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Wang F, Sun H, Chen M, Feng B, Lu Y, Lyu M, Cui D, Zhai Y, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Wang C, Wu H, Ma X, Zhu F, Wang Q, Li Y. The thalamic reticular nucleus orchestrates social memory. Neuron 2024; 112:2368-2385.e11. [PMID: 38701789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Social memory has been developed in humans and other animals to recognize familiar conspecifics and is essential for their survival and reproduction. Here, we demonstrated that parvalbumin-positive neurons in the sensory thalamic reticular nucleus (sTRNPvalb) are necessary and sufficient for mice to memorize conspecifics. sTRNPvalb neurons receiving glutamatergic projections from the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) transmit individual information by inhibiting the parafascicular thalamic nucleus (PF). Mice in which the PPCCaMKII→sTRNPvalb→PF circuit was inhibited exhibited a disrupted ability to discriminate familiar conspecifics from novel ones. More strikingly, a subset of sTRNPvalb neurons with high electrophysiological excitability and complex dendritic arborizations is involved in the above corticothalamic pathway and stores social memory. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed the biochemical basis of these subset cells as a robust activation of protein synthesis. These findings elucidate that sTRNPvalb neurons modulate social memory by coordinating a hitherto unknown corticothalamic circuit and inhibitory memory engram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feidi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huan Sun
- Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mingyue Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ban Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mi Lyu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dongqi Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifang Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yaomin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Core Facilities Sharing Platform, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiancang Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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2
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Lin TF, Busch SE, Hansel C. Intrinsic and synaptic determinants of receptive field plasticity in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4645. [PMID: 38821918 PMCID: PMC11143328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-synaptic (intrinsic) plasticity of membrane excitability contributes to aspects of memory formation, but it remains unclear whether it merely facilitates synaptic long-term potentiation or plays a permissive role in determining the impact of synaptic weight increase. We use tactile stimulation and electrical activation of parallel fibers to probe intrinsic and synaptic contributions to receptive field plasticity in awake mice during two-photon calcium imaging of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Repetitive activation of both stimuli induced response potentiation that is impaired in mice with selective deficits in either synaptic or intrinsic plasticity. Spatial analysis of calcium signals demonstrated that intrinsic, but not synaptic plasticity, enhances the spread of dendritic parallel fiber response potentiation. Simultaneous dendrite and axon initial segment recordings confirm these dendritic events affect axonal output. Our findings support the hypothesis that intrinsic plasticity provides an amplification mechanism that exerts a permissive control over the impact of long-term potentiation on neuronal responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Silas E Busch
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Zhai P, Romano V, Soggia G, Bauer S, van Wingerden N, Jacobs T, van der Horst A, White JJ, Mazza R, De Zeeuw CI. Whisker kinematics in the cerebellum. J Physiol 2024; 602:153-181. [PMID: 37987552 DOI: 10.1113/jp284064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The whisker system is widely used as a model system for understanding sensorimotor integration. Purkinje cells in the crus regions of the cerebellum have been reported to linearly encode whisker midpoint, but it is unknown whether the paramedian and simplex lobules as well as their target neurons in the cerebellar nuclei also encode whisker kinematics and if so which ones. Elucidating how these kinematics are represented throughout the cerebellar hemisphere is essential for understanding how the cerebellum coordinates multiple sensorimotor modalities. Exploring the cerebellar hemisphere of mice using optogenetic stimulation, we found that whisker movements can be elicited by stimulation of Purkinje cells in not only crus1 and crus2, but also in the paramedian lobule and lobule simplex; activation of cells in the medial paramedian lobule had on average the shortest latency, whereas that of cells in lobule simplex elicited similar kinematics as those in crus1 and crus2. During spontaneous whisking behaviour, simple spike activity correlated in general better with velocity than position of the whiskers, but it varied between protraction and retraction as well as per lobule. The cerebellar nuclei neurons targeted by the Purkinje cells showed similar activity patterns characterized by a wide variety of kinematic signals, yet with a dominance for velocity. Taken together, our data indicate that whisker movements are much more prominently and diversely represented in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei than assumed, highlighting the rich repertoire of cerebellar control in the kinematics of movements that can be engaged during coordination. KEY POINTS: Excitation of Purkinje cells throughout the cerebellar hemispheres induces whisker movement, with the shortest latency and longest duration within the paramedian lobe. Purkinje cells have differential encoding for the fast and slow components of whisking. Purkinje cells encode not only the position but also the velocity of whiskers. Purkinje cells with high sensitivity for whisker velocity are preferentially located in the medial part of lobule simplex, crus1 and lateral paramedian. In the downstream cerebellar nuclei, neurons with high sensitivity for whisker velocity are located at the intersection between the medial and interposed nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Giulia Soggia
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Staf Bauer
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Jacobs
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Joshua J White
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy of Arts & Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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4
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De Zeeuw CI, Koppen J, Bregman GG, Runge M, Narain D. Heterogeneous encoding of temporal stimuli in the cerebellar cortex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7581. [PMID: 37989740 PMCID: PMC10663630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Local feedforward and recurrent connectivity are rife in the frontal areas of the cerebral cortex, which gives rise to rich heterogeneous dynamics observed in such areas. Recently, similar local connectivity motifs have been discovered among Purkinje and molecular layer interneurons of the cerebellar cortex, however, task-related activity in these neurons has often been associated with relatively simple facilitation and suppression dynamics. Here, we show that the rodent cerebellar cortex supports heterogeneity in task-related neuronal activity at a scale similar to the cerebral cortex. We provide a computational model that inculcates recent anatomical insights into local microcircuit motifs to show the putative basis for such heterogeneity. We also use cell-type specific chronic viral lesions to establish the involvement of cerebellar lobules in associative learning behaviors. Functional heterogeneity in neuronal profiles may not merely be the remit of the associative cerebral cortex, similar principles may be at play in subcortical areas, even those with seemingly crystalline and homogenous cytoarchitectures like the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julius Koppen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George G Bregman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Runge
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Devika Narain
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lorenzi RM, Geminiani A, Zerlaut Y, De Grazia M, Destexhe A, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Palesi F, Casellato C, D'Angelo E. A multi-layer mean-field model of the cerebellum embedding microstructure and population-specific dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011434. [PMID: 37656758 PMCID: PMC10501640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mean-field (MF) models are computational formalism used to summarize in a few statistical parameters the salient biophysical properties of an inter-wired neuronal network. Their formalism normally incorporates different types of neurons and synapses along with their topological organization. MFs are crucial to efficiently implement the computational modules of large-scale models of brain function, maintaining the specificity of local cortical microcircuits. While MFs have been generated for the isocortex, they are still missing for other parts of the brain. Here we have designed and simulated a multi-layer MF of the cerebellar microcircuit (including Granule Cells, Golgi Cells, Molecular Layer Interneurons, and Purkinje Cells) and validated it against experimental data and the corresponding spiking neural network (SNN) microcircuit model. The cerebellar MF was built using a system of equations, where properties of neuronal populations and topological parameters are embedded in inter-dependent transfer functions. The model time constant was optimised using local field potentials recorded experimentally from acute mouse cerebellar slices as a template. The MF reproduced the average dynamics of different neuronal populations in response to various input patterns and predicted the modulation of the Purkinje Cells firing depending on cortical plasticity, which drives learning in associative tasks, and the level of feedforward inhibition. The cerebellar MF provides a computationally efficient tool for future investigations of the causal relationship between microscopic neuronal properties and ensemble brain activity in virtual brain models addressing both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Geminiani
