu X, Yuan H, Zhao W, Sun N, Yan W, Jiang C, He Y, Liu H, Cheng J, Guo D. Optical-Controlled Kinetic Switch: Fine-Tuning of the Residence Time of an Antagonist Binding to the Vasopressin V 2 Receptor in In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Models of ADPKD. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1454-1466. [PMID: 36563185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological activity of a small-molecule ligand is linked to its receptor residence time. Therefore, precise control of the duration for which a ligand binds to its receptor is highly desirable. Herein, we designed photoswitchable ligands targeting the vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R), a validated target for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). We adapted the photoswitching trait of azobenzene to the parent V2R antagonist lixivaptan (LP) to generate azobenzene lixivaptan derivatives (aLPs). Among them, aLPs-5g was a potential optical-controlled kinetic switch. Upon irradiation, cis-aLPs-5g displayed a 4.3-fold prolonged V2R residence time compared to its thermally stable trans configuration. The optical-controlled kinetic variations led to distinct inhibitory effects on cellular functional readout. Furthermore, conversion of the cis/trans isomer of aLPs-5g resulted in different efficacies of inhibiting renal cystogenesis ex vivo and in vivo. Overall, aLPs-5g represents a photoswitch for precise control of ligand-receptor residence time and, consequently, the pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoxing Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chunyu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu, China
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6
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Orthogonal Control of Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Using Photopharmacology. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1433-1442. [PMID: 35737209 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, photopharmacology has gone far beyond its proof-of-concept stage to become a bona fide approach to study neural systems in vivo. Indeed, photopharmacological control has expanded over a wide range of endogenous targets, such as receptors, ion channels, transporters, kinases, lipids, and DNA transcription processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progresses in the in vivo photopharmacological control of neuronal circuits and behavior. In particular, the use of small aquatic animals for the in vivo screening of photopharmacological compounds, the recent advances in optical modulation of complex behaviors in mice, and the development of adjacent techniques for light and drug delivery in vivo are described.
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7
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Cai J, Tong Q. Anatomy and Function of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Neurons. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:867053. [PMID: 35669454 PMCID: PMC9164627 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.867053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning, memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream regions. Other than DA neurons, the VTA is known to be heterogeneous and contains other types of neurons, including glutamate neurons. In contrast to the well-studied and established functions of DA neurons, the role of VTA glutamate neurons is understudied, presumably due to their relatively small quantity and a lack of effective means to study them. Yet, emerging studies have begun to reveal the importance of glutamate release from VTA neurons in regulating diverse behavioral repertoire through a complex intra-VTA and long-range neuronal network. In this review, we summarize the features of VTA glutamate neurons from three perspectives, namely, cellular properties, neural connections, and behavioral functions. Delineation of VTA glutamatergic pathways and their interactions with VTA DA neurons in regulating behaviors may reveal previously unappreciated functions of the VTA in other physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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8
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Frank JA. Optofluidic neural interfaces for in vivo photopharmacology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Guérineau NC, Campos P, Le Tissier PR, Hodson DJ, Mollard P. Cell Networks in Endocrine/Neuroendocrine Gland Function. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3371-3415. [PMID: 35578964 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction, growth, stress, and metabolism are determined by endocrine/neuroendocrine systems that regulate circulating hormone concentrations. All these systems generate rhythms and changes in hormone pulsatility observed in a variety of pathophysiological states. Thus, the output of endocrine/neuroendocrine systems must be regulated within a narrow window of effective hormone concentrations but must also maintain a capacity for plasticity to respond to changing physiological demands. Remarkably most endocrinologists still have a "textbook" view of endocrine gland organization which has emanated from 20th century histological studies on thin 2D tissue sections. However, 21st -century technological advances, including in-depth 3D imaging of specific cell types have vastly changed our knowledge. We now know that various levels of multicellular organization can be found across different glands, that organizational motifs can vary between species and can be modified to enhance or decrease hormonal release. This article focuses on how the organization of cells regulates hormone output using three endocrine/neuroendocrine glands that present different levels of organization and complexity: the adrenal medulla, with a single neuroendocrine cell type; the anterior pituitary, with multiple intermingled cell types; and the pancreas with multiple intermingled cell types organized into distinct functional units. We give an overview of recent methodologies that allow the study of the different components within endocrine systems, particularly their temporal and spatial relationships. We believe the emerging findings about network organization, and its impact on hormone secretion, are crucial to understanding how homeostatic regulation of endocrine axes is carried out within endocrine organs themselves. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3371-3415, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Campos
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul R Le Tissier
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.,COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrice Mollard
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Advances in tethered photopharmacology for precise optical control of signaling proteins. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102196. [PMID: 35245800 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of traditional pharmacology, the field of photopharmacology has developed around the central concept of using light to endow drug action with spatiotemporal precision. Tethered photopharmacology, where a photoswitchable ligand is covalently attached to a target protein, offers a particularly high degree of spatiotemporal control, as well as the ability to genetically target drug action and limit effects to specific protein subtypes. In this review, we describe the core engineering concepts of tethered pharmacology and highlight recent advances in harnessing the power of tethered photopharmacology for an expanded palette of targets and conjugation modes using new, complementary strategies. We also discuss the various applications, including mechanistic studies from the molecular biophysical realm to in vivo studies in behaving animals, that demonstrate the power of tethered pharmacology.
