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Butler DF, Skibo J, Traudt CM, Millen KJ. Neonatal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Disrupts Multiple Aspects of Cerebellar Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.10.528048. [PMID: 36798230 PMCID: PMC9934646 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.528048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, survival rates for extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs; <28 weeks gestation) has markedly improved. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of ELGANs will suffer from neurodevelopmental dysfunction. Cerebellar hemorrhagic injury (CHI) has been increasingly recognized in the ELGANs population and may contribute to neurologic dysfunction; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we developed a novel model of early isolated posterior fossa subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in neonatal mice and investigated both acute and long-term effects. Following SAH on postnatal day 6 (P6), we found significant decreased levels of proliferation with the external granular layer (EGL), thinning of the EGL, decreased Purkinje cell (PC) density, and increased Bergmann glial (BG) fiber crossings at P8. At P42, CHI resulted in decreased PC density, decreased molecular layer interneuron (MLI) density, and increased BG fiber crossings. Results from both Rotarod and inverted screen assays did not demonstrate significant effects on motor strength or learning at P35-38. Treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug Ketoprofen did not significantly alter our findings after CHI, suggesting that treatment of neuro-inflammation does not provide significant neuroprotection post CHI. Further studies are required to fully elucidate the mechanisms through which CHI disrupts cerebellar developmental programming in order to develop therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection in ELGANs.
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Joyner AL, Bayin NS. Cerebellum lineage allocation, morphogenesis and repair: impact of interplay amongst cells. Development 2022; 149:dev185587. [PMID: 36172987 PMCID: PMC9641654 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a simple cytoarchitecture consisting of a folded cortex with three cell layers that surrounds a nuclear structure housing the output neurons. The excitatory neurons are generated from a unique progenitor zone, the rhombic lip, whereas the inhibitory neurons and astrocytes are generated from the ventricular zone. The growth phase of the cerebellum is driven by lineage-restricted progenitor populations derived from each zone. Research during the past decade has uncovered the importance of cell-to-cell communication between the lineages through largely unknown signaling mechanisms for regulating the scaling of cell numbers and cell plasticity during mouse development and following injury in the neonatal (P0-P14) cerebellum. This Review focuses on how the interplay between cell types is key to morphogenesis, production of robust neural circuits and replenishment of cells after injury, and ends with a discussion of the implications of the greater complexity of the human cerebellar progenitor zones for development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - N. Sumru Bayin
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1NQ, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
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Associations between genetic loci, environment factors and mental disorders: a genome-wide survival analysis using the UK Biobank data. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:17. [PMID: 35017462 PMCID: PMC8752606 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-accepted that both environment and genetic factors contribute to the development of mental disorders (MD). However, few genetic studies used time-to-event data analysis to identify the susceptibility genetic variants associated with MD and explore the role of environment factors in these associations. In order to detect novel genetic loci associated with MD based on the time-to-event data and identify the role of environmental factors in them, this study recruited 376,806 participants from the UK Biobank cohort. The MD outcomes (including overall MD status, anxiety, depression and substance use disorders (SUD)) were defined based on in-patient hospital, self-reported and death registry data collected in the UK Biobank. SPACOX approach was used to identify the susceptibility loci for MD using the time-to-event data of the UK Biobank cohort. And then we estimated the associations between identified candidate loci, fourteen environment factors and MD through a phenome-wide association study and mediation analysis. SPACOX identified multiple candidate loci for overall MD status, depression and SUD, such as rs139813674 (P value = 8.39 × 10-9, ZNF684) for overall MD status, rs7231178 (DCC, P value = 2.11 × 10-9) for depression, and rs10228494 (FOXP2, P value = 6.58 × 10-10) for SUD. Multiple environment factors could influence the associations between identified loci and MD, such as confide in others and felt hated. Our study identified novel candidate loci for MD, highlighting the strength of time-to-event data based genetic association studies. We also observed that multiple environment factors could influence the association between susceptibility loci and MD.