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Yann Zerlaut
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fulvia Palesi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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6
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Lin TF, Busch SE, Hansel C. Intrinsic and synaptic determinants of receptive field plasticity in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549760. [PMID: 37502848 PMCID: PMC10370111 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-synaptic ('intrinsic') plasticity of membrane excitability contributes to aspects of memory formation, but it remains unclear whether it merely facilitates synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP), or whether it plays a permissive role in determining the impact of synaptic weight increase. We use tactile stimulation and electrical activation of parallel fibers to probe intrinsic and synaptic contributions to receptive field (RF) plasticity in awake mice during two-photon calcium imaging of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Repetitive activation of both stimuli induced response potentiation that is impaired in mice with selective deficits in either intrinsic plasticity (SK2 KO) or LTP (CaMKII TT305/6VA). Intrinsic, but not synaptic, plasticity expands the local, dendritic RF representation. Simultaneous dendrite and axon initial segment recordings confirm that these dendritic events affect axonal output. Our findings support the hypothesis that intrinsic plasticity provides an amplification mechanism that exerts a permissive control over the impact of LTP on neuronal responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Silas E Busch
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Krohn F, Novello M, van der Giessen RS, De Zeeuw CI, Pel JJM, Bosman LWJ. The integrated brain network that controls respiration. eLife 2023; 12:83654. [PMID: 36884287 PMCID: PMC9995121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In addition, the respiratory control network of the brain has to organize muscular synergies that integrate ventilation with posture and body movement. Finally, respiration is coupled to cardiovascular function and emotion. Here, we argue that the brain can handle this all by integrating a brainstem central pattern generator circuit in a larger network that also comprises the cerebellum. Although currently not generally recognized as a respiratory control center, the cerebellum is well known for its coordinating and modulating role in motor behavior, as well as for its role in the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of brain regions involved in the control of respiration, and their anatomical and functional interactions. We discuss how sensory feedback can result in adaptation of respiration, and how these mechanisms can be compromised by various neurological and psychological disorders. Finally, we demonstrate how the respiratory pattern generators are part of a larger and integrated network of respiratory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Krohn
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuele Novello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan J M Pel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Mapelli J, Boiani GM, D’Angelo E, Bigiani A, Gandolfi D. Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity Tunes the Gain of Information Channels through the Cerebellum Granular Layer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123185. [PMID: 36551941 PMCID: PMC9775043 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A central hypothesis on brain functioning is that long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) regulate the signals transfer function by modifying the efficacy of synaptic transmission. In the cerebellum, granule cells have been shown to control the gain of signals transmitted through the mossy fiber pathway by exploiting synaptic inhibition in the glomeruli. However, the way LTP and LTD control signal transformation at the single-cell level in the space, time and frequency domains remains unclear. Here, the impact of LTP and LTD on incoming activity patterns was analyzed by combining patch-clamp recordings in acute cerebellar slices and mathematical modeling. LTP reduced the delay, increased the gain and broadened the frequency bandwidth of mossy fiber burst transmission, while LTD caused opposite changes. These properties, by exploiting NMDA subthreshold integration, emerged from microscopic changes in spike generation in individual granule cells such that LTP anticipated the emission of spikes and increased their number and precision, while LTD sorted the opposite effects. Thus, akin with the expansion recoding process theoretically attributed to the cerebellum granular layer, LTP and LTD could implement selective filtering lines channeling information toward the molecular and Purkinje cell layers for further processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mapelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Via Campi 287, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Centre for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Giulia Maria Boiani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Via Campi 287, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Neurophysiology Unit, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center (BCC), IRCCS C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Albertino Bigiani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Via Campi 287, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Centre for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Gandolfi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Via Campi 287, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Neurophysiology Unit, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (D.G.)
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9
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Bauer S, van Wingerden N, Jacobs T, van der Horst A, Zhai P, Betting JHLF, Strydis C, White JJ, De Zeeuw CI, Romano V. Purkinje Cell Activity Resonation Generates Rhythmic Behaviors at the Preferred Frequency of 8 Hz. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081831. [PMID: 36009378 PMCID: PMC9404806 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural activity exhibits oscillations, bursts, and resonance, enhancing responsiveness at preferential frequencies. For example, theta-frequency bursting and resonance in granule cells facilitate synaptic transmission and plasticity mechanisms at the input stage of the cerebellar cortex. However, whether theta-frequency bursting of Purkinje cells is involved in generating rhythmic behavior has remained neglected. We recorded and optogenetically modulated the simple and complex spike activity of Purkinje cells while monitoring whisker movements with a high-speed camera of awake, head-fixed mice. During spontaneous whisking, both simple spike activity and whisker movement exhibit peaks within the theta band. Eliciting either simple or complex spikes at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 28 Hz, we found that 8 Hz is the preferred frequency around which the largest movement is induced. Interestingly, oscillatory whisker movements at 8 Hz were also generated when simple spike bursting was induced at 2 and 4 Hz, but never via climbing fiber stimulation. These results indicate that 8 Hz is the resonant frequency at which the cerebellar-whisker circuitry produces rhythmic whisking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staf Bauer
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (N.v.W.); (T.J.); (A.v.d.H.); (P.Z.); (J.-H.L.F.B.); (C.S.); (J.J.W.); (C.I.D.Z.)
| | - Nathalie van Wingerden
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (N.v.W.); (T.J.); (A.v.d.H.); (P.Z.); (J.-H.L.F.B.); (C.S.); (J.J.W.); (C.I.D.Z.)
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (N.v.W.); (T.J.); (A.v.d.H.); (P.Z.); (J.-H.L.F.B.); (C.S.); (J.J.W.); (C.I.D.Z.)
| | - Annabel van der Horst
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (N.v.W.); (T.J.); (A.v.d.H.); (P.Z.); (J.-H.L.F.B.); (C.S.); (J.J.W.); (C.I.D.Z.)
| | - Peipei Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (N.v.W.); (T.J.); (A.v.d.H.); (P.Z.); (J.-H.L.F.B.); (C.S.); (J.J.W.); (C.I.D.Z.)
| | - Jan-Harm L. F. Betting
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (N.v.W.); (T.J.); (A.v.d.H.); (P.Z.); (J.-H.L.F.B.); (C.S.); (J.J.W.); (C.I.D.Z.)
| | - Christos Strydis
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (N.v.W.); (T.J.); (A.v.d.H.); (P.Z.); (J.-H.L.F.B.); (C.S.); (J.J.W.); (C.I.D.Z.)