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11
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Scheiner M, Sink A, Hoffmann M, Vrigneau C, Endres E, Carles A, Sotriffer C, Maurice T, Decker M. Photoswitchable Pseudoirreversible Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Allow Optical Control of Inhibition in Vitro and Enable Restoration of Cognition in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model upon Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3279-3284. [PMID: 35138833 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To develop tools to investigate the biological functions of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and the mechanisms by which BChE affects Alzheimer's disease (AD), we synthesized several selective, nanomolar active, pseudoirreversible photoswitchable BChE inhibitors. The compounds were able to specifically influence different kinetic parameters of the inhibition process by light. For one compound, a 10-fold difference in the IC50-values (44.6 nM cis, 424 nM trans) in vitro was translated to an "all or nothing" response with complete recovery in a murine cognition-deficit AD model at dosages as low as 0.3 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Scheiner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Sink
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cassandre Vrigneau
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Erik Endres
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Allison Carles
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Maltan L, Najjar H, Tiffner A, Derler I. Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca 2+ Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools. Cells 2021; 10:3340. [PMID: 34943850 PMCID: PMC8699489 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ion channels are involved in numerous biological functions such as lymphocyte activation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission, excitation, hormone secretion, gene expression, cell migration, memory, and aging. Therefore, their dysfunction can lead to a wide range of cellular abnormalities and, subsequently, to diseases. To date various conventional techniques have provided valuable insights into the roles of Ca2+ signaling. However, their limited spatiotemporal resolution and lack of reversibility pose significant obstacles in the detailed understanding of the structure-function relationship of ion channels. These drawbacks could be partially overcome by the use of optogenetics, which allows for the remote and well-defined manipulation of Ca2+-signaling. Here, we review the various optogenetic tools that have been used to achieve precise control over different Ca2+-permeable ion channels and receptors and associated downstream signaling cascades. We highlight the achievements of optogenetics as well as the still-open questions regarding the resolution of ion channel working mechanisms. In addition, we summarize the successes of optogenetics in manipulating many Ca2+-dependent biological processes both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, optogenetics has significantly advanced our understanding of Ca2+ signaling proteins and the used tools provide an essential basis for potential future therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria; (L.M.); (H.N.); (A.T.)
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13
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Nguyen C, Mondoloni S, Le Borgne T, Centeno I, Come M, Jehl J, Solié C, Reynolds LM, Durand-de Cuttoli R, Tolu S, Valverde S, Didienne S, Hannesse B, Fiancette JF, Pons S, Maskos U, Deroche-Gamonet V, Dalkara D, Hardelin JP, Mourot A, Marti F, Faure P. Nicotine inhibits the VTA-to-amygdala dopamine pathway to promote anxiety. Neuron 2021; 109:2604-2615.e9. [PMID: 34242565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine stimulates dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to establish and maintain reinforcement. Nicotine also induces anxiety through an as yet unknown circuitry. We found that nicotine injection drives opposite functional responses of two distinct populations of VTA DA neurons with anatomically segregated projections: it activates neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), whereas it inhibits neurons that project to the amygdala nuclei (Amg). We further show that nicotine mediates anxiety-like behavior by acting on β2-subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the VTA. Finally, using optogenetics, we bidirectionally manipulate the VTA-NAc and VTA-Amg pathways to dissociate their contributions to anxiety-like behavior. We show that inhibition of VTA-Amg DA neurons mediates anxiety-like behavior, while their activation prevents the anxiogenic effects of nicotine. These distinct subpopulations of VTA DA neurons with opposite responses to nicotine may differentially drive the anxiogenic and the reinforcing effects of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nguyen
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Mondoloni
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tinaïg Le Borgne
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ines Centeno
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Come
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joachim Jehl
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Clément Solié
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lauren M Reynolds
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Stefania Tolu
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Valverde
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Steve Didienne
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Hannesse
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Fiancette
- Neurocentre Magendie, Inserm U1215, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Pons
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Neurobiologie intégrative des systèmes cholinergiques, Département de neuroscience, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Neurobiologie intégrative des systèmes cholinergiques, Département de neuroscience, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Deroche-Gamonet
- Neurocentre Magendie, Inserm U1215, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hardelin
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabio Marti
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Faure
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France.