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Bayin NS, Mizrak D, Stephen DN, Lao Z, Sims PA, Joyner AL. Injury-induced ASCL1 expression orchestrates a transitory cell state required for repair of the neonatal cerebellum. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj1598. [PMID: 34878841 PMCID: PMC8654303 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To understand repair processes, it is critical to identify the molecular foundations underlying progenitor diversity and plasticity. Upon injury to the neonatal cerebellum, a normally gliogenic nestin-expressing progenitor (NEP) in the Bergmann glia layer (BgL) undergoes adaptive reprograming to restore granule cell production. However, the cellular states and genes regulating the NEP fate switch are unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and fate mapping, we defined molecular subtypes of NEPs and their lineages under homeostasis and repair. NEPs contain two major subtypes: Hopx+ astrogliogenic and Ascl1+ neurogenic NEPs that are further subdivided based on their location, lineage, and differentiation status. Upon injury, an Ascl1+ transitory cellular state arises from Hopx+ BgL-NEPs. Furthermore, mutational analysis revealed that induction of Ascl1 is required for adaptive reprogramming by orchestrating a glial-to-neural switch in vivo following injury. Thus, we provide molecular and cellular insights into context-dependent progenitor plasticity and repair mechanisms in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Sumru Bayin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dogukan Mizrak
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel N. Stephen
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhimin Lao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter A. Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
The cerebellum is a pivotal centre for the integration and processing of motor and sensory information. Its extended development into the postnatal period makes this structure vulnerable to a variety of pathologies, including neoplasia. These properties have prompted intensive investigations that reveal not only developmental mechanisms in common with other regions of the neuraxis but also unique strategies to generate neuronal diversity. How the phenotypically distinct cell types of the cerebellum emerge rests on understanding how gene expression differences arise in a spatially and temporally coordinated manner from initially homogeneous cell populations. Increasingly sophisticated fate mapping approaches, culminating in genetic-induced fate mapping, have furthered the understanding of lineage relationships between early- versus later-born cells. Tracing the developmental histories of cells in this way coupled with analysis of gene expression patterns has provided insight into the developmental genetic programmes that instruct cellular heterogeneity. A limitation to date has been the bulk analysis of cells, which blurs lineage relationships and obscures gene expression differences between cells that underpin the cellular taxonomy of the cerebellum. This review emphasises recent discoveries, focusing mainly on single-cell sequencing in mouse and parallel human studies that elucidate neural progenitor developmental trajectories with unprecedented resolution. Complementary functional studies of neural repair after cerebellar injury are challenging assumptions about the stability of postnatal cellular identities. The result is a wealth of new information about the developmental mechanisms that generate cerebellar neural diversity, with implications for human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J. van Essen
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Nayler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Esther B. E. Becker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Sathyanesan A, Zhou J, Scafidi J, Heck DH, Sillitoe RV, Gallo V. Emerging connections between cerebellar development, behaviour and complex brain disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:298-313. [PMID: 30923348 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human cerebellum has a protracted developmental timeline compared with the neocortex, expanding the window of vulnerability to neurological disorders. As the cerebellum is critical for motor behaviour, it is not surprising that most neurodevelopmental disorders share motor deficits as a common sequela. However, evidence gathered since the late 1980s suggests that the cerebellum is involved in motor and non-motor function, including cognition and emotion. More recently, evidence indicates that major neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Down syndrome have potential links to abnormal cerebellar development. Out of recent findings from clinical and preclinical studies, the concept of the 'cerebellar connectome' has emerged that can be used as a framework to link the role of cerebellar development to human behaviour, disease states and the design of better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Sathyanesan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Joy Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA. .,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
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Yang Z, Joyner AL. YAP1 is involved in replenishment of granule cell precursors following injury to the neonatal cerebellum. Dev Biol 2019; 455:458-472. [PMID: 31376393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum undergoes major rapid growth during the third trimester and early neonatal stage in humans, making it vulnerable to injuries in pre-term babies. Experiments in mice have revealed a remarkable ability of the neonatal cerebellum to recover from injuries around birth. In particular, recovery following irradiation-induced ablation of granule cell precursors (GCPs) involves adaptive reprogramming of Nestin-expressing glial progenitors (NEPs). Sonic hedgehog signaling is required for the initial step in NEP reprogramming; however, the full spectrum of developmental signaling pathways that promote NEP-driven regeneration is not known. Since the growth regulatory Hippo pathway has been implicated in the repair of several tissue types, we tested whether Hippo signaling is involved in regeneration of the cerebellum. Using mouse models, we found that the Hippo pathway transcriptional co-activator YAP1 (Yes-associated protein 1) but not TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif, or WWTR1) is required in NEPs for full recovery of cerebellar growth following irradiation one day after birth. Although Yap1 plays only a minor role during normal development in differentiation of NEPs or GCPs, the size of the cerebellum, and in particular the internal granule cell layer produced by GCPs, is significantly reduced in Yap1 mutants after irradiation, and the organization of Purkinje cells and Bergmann glial fibers is disrupted. The initial proliferative response of Yap1 mutant NEPs to irradiation is normal and the cells migrate to the GCP niche, but subsequently there is increased cell death of GCPs and altered migration of granule cells, possibly due to defects in Bergmann glia. Moreover, loss of Taz along with Yap1 in NEPs does not abrogate regeneration or alter development of the cerebellum. Our study provides new insights into the molecular signaling underlying postnatal cerebellar development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Yang
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, 10065, United States; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, 10065, United States; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, United States.
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