- Department of Quantum & Computing Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua J. White
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (N.v.W.); (T.J.); (A.v.d.H.); (P.Z.); (J.-H.L.F.B.); (C.S.); (J.J.W.); (C.I.D.Z.)
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (N.v.W.); (T.J.); (A.v.d.H.); (P.Z.); (J.-H.L.F.B.); (C.S.); (J.J.W.); (C.I.D.Z.)
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (N.v.W.); (T.J.); (A.v.d.H.); (P.Z.); (J.-H.L.F.B.); (C.S.); (J.J.W.); (C.I.D.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Migalev AS, Vigasina KD, Gotovtsev PM. A review of motor neural system robotic modeling approaches and instruments. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2022; 116:271-306. [PMID: 35041073 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-021-00918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we are considering an actively developing tool in neuroscience-robotic modeling. The new perspective and existing application fields, tools, and methods are discussed. We try to determine starting positions and approaches that are useful at the beginning of new research in this field. Among multiple directions of the research is robotic modeling on the level of muscles fibers and their afferents, skin surface sensors, muscles, and joints proprioceptors. Some examples of technical implementation for physical modeling are reviewed. They are software and hardware tools like event-related modeling algorithms, reduced neuron models, robotic drives constructions. We observe existing drives technologies and prospective electric motor types: switched reluctance and transverse flux motors. Next, we look at the existing examples and approaches for robotic modeling of the cerebellum and spinal cord neural networks. These examples show practical methods for the model neural network architecture and adaptation. Those methods allow the use of cortical and spinal cord reflexes for the network training and apply additional artificial blocks for data processing in other brain structures that transmit and receive data from biologically realistic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Migalev
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Intitute", 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Kristina D Vigasina
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 5A, Butlerova st., Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Pavel M Gotovtsev
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Intitute", 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., Moscow, 123182, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology 9, Institutsky per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
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11
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Paraschivescu C, Barbosa S, Van Steenwinckel J, Gressens P, Glaichenhaus N, Davidovic L. Early Life Exposure to Tumor Necrosis Factor Induces Precocious Sensorimotor Reflexes Acquisition and Increases Locomotor Activity During Mouse Postnatal Development. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:845458. [PMID: 35368298 PMCID: PMC8964393 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.845458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation appears as a cardinal mediator of the deleterious effect of early life stress exposure on neurodevelopment. More generally, immune activation during the perinatal period, and most importantly elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels could contribute to psychopathology and neurological deficits later in life. Cytokines are also required for normal brain function in homeostatic conditions and play a role in neurodevelopmental processes. Despite these latter studies, whether pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) impact neurodevelopmental trajectories and behavior during the immediate postnatal period remains to be elucidated. To address this issue, we have injected mouse pups daily with recombinant TNF from postnatal day (P)1 to P5. This yielded a robust increase in peripheral and central TNF at P5, and also an increase of additional pro-inflammatory cytokines. Compared to control pups injected with saline, mice injected with TNF acquired the righting and the acoustic startle reflexes more rapidly and exhibited increased locomotor activity 2 weeks after birth. Our results extend previous work restricted to adult behaviors and support the notion that cytokines, and notably TNF, modulate early neurodevelopmental trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Paraschivescu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Susana Barbosa
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Laetitia Davidovic
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
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12
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Romano V, Zhai P, van der Horst A, Mazza R, Jacobs T, Bauer S, Wang X, White JJ, De Zeeuw CI. Olivocerebellar control of movement symmetry. Curr Biol 2022; 32:654-670.e4. [PMID: 35016009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of bilateral movements is essential for a large variety of animal behaviors. The olivocerebellar system is critical for the control of movement, but its role in bilateral coordination has yet to be elucidated. Here, we examined whether Purkinje cells encode and influence synchronicity of left-right whisker movements. We found that complex spike activity is correlated with a prominent left-right symmetry of spontaneous whisker movements within parts, but not all, of Crus1 and Crus2. Optogenetic stimulation of climbing fibers in the areas with high and low correlations resulted in symmetric and asymmetric whisker movements, respectively. Moreover, when simple spike frequency prior to the complex spike was higher, the complex spike-related symmetric whisker protractions were larger. This finding alludes to a role for rebound activity in the cerebellar nuclei, which indeed turned out to be enhanced during symmetric protractions. Tracer injections suggest that regions associated with symmetric whisker movements are anatomically connected to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. Together, these data point toward the existence of modules on both sides of the cerebellar cortex that can differentially promote or reduce the symmetry of left and right movements in a context-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Peipei Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roberta Mazza
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Staf Bauer
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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13
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Loschky SS, Spano GM, Marshall W, Schroeder A, Nemec KM, Schiereck SS, de Vivo L, Bellesi M, Banningh SW, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Ultrastructural effects of sleep and wake on the parallel fiber synapses of the cerebellum. eLife 2022; 11:84199. [PMID: 36576248 PMCID: PMC9797193 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple evidence in rodents shows that the strength of excitatory synapses in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus is greater after wake than after sleep. The widespread synaptic weakening afforded by sleep is believed to keep the cost of synaptic activity under control, promote memory consolidation, and prevent synaptic saturation, thus preserving the brain's ability to learn day after day. The cerebellum is highly plastic and the Purkinje cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are endowed with a staggering number of excitatory parallel fiber synapses. However, whether these synapses are affected by sleep and wake is unknown. Here, we used serial block face scanning electron microscopy to obtain the full 3D reconstruction of more than 7000 spines and their parallel fiber synapses in the mouse posterior vermis. This analysis was done in mice whose cortical and hippocampal synapses were previously measured, revealing that average synaptic size was lower after sleep compared to wake with no major changes in synapse number. Here, instead, we find that while the average size of parallel fiber synapses does not change, the number of branched synapses is reduced in half after sleep compared to after wake, corresponding to ~16% of all spines after wake and ~8% after sleep. Branched synapses are harbored by two or more spines sharing the same neck and, as also shown here, are almost always contacted by different parallel fibers. These findings suggest that during wake, coincidences of firing over parallel fibers may translate into the formation of synapses converging on the same branched spine, which may be especially effective in driving Purkinje cells to fire. By contrast, sleep may promote the off-line pruning of branched synapses that were formed due to spurious coincidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia S Loschky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | | | - William Marshall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Brock UniversitySt. CatharinesCanada
| | - Andrea Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Kelsey Marie Nemec
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | | | - Luisa de Vivo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Michele Bellesi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | | | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
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14
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Bina L, Romano V, Hoogland TM, Bosman LWJ, De Zeeuw CI. Purkinje cells translate subjective salience into readiness to act and choice performance. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110116. [PMID: 34910904 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain selectively allocates attention from a continuous stream of sensory input. This process is typically attributed to computations in distinct regions of the forebrain and midbrain. Here, we explore whether cerebellar Purkinje cells encode information about the selection of sensory inputs and could thereby contribute to non-motor forms of learning. We show that complex spikes of individual Purkinje cells change the sensory modality they encode to reflect changes in the perceived salience of sensory input. Comparisons with mouse models deficient in cerebellar plasticity suggest that changes in complex spike activity instruct potentiation of Purkinje cells simple spike firing, which is required for efficient learning. Our findings suggest that during learning, climbing fibers do not directly guide motor output, but rather contribute to a general readiness to act via changes in simple spike activity, thereby bridging the sequence from non-motor to motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bina
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Tycho M Hoogland
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens W J Bosman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands.