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14
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Durand-de Cuttoli R, Mourot A. [A cloaked caged glutamate for in vivo optical activation of synapses]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:588-590. [PMID: 34180816 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, États-Unis. - Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. - Laboratoire plasticité du cerveau, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL), 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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15
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Neurobiology of reward-related learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:224-234. [PMID: 33581225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A major goal in psychology is to understand how environmental stimuli associated with primary rewards come to function as conditioned stimuli, acquiring the capacity to elicit similar responses to those elicited by primary rewards. Our neurobiological model is predicated on the Hebbian idea that concurrent synaptic activity on the primary reward neural substrate-proposed to be ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons-strengthens the synapses involved. We propose that VTA DA neurons receive both a strong unconditioned stimulus signal (acetylcholine stimulation of DA cells) from the primary reward capable of unconditionally activating DA cells and a weak stimulus signal (glutamate stimulation of DA cells) from the neutral stimulus. Through joint stimulation the weak signal is potentiated and capable of activating the VTA DA cells, eliciting a conditioned response. The learning occurs when this joint stimulation initiates intracellular second-messenger cascades resulting in enhanced glutamate-DA synapses. In this review we present evidence that led us to propose this model and the most recent evidence supporting it.
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16
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Frank JA, Antonini MJ, Chiang PH, Canales A, Konrad DB, Garwood IC, Rajic G, Koehler F, Fink Y, Anikeeva P. In Vivo Photopharmacology Enabled by Multifunctional Fibers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3802-3813. [PMID: 33108719 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable ligands can add an optical switch to a target receptor or signaling cascade and enable reversible control of neural circuits. The application of this approach, termed photopharmacology, to behavioral experiments has been impeded by a lack of integrated hardware capable of delivering both light and compounds to deep brain regions in moving subjects. Here, we devise a hybrid photochemical genetic approach to target neurons using a photoswitchable agonist of the capsaicin receptor TRPV1, red-AzCA-4. Using multifunctional fibers with optical and microfluidic capabilities, we delivered a transgene coding for TRPV1 into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). This sensitized excitatory VTA neurons to red-AzCA-4, allowing us to optically control conditioned place preference in mice, thus extending applications of photopharmacology to behavioral experiments. Applied to endogenous receptors, our approach may accelerate future studies of molecular mechanisms underlying animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Frank
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Marc-Joseph Antonini
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard/MIT Health Science & Technology Graduate Program, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Po-Han Chiang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Andres Canales
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David B. Konrad
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Indie C. Garwood
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard/MIT Health Science & Technology Graduate Program, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gabriela Rajic
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Florian Koehler
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yoel Fink
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Lemoine D, Mondoloni S, Tange J, Lambolez B, Faure P, Taly A, Tricoire L, Mourot A. Probing the ionotropic activity of glutamate GluD2 receptor in HEK cells with genetically-engineered photopharmacology. eLife 2020; 9:59026. [PMID: 33112237 PMCID: PMC7679134 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate delta (GluD) receptors belong to the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, yet they don’t bind glutamate and are considered orphan. Progress in defining the ion channel function of GluDs in neurons has been hindered by a lack of pharmacological tools. Here, we used a chemo-genetic approach to engineer specific and photo-reversible pharmacology in GluD2 receptor. We incorporated a cysteine mutation in the cavity located above the putative ion channel pore, for site-specific conjugation with a photoswitchable pore blocker. In the constitutively open GluD2 Lurcher mutant, current could be rapidly and reversibly decreased with light. We then transposed the cysteine mutation to the native receptor, to demonstrate with high pharmacological specificity that metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling triggers opening of GluD2. Our results assess the functional relevance of GluD2 ion channel and introduce an optogenetic tool that will provide a novel and powerful means for probing GluD2 ionotropic contribution to neuronal physiology. Neurotransmitters are chemicals released by the body that trigger activity in neurons. Receptors on the surface of neurons detect these neurotransmitters, providing a link between the inside and the outside of the cell. Glutamate is one of the major neurotransmitters and is involved in virtually all brain functions. Glutamate binds to two different types of receptors in neurons. Ionotropic receptors have pores known as ion channels, which open when glutamate binds. This is a fast-acting response that allows sodium ions to flow into the neuron, triggering an electrical signal. Metabotropic receptors, on the other hand, trigger a series of events inside the cell that lead to a response. Metabotropic receptors take more time than ionotropic receptors to elicit a response in the cell, but their effects last much longer. One type of receptor, known as the GluD family, is very similar to ionotropic glutamate receptors but does not directly respond to glutamate. Instead, the ion channel of GluD receptors opens after being activated by glutamate metabotropic receptors. GluD receptors are produced throughout the brain and play roles in synapse formation and activity, but the way they work remains unclear. An obstacle to understanding how GluD receptors work is the lack of molecules that can specifically block these receptors’ ion channel activity. Lemoine et al. have developed a tool that enables control of the ion channel in GluD receptors using light. Human cells grown in the lab were genetically modified to produce a version of GluD2 (a member of the GluD family) with a light-sensitive molecule attached. In darkness or under green light, the light-sensitive molecule blocks the channel and prevents ions from passing through. Under violet light, the molecule twists, and ions can flow through the channel. With this control over the GluD2 ion channel activity, Lemoine et al. were able to validate previous research showing that the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors can trigger GluD2 to open. The next step will be to test this approach in neurons. This will help researchers to understand what role GluD ion channels play in neuron to neuron communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lemoine