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands.
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15
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Wang X, Novello M, Gao Z, Ruigrok TJH, De Zeeuw CI. Input and output organization of the mesodiencephalic junction for cerebro-cerebellar communication. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:620-637. [PMID: 34850425 PMCID: PMC9300004 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most studies investigating the impact of the cerebral cortex (CC) onto the cerebellum highlight the role of the pons, which provides the mossy fibers to the cerebellum. However, cerebro‐cerebellar communication may also be mediated by the nuclei of the mesodiencephalic junction (MDJ) that project to the inferior olive (IO), which in turn provides the climbing fibers to the molecular layer. Here, we uncover the precise topographic relations of the inputs and outputs of the MDJ using multiple, classical, and transneuronal tracing methods as well as analyses of mesoscale cortical injections from Allen Mouse Brain. We show that the caudal parts of the CC predominantly project to the principal olive via the rostral MDJ and that the rostral parts of the CC predominantly project to the rostral medial accessory olive via the caudal MDJ. Moreover, using triple viral tracing technology, we show that the cerebellar nuclei directly innervate the neurons in the MDJ that receive input from CC and project to the IO. By unraveling these topographic and prominent, mono‐ and disynaptic projections through the MDJ, this work establishes that cerebro‐cerebellar communication is not only mediated by the pontine mossy fiber system, but also by the climbing fiber system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manuele Novello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J H Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy of Arts & Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Zempolich GW, Brown ST, Holla M, Raman IM. Simple and complex spike responses of mouse cerebellar Purkinje neurons to regular trains and omissions of somatosensory stimuli. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:763-776. [PMID: 34346760 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00170.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje neurons help compute absolute subsecond timing, but how their firing is affected during repetitive sensory stimulation with consistent subsecond intervals remains unaddressed. Here, we investigated how simple and complex spikes of Purkinje cells change during regular application of air puffs (3.3 Hz for ∼4 min) to the whisker pad of awake, head-fixed female mice. Complex spike responses fell into two categories: those in which firing rates increased (at ∼50 ms) and then fell [complex spike elevated (CxSE) cells] and those in which firing rates decreased (at ∼70 ms) and then rose [complex spike reduced (CxSR) cells]. Both groups had indistinguishable rates of basal complex (∼1.7 Hz) and simple (∼75 Hz) spikes and initially responded to puffs with a well-timed sensory response, consisting of a short-latency (∼15 ms), transient (4 ms) suppression of simple spikes. CxSE more than CxSR cells, however, also showed a longer-latency increase in simple spike rate, previously shown to reflect motor command signals. With repeated puffs, basal simple spike rates dropped greatly in CxSR but not CxSE cells; complex spike rates remained constant, but their temporal precision rose in CxSR cells and fell in CxSE cells. Also over time, transient simple spike suppression gradually disappeared in CxSE cells, suggesting habituation, but remained stable in CxSR cells, suggesting reliable transmission of sensory stimuli. During stimulus omissions, both categories of cells showed complex spike suppression with different latencies. The data indicate two modes by which Purkinje cells transmit regular repetitive stimuli, distinguishable by their climbing fiber signals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells in awake mice form two categories defined by complex spiking during regular trains of brief, somatosensory stimuli. Cells in which complex spike probability first increases or decreases show simple spike suppressions that habituate or persist, respectively. Stimulus omissions alter complex spiking. The results provide evidence for differential suppression of olivary cells during sensory stimulation and omissions and illustrate that climbing fiber innervation defines Purkinje cell responses to repetitive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Zempolich
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Spencer T Brown
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Meghana Holla
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Indira M Raman
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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17
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Cerebellar Purkinje cells can differentially modulate coherence between sensory and motor cortex depending on region and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015292118. [PMID: 33443203 PMCID: PMC7812746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015292118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of sensory and motor cortices is essential for sensorimotor integration. In particular, coherence between these areas may indicate binding of critical functions like perception, motor planning, action, or sleep. Evidence is accumulating that cerebellar output modulates cortical activity and coherence, but how, when, and where it does so is unclear. We studied activity in and coherence between S1 and M1 cortices during whisker stimulation in the absence and presence of optogenetic Purkinje cell stimulation in crus 1 and 2 of awake mice, eliciting strong simple spike rate modulation. Without Purkinje cell stimulation, whisker stimulation triggers fast responses in S1 and M1 involving transient coherence in a broad spectrum. Simultaneous stimulation of Purkinje cells and whiskers affects amplitude and kinetics of sensory responses in S1 and M1 and alters the estimated S1-M1 coherence in theta and gamma bands, allowing bidirectional control dependent on behavioral context. These effects are absent when Purkinje cell activation is delayed by 20 ms. Focal stimulation of Purkinje cells revealed site specificity, with cells in medial crus 2 showing the most prominent and selective impact on estimated coherence, i.e., a strong suppression in the gamma but not the theta band. Granger causality analyses and computational modeling of the involved networks suggest that Purkinje cells control S1-M1 phase consistency predominantly via ventrolateral thalamus and M1. Our results indicate that activity of sensorimotor cortices can be dynamically and functionally modulated by specific cerebellar inputs, highlighting a widespread role of the cerebellum in coordinating sensorimotor behavior.
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18
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Romano V, Reddington AL, Cazzanelli S, Mazza R, Ma Y, Strydis C, Negrello M, Bosman LWJ, De Zeeuw CI. Functional Convergence of Autonomic and Sensorimotor Processing in the Lateral Cerebellum. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107867. [PMID: 32640232 PMCID: PMC7351113 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in the control of voluntary and autonomic rhythmic behaviors, yet it is unclear to what extent it coordinates these in concert. We studied Purkinje cell activity during unperturbed and perturbed respiration in lobules simplex, crus 1, and crus 2. During unperturbed (eupneic) respiration, complex spike and simple spike activity encode the phase of ongoing sensorimotor processing. In contrast, when the respiratory cycle is perturbed by whisker stimulation, mice concomitantly protract their whiskers and advance their inspiration in a phase-dependent manner, preceded by increased simple spike activity. This phase advancement of respiration in response to whisker stimulation can be mimicked by optogenetic stimulation of Purkinje cells and prevented by cell-specific genetic modification of their AMPA receptors, hampering increased simple spike firing. Thus, the impact of Purkinje cell activity on respiratory control is context and phase dependent, highlighting a coordinating role for the cerebellar hemispheres in aligning autonomic and sensorimotor behaviors. During unperturbed respiration, Purkinje cells signal ongoing sensorimotor processing After perturbation, mice advance their simple spike activity, whisking, and inspiration Altering simple spike activity affects the impact of whisker stimulation on respiration Cerebellar coordination of autonomic and sensorimotor behaviors is context dependent
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Silvia Cazzanelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yang Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christos Strydis
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Negrello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Laurens W J Bosman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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White JJ, Bosman LWJ, Blot FGC, Osório C, Kuppens BW, Krijnen WHJJ, Andriessen C, De Zeeuw CI, Jaarsma D, Schonewille M. Region-specific preservation of Purkinje cell morphology and motor behavior in the ATXN1[82Q] mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia 1. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12946. [PMID: 33724582 PMCID: PMC8412070 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells are the primary processing units of the cerebellar cortex and display molecular heterogeneity that aligns with differences in physiological properties, projection patterns, and susceptibility to disease. In particular, multiple mouse models that feature Purkinje cell degeneration are characterized by incomplete and patterned Purkinje cell degeneration, suggestive of relative sparing of Purkinje cell subpopulations, such as those expressing Aldolase C/zebrinII (AldoC) or residing in the vestibulo‐cerebellum. Here, we investigated a well‐characterized Purkinje cell‐specific mouse model for spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) that expresses human ATXN1 with a polyQ expansion (82Q). Our pathological analysis confirms previous findings that Purkinje cells of the vestibulo‐cerebellum, i.e., the flocculonodular lobes, and crus I are relatively spared from key pathological hallmarks: somatodendritic atrophy, and the appearance of p62/SQSTM1‐positive inclusions. However, immunohistological analysis of transgene expression revealed that spared Purkinje cells do not express mutant ATXN1 protein, indicating the sparing of Purkinje cells can be explained by an absence of transgene expression. Additionally, we found that Purkinje cells in other cerebellar lobules that typically express AldoC, not only display severe pathology but also show loss of AldoC expression. The relatively preserved flocculonodular lobes and crus I showed a substantial fraction of Purkinje cells that expressed the mutant protein and displayed pathology as well as loss of AldoC expression. Despite considerable pathology in these lobules, behavioral analyses demonstrated a relative sparing of related functions, suggestive of sufficient functional cerebellar reserve. Together, the data indicate that mutant ATXN1 affects both AldoC‐positive and AldoC‐negative Purkinje cells and disrupts normal parasagittal AldoC expression in Purkinje cells. Our results show that, in a mouse model otherwise characterized by widespread Purkinje cell degeneration, sparing of specific subpopulations is sufficient to maintain normal performance of specific behaviors within the context of the functional, modular map of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J White
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Catarina Osório
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bram W Kuppens
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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20
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Szabó LE, Marcello GM, Süth M, Sótonyi P, Rácz B. Distribution of cortactin in cerebellar Purkinje cell spines. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1375. [PMID: 33446758 PMCID: PMC7809465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80469-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the primary sites of excitatory transmission in the mammalian brain. Spines of cerebellar Purkinje Cells (PCs) are plastic, but they differ from forebrain spines in a number of important respects, and the mechanisms of spine plasticity differ between forebrain and cerebellum. Our previous studies indicate that in hippocampal spines cortactin-a protein that stabilizes actin branch points-resides in the spine core, avoiding the spine shell. To see whether the distribution of cortactin differs in PC spines, we examined its subcellular organization using quantitative preembedding immunoelectron microscopy. We found that cortactin was enriched in the spine shell, associated with the non-synaptic membrane, and was also situated within the postsynaptic density (PSD). This previously unrecognized distribution of cortactin within PC spines may underlie structural and functional differences in excitatory spine synapses between forebrain, and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla E. Szabó
- grid.483037.b0000 0001 2226 5083Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - G. Mark Marcello
- grid.483037.b0000 0001 2226 5083Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Süth
- grid.483037.b0000 0001 2226 5083Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sótonyi
- grid.483037.b0000 0001 2226 5083Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Rácz
- grid.483037.b0000 0001 2226 5083Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Tsutsumi S, Chadney O, Yiu TL, Bäumler E, Faraggiana L, Beau M, Häusser M. Purkinje Cell Activity Determines the Timing of Sensory-Evoked Motor Initiation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108537. [PMID: 33357441 PMCID: PMC7773552 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar neurons can signal sensory and motor events, but their role in active sensorimotor processing remains unclear. We record and manipulate Purkinje cell activity during a task that requires mice to rapidly discriminate between multisensory and unisensory stimuli before motor initiation. Neuropixels recordings show that both sensory stimuli and motor initiation are represented by short-latency simple spikes. Optogenetic manipulation of short-latency simple spikes abolishes or delays motor initiation in a rate-dependent manner, indicating a role in motor initiation and its timing. Two-photon calcium imaging reveals task-related coherence of complex spikes organized into conserved alternating parasagittal stripes. The coherence of sensory-evoked complex spikes increases with learning and correlates with enhanced temporal precision of motor initiation. These results suggest that both simple spikes and complex spikes govern sensory-driven motor initiation: simple spikes modulate its latency, and complex spikes refine its temporal precision, providing specific cellular substrates for cerebellar sensorimotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Tsutsumi
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Oscar Chadney
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tin-Long Yiu
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edgar Bäumler
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lavinia Faraggiana
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maxime Beau
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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22
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Bernhard SM, Lee J, Zhu M, Hsu A, Erskine A, Hires SA, Barth AL. An automated homecage system for multiwhisker detection and discrimination learning in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232916. [PMID: 33264281 PMCID: PMC7710058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated, homecage behavioral training for rodents has many advantages: it is low stress, requires little interaction with the experimenter, and can be easily manipulated to adapt to different experimental conditions. We have developed an inexpensive, Arduino-based, homecage training apparatus for sensory association training in freely-moving mice using multiwhisker air current stimulation coupled to a water reward. Animals learn this task readily, within 1–2 days of training, and performance progressively improves with training. We examined the parameters that regulate task acquisition using different stimulus intensities, directions, and reward valence. Learning was assessed by comparing anticipatory licking for the stimulus compared to the no-stimulus (blank) trials. At high stimulus intensities (>9 psi), animals showed markedly less participation in the task. Conversely, very weak air current intensities (1–2 psi) were not sufficient to generate rapid learning behavior. At intermediate stimulus intensities (5–6 psi), a majority of mice learned that the multiwhisker stimulus predicted the water reward after 24–48 hrs of training. Both exposure to isoflurane and lack of whiskers decreased animals’ ability to learn the task. Following training at an intermediate stimulus intensity, mice were able to transfer learning behavior when exposed to a lower stimulus intensity, an indicator of perceptual learning. Mice learned to discriminate between two directions of stimulation rapidly and accurately, even when the angular distance between the stimuli was <15 degrees. Switching the reward to a more desirable reward, aspartame, had little effect on learning trajectory. Our results show that a tactile association task in an automated homecage environment can be monitored by anticipatory licking to reveal rapid and progressive behavioral change. These Arduino-based, automated mouse cages enable high-throughput training that facilitate analysis of large numbers of genetically modified mice with targeted manipulations of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Bernhard