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Mondoloni
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Tange
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Lambolez
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Faure
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Taly
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique-Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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18
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Abstract
Light has been instrumental in the study of living cells since its use helped in their discovery in the late 17th century. Further, combining chemical technology with light microscopy was an essential part of the Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1906. Such landmark scientific findings involved passive observation of cells. However, over the past 50 years, a "second use" of light has emerged in cell physiology, namely one of rational control. The seminal method for this emerged in late 1970s with the invention of caged compounds. This was the point when "caged compounds" were defined as optical probes in which the active functionality of a physiological signaling molecule was blocked with a photochemical protecting group. Caged compounds are analogous to prodrugs; in both, the activity of the effector is latent. However, caged compounds, unlike prodrugs, use a trigger that confers the power of full temporal and spatial manipulation of the effects of release of its latent biological cargo. Light is distinct because it is bio-orthogonal, passes through living tissue (even into the cell interior), and initiates rapid release of the "caged" biomolecule. Further, because light can be directed to broad areas or focused to small points, caged compounds offer an array of timing scenarios for physiologists to dissect virtually any type of cellular process.The collaborative interaction between chemists and physiologists plays a fundamental role in the development of caged compounds. First, the physiologists must define the problem to be addressed; then, with the help of chemists, decide if a caged compound would be useful. For this, structure-activity relationships of the potential optical probe and receptor must be determined. If rational targets seem feasible, synthetic organic chemistry is used to make the caged compound. The crucial property of prephotolysis bio-inertness relies on physiological or biochemical assays. Second, detailed optical characterization of the caged compound requires the skill of photochemists because the rate and efficiency of uncaging are also crucial properties for a useful caged compound. Often, these studies reveal limitations in the caged compound which has been developed; thus, chemists and physiologists use their abilities for iterative development of even more powerful optical probes. A similar dynamic will be familiar to scientists in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, caged compound development provides an excellent training framework for (young) chemists both intellectually and professionally. In this Account, I draw on my long experience in the field of making useful caged compounds for cell physiology by showing how each probe I have developed has been defined by an important physiological problem. Fundamental to this process has been my initial training by the pioneers in aromatic photochemistry, Derek Bryce-Smith and Andrew Gilbert. I discuss making a range of "caged calcium" probes, ones which went on to be the most widely used of all caged compounds. Then, I describe the development of caged neurotransmitters for two-photon uncaging microscopy. Finally, I survey recent work on making new photochemical protecting groups for wavelength orthogonal, two-color, and ultraefficient two-photon uncaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C R Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, United States
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Distinct Temporal Structure of Nicotinic ACh Receptor Activation Determines Responses of VTA Neurons to Endogenous ACh and Nicotine. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0418-19.2020. [PMID: 32737187 PMCID: PMC7470928 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0418-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The addictive component of tobacco, nicotine, acts via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The β2 subunit-containing nAChRs (β2-nAChRs) play a crucial role in the rewarding properties of nicotine and are particularly densely expressed in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. Specifically, nAChRs directly and indirectly affect DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The understanding of ACh and nicotinic regulation of DA neuron activity is incomplete. By computational modeling, we provide mechanisms for several apparently contradictory experimental results. First, systemic knockout of β2-containing nAChRs drastically reduces DA neurons bursting, although the major glutamatergic (Glu) afferents that have been shown to evoke this bursting stay intact. Second, the most intuitive way to rescue this bursting—by re-expressing the nAChRs on VTA DA neurons—fails. Third, nAChR re-expression on VTA GABA neurons rescues bursting in DA neurons and increases their firing rate under the influence of ACh input, whereas nicotinic application results in the opposite changes in firing. Our model shows that, first, without ACh receptors, Glu excitation of VTA DA and GABA neurons remains balanced and GABA inhibition cancels the direct excitation. Second, re-expression of ACh receptors on DA neurons provides an input that impedes membrane repolarization and is ineffective in restoring firing of DA neurons. Third, the distinct responses to ACh and nicotine occur because of distinct temporal patterns of these inputs: pulsatile versus continuous. Altogether, this study highlights how β2-nAChRs influence coactivation of the VTA DA and GABA neurons required for motivation and saliency signals carried by DA neuron activity.