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mo Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alex Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Erskine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel A. Hires
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alison L. Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Betting JHLF, Romano V, Al-Ars Z, Bosman LWJ, Strydis C, De Zeeuw CI. WhiskEras: A New Algorithm for Accurate Whisker Tracking. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:588445. [PMID: 33281560 PMCID: PMC7705537 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.588445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents engage in active touch using their facial whiskers: they explore their environment by making rapid back-and-forth movements. The fast nature of whisker movements, during which whiskers often cross each other, makes it notoriously difficult to track individual whiskers of the intact whisker field. We present here a novel algorithm, WhiskEras, for tracking of whisker movements in high-speed videos of untrimmed mice, without requiring labeled data. WhiskEras consists of a pipeline of image-processing steps: first, the points that form the whisker centerlines are detected with sub-pixel accuracy. Then, these points are clustered in order to distinguish individual whiskers. Subsequently, the whiskers are parameterized so that a single whisker can be described by four parameters. The last step consists of tracking individual whiskers over time. We describe that WhiskEras performs better than other whisker-tracking algorithms on several metrics. On our four video segments, WhiskEras detected more whiskers per frame than the Biotact Whisker Tracking Tool. The signal-to-noise ratio of the output of WhiskEras was higher than that of Janelia Whisk. As a result, the correlation between reflexive whisker movements and cerebellar Purkinje cell activity appeared to be stronger than previously found using other tracking algorithms. We conclude that WhiskEras facilitates the study of sensorimotor integration by markedly improving the accuracy of whisker tracking in untrimmed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Zaid Al-Ars
- Department of Quantum & Computer Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Christos Strydis
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Quantum & Computer Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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24
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Suliman-Lavie R, Title B, Cohen Y, Hamada N, Tal M, Tal N, Monderer-Rothkoff G, Gudmundsdottir B, Gudmundsson KO, Keller JR, Huang GJ, Nagata KI, Yarom Y, Shifman S. Pogz deficiency leads to transcription dysregulation and impaired cerebellar activity underlying autism-like behavior in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5836. [PMID: 33203851 PMCID: PMC7673123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several genes implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are chromatin regulators, including POGZ. The cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to ASD impaired social and cognitive behavior are unclear. Animal models are crucial for studying the effects of mutations on brain function and behavior as well as unveiling the underlying mechanisms. Here, we generate a brain specific conditional knockout mouse model deficient for Pogz, an ASD risk gene. We demonstrate that Pogz deficient mice show microcephaly, growth impairment, increased sociability, learning and motor deficits, mimicking several of the human symptoms. At the molecular level, luciferase reporter assay indicates that POGZ is a negative regulator of transcription. In accordance, in Pogz deficient mice we find a significant upregulation of gene expression, most notably in the cerebellum. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the transcriptional changes encompass genes and pathways disrupted in ASD, including neurogenesis and synaptic processes, underlying the observed behavioral phenotype in mice. Physiologically, Pogz deficiency is associated with a reduction in the firing frequency of simple and complex spikes and an increase in amplitude of the inhibitory synaptic input in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Our findings support a mechanism linking heterochromatin dysregulation to cerebellar circuit dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Suliman-Lavie
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ben Title
- Department of Neurobiology, The Institute of Life Sciences and Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yahel Cohen
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nanako Hamada
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Maayan Tal
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nitzan Tal
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galya Monderer-Rothkoff
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bjorg Gudmundsdottir
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristbjorn O Gudmundsson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Bldg. 560/12-70, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bldg. 560/32-31D, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jonathan R Keller
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Bldg. 560/12-70, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bldg. 560/32-31D, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Guo-Jen Huang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosef Yarom
- Department of Neurobiology, The Institute of Life Sciences and Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Sagiv Shifman
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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25
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De Zeeuw CI. Bidirectional learning in upbound and downbound microzones of the cerebellum. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 22:92-110. [PMID: 33203932 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-00392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, theories about cerebellar learning have evolved. A relatively simple view that highlighted the contribution of one major form of heterosynaptic plasticity to cerebellar motor learning has given way to a plethora of perspectives that suggest that many different forms of synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity, acting at various sites, can control multiple types of learning behaviour. However, there still seem to be contradictions between the various hypotheses with regard to the mechanisms underlying cerebellar learning. The challenge is therefore to reconcile these different views and unite them into a single overall concept. Here I review our current understanding of the changes in the activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in different 'microzones' during various forms of learning. I describe an emerging model that indicates that the activity of each microzone is bound to either increase or decrease during the initial stages of learning, depending on the directional and temporal demands of its downstream circuitry and the behaviour involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands. .,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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26
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A Slow Short-Term Depression at Purkinje to Deep Cerebellar Nuclear Neuron Synapses Supports Gain-Control and Linear Encoding over Second-Long Time Windows. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5937-5953. [PMID: 32554551 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2078-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifications in the sensitivity of neural elements allow the brain to adapt its functions to varying demands. Frequency-dependent short-term synaptic depression (STD) provides a dynamic gain-control mechanism enabling adaptation to different background conditions alongside enhanced sensitivity to input-driven changes in activity. In contrast, synapses displaying frequency-invariant transmission can faithfully transfer ongoing presynaptic rates enabling linear processing, deemed critical for many functions. However, rigid frequency-invariant transmission may lead to runaway dynamics and low sensitivity to changes in rate. Here, I investigated the Purkinje cell to deep cerebellar nuclei neuron synapses (PC_DCNs), which display frequency invariance, and yet, PCs maintain background activity at disparate rates, even at rest. Using protracted PC_DCN activation (120 s) to mimic background activity in cerebellar slices from mature mice of both sexes, I identified a previously unrecognized, frequency-dependent, slow STD (S-STD), adapting IPSC amplitudes in tens of seconds to minutes. However, after changes in activation rates, over a behavior-relevant second-long time window, S-STD enabled scaled linear encoding of PC rates in synaptic charge transfer and DCN spiking activity. Combined electrophysiology, optogenetics, and statistical analysis suggested that S-STD mechanism is input-specific, involving decreased ready-to-release quanta, and distinct from faster short-term plasticity (f-STP). Accordingly, an S-STD component with a scaling effect (i.e., activity-dependent release sites inactivation), extending a model explaining PC_DCN release on shorter timescales using balanced f-STP, reproduced the experimental results. Thus, these results elucidates a novel slow gain-control mechanism able to support linear transfer of behavior-driven/learned PC rates concurrently with background activity adaptation, and furthermore, provides an alternative pathway to refine PC output.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain can adapt to varying demands by dynamically changing the gain of its synapses; however, some tasks require ongoing linear transfer of presynaptic rates, seemingly incompatible with nonlinear gain adaptation. Here, I report a novel slow gain-control mechanism enabling scaled linear encoding of presynaptic rates over behavior-relevant time windows, and adaptation to background activity at the Purkinje to deep cerebellar nuclear neurons synapses (PC_DCNs). A previously unrecognized PC_DCNs slow and frequency-dependent short-term synaptic depression (S-STD) mediates this process. Experimental evidence and simulations suggested that scaled linear encoding emerges from the combination of S-STD slow dynamics and frequency-invariant transmission at faster timescales. These results demonstrate a mechanism reconciling rate code with background activity adaptation and suitable for flexibly tuning PCs output via background activity modulation.