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20
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Wang H, Holgate J, Bartlett S, Islam N. Assessment of nicotine release from nicotine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles dry powder inhaler formulations via locomotor activity of C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:175-185. [PMID: 32682941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the activity of controlled release nicotine from dry powder inhaler formulation via locomotor activity of C57BL/6 mice. METHODS To achieve this we built a nose-only inhalation device for pulmonary administration of nicotine to mice and determined the optimal operational parameters. We used the locomotor activity test to compare the effects of the inhaled nicotine hydrogen tartrate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NHT-CS) with NHT in C57BL/6 mice. The minimum inhaled dose of NHT-CS required to alter locomotor activity was compared with inhaled and subcutaneously (s.c) injected NHT. Finally, histological examination of lung tissues was performed to ensure inhalation of NHT-CS did not cause lung damage. RESULTS We found a flow rate of 0.9 L/min and an exposure time of 5 min achieved optimal delivery of nicotine. A minimum of 0.88 mg inhaled of NHT-CS or 0.59 mg inhaled of NHT was required to alter locomotor activity similarly to injection of 0.5 mg/kg nicotine, suggesting the reformulation process did not alter the activity of NHT-CS. No differences between untreated and NHT-CS treated lung tissue upon histological examination were observed. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated the inhaled NHT-CS is a viable preclinical option for developing novel inhalation formulations as a potential anti-smoking therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Joan Holgate
- Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Selena Bartlett
- Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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21
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Ogelman R, Hwang IW, Oh WC. Cloaked caged glutamate eliminates off-target GABA-A receptor antagonism and opens a new door in neuroscience. Lab Anim (NY) 2020; 49:177-179. [PMID: 32461595 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-020-0555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ogelman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - In-Wook Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Won Chan Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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22
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Yadegary A, Nazari-Serenjeh F, Darbandi N. Synergistic improvement effect of nicotine-ghrelin co-injection into the anterior ventral tegmental area on morphine-induced amnesia. Neuropeptides 2020; 80:102025. [PMID: 32029269 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the effect of ghrelin or ghrelin/nicotine injection into the anterior ventral tegmental area (aVTA) on morphine-induced amnesia in passive avoidance learning have been evaluated. Also, the role of the aVTA nicotinic receptors in possible ghrelin-induced effects has been investigated. All animals were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulas in the aVTA. A step-through type passive avoidance task was used for measurement of memory. We found that post-training subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of morphine (0.5-7.5 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced the step-through latency, indicating morphine-induced amnesia. Post-training bilateral infusion of ghrelin (0.3, 1.5 and 3 nmol/μl) in a dose-dependent manner reversed amnesia induced by morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.). Furthermore, reversal effect of ghrelin (3 nmol/μl) was blocked by pre-treatment of intra-aVTA administration of mecamylamine (1-3 μg/rat), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Intra-aVTA administration of the higher dose of mecamylamine (3 μg/rat) into the aVTA by itself decreased the step-through latency and induced amnesia. In addition, post-training intra-aVTA administration of nicotine (0.25, 0.5, 1 μg/rat) which alone cannot affect memory consolidation, decreased significantly the amnesia induced by morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.). Co-treatment of an ineffective dose of ghrelin (0.3 nmol/μl) with an ineffective dose of nicotine (0.25 μg/rat) significantly increased step-through latency of morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.) treated animals, indicating the synergistic effect of the drugs. Taken together, our results suggest that intra-aVTA administration of ghrelin reversed morphine-induced amnesia and that ghrelin interacts synergistically with nicotine to mitigate morphine-induced amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Yadegary
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Niloufar Darbandi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and photochemical release of glutamate (or uncaging) is a chemical technique widely used by biologists to interrogate its physiology. A basic prerequisite of these optical probes is bio-inertness before photolysis. However, all caged glutamates are known to have strong antagonism toward receptors of γ-aminobutyric acid, the major inhibitory transmitter. We have developed a caged glutamate probe that is inert toward these receptors at concentrations that are effective for photolysis with violet light. Pharmacological tests in vitro revealed that attachment of a fifth-generation (G5) dendrimer (i.e., cloaking) to the widely used 4-methoxy-7-nitro-indolinyl(MNI)-Glu probe prevented such off-target effects while not changing the photochemical properties of MNI-Glu significantly. G5-MNI-Glu was used with optofluidic delivery to stimulate dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area of freely moving mice in a conditioned place-preference protocol so as to mediate Pavlovian conditioning.
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Photocontrol of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: When One Agonist Is Not Enough, Make It Two. Neuron 2020; 105:395-397. [PMID: 32027826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A current major challenge lies in controlling molecularly defined brain receptor and channel populations to investigate their function in vivo. In this issue of Neuron, Acosta-Ruiz et al. (2020) developed a highly versatile molecular toolkit to efficiently manipulate specific metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in brain circuits with light.
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25
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Paoletti P, Ellis-Davies GCR, Mourot A. Optical control of neuronal ion channels and receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 20:514-532. [PMID: 31289380 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic approaches permit neuronal excitation or inhibition at the network level, other technologies, such as optopharmacology (also known as photopharmacology) have emerged that provide molecular-level control by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous biomolecules. In this Review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of photocontrolling native neuronal signalling pathways, focusing on ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. We describe existing strategies for rendering receptors and channels light sensitive and provide an overview of the neuroscientific insights gained from such approaches. At the crossroads of chemistry, protein engineering and neuroscience, optopharmacology offers great potential for understanding the molecular basis of brain function and behaviour, with promises for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | | | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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26
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Belkaid M, Krichmar JL. Modeling uncertainty-seeking behavior mediated by cholinergic influence on dopamine. Neural Netw 2020; 125:10-18. [PMID: 32070852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that acetylcholine mediates uncertainty-seeking behaviors through its projection to dopamine neurons - another neuromodulatory system known for its major role in reinforcement learning and decision-making. In this paper, we propose a leaky-integrate-and-fire model of this mechanism. It implements a softmax-like selection with an uncertainty bonus by a cholinergic drive to dopaminergic neurons, which in turn influence synaptic currents of downstream neurons. The model is able to reproduce experimental data in two decision-making tasks. It also predicts that: (i) in the absence of cholinergic input, dopaminergic activity would not correlate with uncertainty, and that (ii) the adaptive advantage brought by the implemented uncertainty-seeking mechanism is most useful when sources of reward are not highly uncertain. Moreover, this modeling work allows us to propose novel experiments which might shed new light on the role of acetylcholine in both random and directed exploration. Overall, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the role of the cholinergic system and, in particular, its involvement in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwen Belkaid
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7222, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, ISIR, F-75005 Paris, France; ETIS Laboratory, UMR 8051, CY Université, ENSEA, CNRS, F-95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
| | - Jeffrey L Krichmar
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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27
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Nicotinic Receptors Underlying Nicotine Dependence: Evidence from Transgenic Mouse Models. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2020; 45:101-121. [PMID: 32468493 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine underlies the reinforcing properties of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes. After inhalation and absorption, nicotine binds to various nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes localized on the pre- and postsynaptic membranes of cells, which subsequently leads to the modulation of cellular function and neurotransmitter signaling. In this chapter, we begin by briefly reviewing the current understanding of nicotine's actions on nAChRs and highlight considerations regarding nAChR subtype localization and pharmacodynamics. Thereafter, we discuss the seminal discoveries derived from genetically modified mouse models, which have greatly contributed to our understanding of nicotine's effects on the reward-related mesolimbic pathway and the aversion-related habenulo-interpeduncular pathway. Thereafter, emerging areas of research focusing on modulation of nAChR expression and/or function are considered. Taken together, these discoveries have provided a foundational understanding of various genetic, neurobiological, and behavioral factors underlying the motivation to use nicotine and related dependence processes, which are thereby advancing drug discovery efforts to promote long-term abstinence.