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27
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de Groot A, van den Boom BJ, van Genderen RM, Coppens J, van Veldhuijzen J, Bos J, Hoedemaker H, Negrello M, Willuhn I, De Zeeuw CI, Hoogland TM. NINscope, a versatile miniscope for multi-region circuit investigations. eLife 2020; 9:49987. [PMID: 31934857 PMCID: PMC6989121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Miniaturized fluorescence microscopes (miniscopes) have been instrumental to monitor neural signals during unrestrained behavior and their open-source versions have made them affordable. Often, the footprint and weight of open-source miniscopes is sacrificed for added functionality. Here, we present NINscope: a light-weight miniscope with a small footprint that integrates a high-sensitivity image sensor, an inertial measurement unit and an LED driver for an external optogenetic probe. We use it to perform the first concurrent cellular resolution recordings from cerebellum and cerebral cortex in unrestrained mice, demonstrate its optogenetic stimulation capabilities to examine cerebello-cerebral or cortico-striatal connectivity, and replicate findings of action encoding in dorsal striatum. In combination with cross-platform acquisition and control software, our miniscope is a versatile addition to the expanding tool chest of open-source miniscopes that will increase access to multi-region circuit investigations during unrestrained behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres de Groot
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastijn Jg van den Boom
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Romano M van Genderen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, TU Delft, Delft, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joris Coppens
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John van Veldhuijzen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joop Bos
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hugo Hoedemaker
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Negrello
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, TU Delft, Delft, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingo Willuhn
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tycho M Hoogland
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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28
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Wagner MJ, Luo L. Neocortex-Cerebellum Circuits for Cognitive Processing. Trends Neurosci 2019; 43:42-54. [PMID: 31787351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although classically thought of as a motor circuit, the cerebellum is now understood to contribute to a wide variety of cognitive functions through its dense interconnections with the neocortex, the center of brain cognition. Recent investigations have shed light on the nature of cerebellar cognitive processing and information exchange with the neocortex. We review findings that demonstrate widespread reward-related cognitive input to the cerebellum, as well as new studies that have characterized the codependence of processing in the neocortex and cerebellum. Together, these data support a view of the neocortex-cerebellum circuit as a joint dynamic system both in classical sensorimotor contexts and reward-related, cognitive processing. These studies have also expanded classical theory on the computations performed by the cerebellar circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wagner
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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29
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Geminiani A, Pedrocchi A, D'Angelo E, Casellato C. Response Dynamics in an Olivocerebellar Spiking Neural Network With Non-linear Neuron Properties. Front Comput Neurosci 2019; 13:68. [PMID: 31632258 PMCID: PMC6779816 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor signals are integrated and processed by the cerebellar circuit to predict accurate control of actions. In order to investigate how single neuron dynamics and geometrical modular connectivity affect cerebellar processing, we have built an olivocerebellar Spiking Neural Network (SNN) based on a novel simplification algorithm for single point models (Extended Generalized Leaky Integrate and Fire, EGLIF) capturing essential non-linear neuronal dynamics (e.g., pacemaking, bursting, adaptation, oscillation and resonance). EGLIF models specifically tuned for each neuron type were embedded into an olivocerebellar scaffold reproducing realistic spatial organization and physiological convergence and divergence ratios of connections. In order to emulate the circuit involved in an eye blink response to two associated stimuli, we modeled two adjacent olivocerebellar microcomplexes with a common mossy fiber input but different climbing fiber inputs (either on or off). EGLIF-SNN model simulations revealed the emergence of fundamental response properties in Purkinje cells (burst-pause) and deep nuclei cells (pause-burst) similar to those reported in vivo. The expression of these properties depended on the specific activation of climbing fibers in the microcomplexes and did not emerge with scaffold models using simplified point neurons. This result supports the importance of embedding SNNs with realistic neuronal dynamics and appropriate connectivity and anticipates the scale-up of EGLIF-SNN and the embedding of plasticity rules required to investigate cerebellar functioning at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Geminiani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,NEARLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- NEARLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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30
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Zang Y, De Schutter E. Climbing Fibers Provide Graded Error Signals in Cerebellar Learning. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 31572132 PMCID: PMC6749063 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a critical role in coordinating and learning complex movements. Although its importance has been well recognized, the mechanisms of learning remain hotly debated. According to the classical cerebellar learning theory, depression of parallel fiber synapses instructed by error signals from climbing fibers, drives cerebellar learning. The uniqueness of long-term depression (LTD) in cerebellar learning has been challenged by evidence showing multi-site synaptic plasticity. In Purkinje cells, long-term potentiation (LTP) of parallel fiber synapses is now well established and it can be achieved with or without climbing fiber signals, making the role of climbing fiber input more puzzling. The central question is how individual Purkinje cells extract global errors based on climbing fiber input. Previous data seemed to demonstrate that climbing fibers are inefficient instructors, because they were thought to carry “binary” error signals to individual Purkinje cells, which significantly constrains the efficiency of cerebellar learning in several regards. In recent years, new evidence has challenged the traditional view of “binary” climbing fiber responses, suggesting that climbing fibers can provide graded information to efficiently instruct individual Purkinje cells to learn. Here we review recent experimental and theoretical progress regarding modulated climbing fiber responses in Purkinje cells. Analog error signals are generated by the interaction of varying climbing fibers inputs with simultaneous other synaptic input and with firing states of targeted Purkinje cells. Accordingly, the calcium signals which trigger synaptic plasticity can be graded in both amplitude and spatial range to affect the learning rate and even learning direction. We briefly discuss how these new findings complement the learning theory and help to further our understanding of how the cerebellum works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zang
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Erik De Schutter
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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31