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β2* nAChRs on VTA dopamine and GABA neurons separately mediate nicotine aversion and reward. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25968-25973. [PMID: 31776253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908724116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that the neurotransmitter dopamine mediates the rewarding effects of nicotine and other drugs of abuse, while nondopaminergic neural substrates mediate the negative motivational effects. β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are necessary and sufficient for the experience of both nicotine reward and aversion in an intra-VTA (ventral tegmental area) self-administration paradigm. We selectively reexpressed β2* nAChRs in VTA dopamine or VTA γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurons in β2-/- mice to double-dissociate the aversive and rewarding conditioned responses to nicotine in nondependent mice, revealing that β2* nAChRs on VTA dopamine neurons mediate nicotine's conditioned aversive effects, while β2* nAChRs on VTA GABA neurons mediate the conditioned rewarding effects in place-conditioning paradigms. These results stand in contrast to a purely dopaminergic reward theory, leading to a better understanding of the neurobiology of nicotine motivation and possibly to improved therapeutic treatments for smoking cessation.
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Sansalone L, Zhao J, Richers MT, Ellis-Davies GCR. Chemical tuning of photoswitchable azobenzenes: a photopharmacological case study using nicotinic transmission. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2812-2821. [PMID: 31807216 PMCID: PMC6880823 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed photochromic probes for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that exploit the unique chemical properties of the tetrafluoroazobenzene (4FAB) scaffold. Ultraviolet light switching and rapid thermal relaxation of the metastable cis configuration are the main drawbacks associated with standard AB-based switches. We designed our photoprobes to take advantage of the excellent thermodynamic stability of the cis-4FAB configuration (thermal half-life > 12 days at 37 °C in physiological buffer) and cis–trans photostationary states above 84%. Furthermore, the well-separated n–π* absorption bands of trans- and cis-4FAB allow facile photoswitching with visible light in two optical channels. A convergent 11-step synthetic approach allowed the installation of a trimethylammonium (TA) head onto the 4FAB scaffold, by means of an alkyl spacer, to afford a free diffusible 4FABTA probe. TAs are known to agonize nicotinic receptors, so 4FABTA was tested on mouse brain slices and enabled reversible receptor activation with cycles of violet and green light. Due to the very long-lived metastable cis configuration, 4FAB in vivo use could be of great promise for long term biological studies. Further chemical functionalization of this 4FAB probe with a maleimide functionality allowed clean cross-linking with glutathione. However, attempts to conjugate with a cysteine on a genetically modified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor did not afford the expected light-responsive channel. Our data indicate that the 4FAB photoswitch can be derivatized bifunctionally for genetically-targeted photopharmacology whilst preserving all the favorable photophysical properties of the parent 4FAB scaffold, however, the tetrafluoro motif can significantly perturb pharmacophore–protein interactions. In contrast, we found that the freely diffusible 4FABTA probe could be pre-set with green light into an OFF state that was biologically inert, irradiation with violet light effectively "uncaged" agonist activity, but in a photoreversible manner. Since the neurotransmitter acetylcholine has fully saturated heteroatom valences, our photoswitchable 4FABTA probe could be useful for physiological studies of this neurotransmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Sansalone
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthew T Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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30
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Mondoloni S, Durand-de Cuttoli R, Mourot A. Cell-Specific Neuropharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:696-710. [PMID: 31400823 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal communication involves a multitude of neurotransmitters and an outstanding diversity of receptors and ion channels. Linking the activity of cell surface receptors and ion channels in defined neural circuits to brain states and behaviors has been a key challenge in neuroscience, since cell targeting is not possible with traditional neuropharmacology. We review here recent technologies that enable the effect of drugs to be restricted to specific cell types, thereby allowing acute manipulation of the brain's own proteins with circuit specificity. We highlight the importance of developing cell-specific neuropharmacology strategies for decoding the nervous system with molecular and circuit precision, and for developing future therapeutics with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mondoloni
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Center for Affective Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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31
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Valtcheva S, Venance L. Control of Long-Term Plasticity by Glutamate Transporters. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:10. [PMID: 31024287 PMCID: PMC6465798 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent long-term changes in synaptic strength constitute key elements for learning and memory formation. Long-term plasticity can be induced in vivo and ex vivo by various physiologically relevant activity patterns. Depending on their temporal statistics, such patterns can induce long-lasting changes in the synaptic weight by potentiating or depressing synaptic transmission. At excitatory synapses, glutamate uptake operated by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) has a critical role in regulating the strength and the extent of receptor activation by afferent activity. EAATs tightly control synaptic transmission and glutamate spillover. EAATs activity can, therefore, determine the polarity and magnitude of long-term plasticity by regulating the spatiotemporal profile of the glutamate transients and thus, the glutamate access to pre- and postsynaptic receptors. Here, we summarize compelling evidence that EAATs regulate various forms of long-term synaptic plasticity and the consequences of such regulation for behavioral output. We speculate that experience-dependent plasticity of EAATs levels can determine the sensitivity of synapses to frequency- or time-dependent plasticity paradigms. We propose that EAATs contribute to the gating of relevant inputs eligible to induce long-term plasticity and thereby select the operating learning rules that match the physiological function of the synapse adapted to the behavioral context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valtcheva
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Venance
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, Paris, France
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32
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Leippe P, Frank JA. Designing azobenzene-based tools for controlling neurotransmission. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:23-30. [PMID: 30825844 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and electrical signaling at the synapse is a dynamic process that is crucial to neurotransmission and pathology. Traditional pharmacotherapy has found countless applications in both academic labs and the clinic; however, diffusible drugs lack spatial and temporal precision when employed in heterogeneous tissues such as the brain. In the field of photopharmacology, chemical attachment of a synthetic photoswitch to a bioactive ligand allows cellular signaling to be controlled with light. Azobenzenes have remained the go-to photoswitch for biological applications due to their tunable photophysical properties, and can be leveraged to achieve reversible optical control of numerous receptors and ion channels. Here, we discuss the most recent advances in photopharmacology which will improve the use of azobenzene-based probes for neuroscience applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Leippe
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James Allen Frank
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Carmi I, De Battista M, Maddalena L, Carroll EC, Kienzler MA, Berlin S. Holographic two-photon activation for synthetic optogenetics. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:864-900. [PMID: 30804570 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetic tools provide users the ability to photocontrol the activity of cells. Commonly, activation is achieved by expression of proteins from photosynthetic organisms, for example, microbial opsins (e.g., ChR2). Alternatively, a sister approach, synthetic optogenetics, enables photocontrol over proteins of mammalian origin by use of photoswitches, visible light (typically), and genetic modification. Thus, synthetic optogenetics facilitates interrogation of native neuronal signaling mechanisms. However, the poor tissue penetration of visible wavelengths impedes the use of the technique in tissue, as two-photon excitation (2PE) is typically required to access the near-infrared window. Here, we describe an alternative technique that uses 2PE-compatible photoswitches (section 1) for photoactivation of genetically modified glutamate receptors (section 2). Furthermore, for fast, multi-region photoactivation, we describe the use of 2P-digital holography (2P-DH) (section 3). We detail how to combine 2P-DH and synthetic optogenetics with electrophysiology, or with red fluorescence Ca2+ recordings, for all-optical neural interrogation. The time required to complete the methods, aside from obtaining the necessary reagents and illumination equipment, is ~3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Carmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marco De Battista
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Laura Maddalena
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C Carroll
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Shai Berlin
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Deperrois N, Moiseeva V, Gutkin B. Minimal Circuit Model of Reward Prediction Error Computations and Effects of Nicotinic Modulations. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 12:116. [PMID: 30687021 PMCID: PMC6336136 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are thought to encode reward prediction errors (RPE) by comparing actual and expected rewards. In recent years, much work has been done to identify how the brain uses and computes this signal. While several lines of evidence suggest the interplay of the DA and the inhibitory interneurons in the VTA implements the RPE computation, it still remains unclear how the DA neurons learn key quantities, for example the amplitude and the timing of primary rewards during conditioning tasks. Furthermore, endogenous acetylcholine and exogenous nicotine, also likely affect these computations by acting on both VTA DA and GABA (γ -aminobutyric acid) neurons via nicotinic-acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). To explore the potential circuit-level mechanisms for RPE computations during classical-conditioning tasks, we developed a minimal computational model of the VTA circuitry. The model was designed to account for several reward-related properties of VTA afferents and recent findings on VTA GABA neuron dynamics during conditioning. With our minimal model, we showed that the RPE can be learned by a two-speed process computing reward timing and magnitude. By including models of nAChR-mediated currents in the VTA DA-GABA circuit, we showed that nicotine should reduce the acetylcholine action on the VTA GABA neurons by receptor desensitization and potentially boost DA responses to reward-related signals in a non-trivial manner. Together, our results delineate the mechanisms by which RPE are computed in the brain, and suggest a hypothesis on nicotine-mediated effects on reward-related perception and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Deperrois
- Group for Neural Theory, LNC2 INSERM U960, DEC, École Normale Supérieure PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Victoria Moiseeva
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Gutkin
- Group for Neural Theory, LNC2 INSERM U960, DEC, École Normale Supérieure PSL University, Paris, France.,Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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