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Negrello M, Warnaar P, Romano V, Owens CB, Lindeman S, Iavarone E, Spanke JK, Bosman LWJ, De Zeeuw CI. Quasiperiodic rhythms of the inferior olive. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006475. [PMID: 31059498 PMCID: PMC6538185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferior olivary activity causes both short-term and long-term changes in cerebellar output underlying motor performance and motor learning. Many of its neurons engage in coherent subthreshold oscillations and are extensively coupled via gap junctions. Studies in reduced preparations suggest that these properties promote rhythmic, synchronized output. However, the interaction of these properties with torrential synaptic inputs in awake behaving animals is not well understood. Here we combine electrophysiological recordings in awake mice with a realistic tissue-scale computational model of the inferior olive to study the relative impact of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms governing its activity. Our data and model suggest that if subthreshold oscillations are present in the awake state, the period of these oscillations will be transient and variable. Accordingly, by using different temporal patterns of sensory stimulation, we found that complex spike rhythmicity was readily evoked but limited to short intervals of no more than a few hundred milliseconds and that the periodicity of this rhythmic activity was not fixed but dynamically related to the synaptic input to the inferior olive as well as to motor output. In contrast, in the long-term, the average olivary spiking activity was not affected by the strength and duration of the sensory stimulation, while the level of gap junctional coupling determined the stiffness of the rhythmic activity in the olivary network during its dynamic response to sensory modulation. Thus, interactions between intrinsic properties and extrinsic inputs can explain the variations of spiking activity of olivary neurons, providing a temporal framework for the creation of both the short-term and long-term changes in cerebellar output. Activity of the inferior olive, transmitted via climbing fibers to the cerebellum, regulates initiation and amplitude of movements, signals unexpected sensory feedback, and directs cerebellar learning. It is characterized by widespread subthreshold oscillations and synchronization promoted by strong electrotonic coupling. In brain slices, subthreshold oscillations gate which inputs can be transmitted by inferior olivary neurons and which will not—dependent on the phase of the oscillation. We tested whether the subthreshold oscillations had a measurable impact on temporal patterning of climbing fiber activity in intact, awake mice. We did so by recording neural activity of the postsynaptic Purkinje cells, in which complex spike firing faithfully represents climbing fiber activity. For short intervals (<300 ms) many Purkinje cells showed spontaneously rhythmic complex spike activity. However, our experiments designed to evoke conditional responses indicated that complex spikes are not predominantly predicated on stimulus history. Our realistic network model of the inferior olive explains the experimental observations via continuous phase modulations of the subthreshold oscillations under the influence of synaptic fluctuations. We conclude that complex spike activity emerges from a quasiperiodic rhythm that is stabilized by electrotonic coupling between its dendrites, yet dynamically influenced by the status of their synaptic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Negrello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MN); (LWJB); (CIDZ)
| | - Pascal Warnaar
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cullen B. Owens
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Lindeman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jochen K. Spanke
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens W. J. Bosman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MN); (LWJB); (CIDZ)
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MN); (LWJB); (CIDZ)
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32
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Ju C, Bosman LW, Hoogland TM, Velauthapillai A, Murugesan P, Warnaar P, van Genderen RM, Negrello M, De Zeeuw CI. Neurons of the inferior olive respond to broad classes of sensory input while subject to homeostatic control. J Physiol 2019; 597:2483-2514. [PMID: 30908629 PMCID: PMC6487939 DOI: 10.1113/jp277413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Purkinje cells in the cerebellum integrate input from sensory organs with that from premotor centres. Purkinje cells use a variety of sensory inputs relaying information from the environment to modify motor control. Here we investigated to what extent the climbing fibre inputs to Purkinje cells signal mono- or multi-sensory information, and to what extent this signalling is subject to recent history of activity. We show that individual climbing fibres convey multiple types of sensory information, together providing a rich mosaic projection pattern of sensory signals across the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, firing probability of climbing fibres following sensory stimulation depends strongly on the recent history of activity, showing a tendency to homeostatic dampening. ABSTRACT Cerebellar Purkinje cells integrate sensory information with motor efference copies to adapt movements to behavioural and environmental requirements. They produce complex spikes that are triggered by the activity of climbing fibres originating in neurons of the inferior olive. These complex spikes can shape the onset, amplitude and direction of movements and the adaptation of such movements to sensory feedback. Clusters of nearby inferior olive neurons project to parasagittally aligned stripes of Purkinje cells, referred to as 'microzones'. It is currently unclear to what extent individual Purkinje cells within a single microzone integrate climbing fibre inputs from multiple sources of different sensory origins, and to what extent sensory-evoked climbing fibre responses depend on the strength and recent history of activation. Here we imaged complex spike responses in cerebellar lobule crus 1 to various types of sensory stimulation in awake mice. We find that different sensory modalities and receptive fields have a mild, but consistent, tendency to converge on individual Purkinje cells, with climbing fibres showing some degree of input-specificity. Purkinje cells encoding the same stimulus show increased events with coherent complex spike firing and tend to lie close together. Moreover, whereas complex spike firing is only mildly affected by variations in stimulus strength, it depends strongly on the recent history of climbing fibre activity. Our data point towards a mechanism in the olivo-cerebellar system that regulates complex spike firing during mono- or multi-sensory stimulation around a relatively low set-point, highlighting an integrative coding scheme of complex spike firing under homeostatic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiheng Ju
- Department of NeuroscienceErasmus MC3015 GDRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Tycho M. Hoogland
- Department of NeuroscienceErasmus MC3015 GDRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences1105 BEAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Pascal Warnaar
- Department of NeuroscienceErasmus MC3015 GDRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Mario Negrello
- Department of NeuroscienceErasmus MC3015 GDRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of NeuroscienceErasmus MC3015 GDRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences1105 BEAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Moscato L, Montagna I, De Propris L, Tritto S, Mapelli L, D'Angelo E. Long-Lasting Response Changes in Deep Cerebellar Nuclei in vivo Correlate With Low-Frequency Oscillations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:84. [PMID: 30894802 PMCID: PMC6414422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) have been suggested to play a critical role in sensorimotor learning and some forms of long-term synaptic plasticity observed in vitro have been proposed as a possible substrate. However, till now it was not clear whether and how DCN neuron responses manifest long-lasting changes in vivo. Here, we have characterized DCN unit responses to tactile stimulation of the facial area in anesthetized mice and evaluated the changes induced by theta-sensory stimulation (TSS), a 4 Hz stimulation pattern that is known to induce plasticity in the cerebellar cortex in vivo. DCN units responded to tactile stimulation generating bursts and pauses, which reflected combinations of excitatory inputs most likely relayed by mossy fiber collaterals, inhibitory inputs relayed by Purkinje cells, and intrinsic rebound firing. Interestingly, initial bursts and pauses were often followed by stimulus-induced oscillations in the peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTH). TSS induced long-lasting changes in DCN unit responses. Spike-related potentiation and suppression (SR-P and SR-S), either in units initiating the response with bursts or pauses, were correlated with stimulus-induced oscillations. Fitting with resonant functions suggested the existence of peaks in the theta-band (burst SR-P at 9 Hz, pause SR-S at 5 Hz). Optogenetic stimulation of the cerebellar cortex altered stimulus-induced oscillations suggesting that Purkinje cells play a critical role in the circuits controlling DCN oscillations and plasticity. This observation complements those reported before on the granular and molecular layers supporting the generation of multiple distributed plasticities in the cerebellum following naturally patterned sensory entrainment. The unique dependency of DCN plasticity on circuit oscillations discloses a potential relationship between cerebellar learning and activity patterns generated in the cerebellar network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Moscato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ileana Montagna
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Licia De Propris
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Tritto
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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