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Fan LL, Fang H, Zheng JY, Qiu YH, Wu GL, Cai YF, Chen YB, Zhang SJ. Taohong Siwu decoction alleviates cognitive impairment by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis signaling pathway in vascular dementia rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118407. [PMID: 38824979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Taohong Siwu Decoction (TSD), a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula, is used for the treatment of vascular diseases, including vascular dementia (VD). However, the mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF STUDY This study aimed to investigate whether TSD has a positive effect on cognitive impairment in VD rats and to confirm that the mechanism of action is related to the Endoplasmic Reticulum stress (ERs) and cell apoptosis signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated group (Sham), the two-vessel occlusion group (2VO), the 2VO treated with 4.5 g/kg/d TSD group (2VO + TSD-L), the 2VO treated with 13.5 g/kg/d TSD group (2VO + TSD-H). The rats underwent either 2VO surgery or sham surgery. Postoperative TSD treatment was given for 4 consecutive weeks. Behavioral tests were initiated at the end of gastrulation. Open-field test (OFT) was used to detect the activity level. The New Object Recognition test (NOR) was used to test long-term memory. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to examine the foundation of spatial learning and memory. As a final step, the hippocampus was taken for molecular testing. The protein levels of GRP78 (Bip), p-PERK, PERK, IRE1α, p-IRE1α, ATF6, eIF2α, p-eIF2α, ATF4, XBP1, Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by Western blot. Immunofluorescence visualizes molecular expression. RESULTS In the OFT, residence time in the central area was significantly longer in both TSD treatment groups compared to the 2VO group. In the NOR, the recognition index was obviously elevated in both TSD treatment groups. The 2VO group had a significantly longer escape latency and fewer times in crossing the location of the platform compared with the Sham group in MWM. TSD treatment reversed this notion. Pathologically, staining observations confirmed that TSD inhibited hippocampal neuronal loss and alleviated the abnormal reduction of the Nissl body. In parallel, TUNEL staining illustrated that TSD decelerated neuronal apoptosis. Western Blot demonstrated that TSD reduces the expression of ERs and apoptotic proteins. CONCLUSION In this study, the significant ameliorative effect on cognitive impairment of TSD has been determined by comparing the behavioral data of the 4 groups of rats. Furthermore, it was confirmed that this effect of TSD was achieved by suppressing the ERs-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM Guangzhou, 510000, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hui Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Liang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Ye-Feng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Yun-Bo Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Adhikari B, Gayral M, Herath V, Bedsole CO, Kumar S, Ball H, Atallah O, Shaw B, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM, Verchot J. bZIP60 and Bax inhibitor 1 contribute IRE1-dependent and independent roles to potexvirus infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1172-1189. [PMID: 38853429 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
IRE1, BI-1, and bZIP60 monitor compatible plant-potexvirus interactions though recognition of the viral TGB3 protein. This study was undertaken to elucidate the roles of three IRE1 isoforms, the bZIP60U and bZIP60S, and BI-1 roles in genetic reprogramming of cells during potexvirus infection. Experiments were performed using Arabidopsis thaliana knockout lines and Plantago asiatica mosaic virus infectious clone tagged with the green fluorescent protein gene (PlAMV-GFP). There were more PlAMV-GFP infection foci in ire1a/b, ire1c, bzip60, and bi-1 knockout than wild-type (WT) plants. Cell-to-cell movement and systemic RNA levels were greater bzip60 and bi-1 than in WT plants. Overall, these data indicate an increased susceptibility to virus infection. Transgenic overexpression of AtIRE1b or StbZIP60 in ire1a/b or bzip60 mutant background reduced virus infection foci, while StbZIP60 expression influences virus movement. Transgenic overexpression of StbZIP60 also confers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress resistance following tunicamycin treatment. We also show bZIP60U and TGB3 interact at the ER. This is the first demonstration of a potato bZIP transcription factor complementing genetic defects in Arabidopsis. Evidence indicates that the three IRE1 isoforms regulate the initial stages of virus replication and gene expression, while bZIP60 and BI-1 contribute separately to virus cell-to-cell and systemic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binita Adhikari
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Mathieu Gayral
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, 26, bd Docteur Petitjean-BP 87999, Dijon, Cedex, 21079, France
| | - Venura Herath
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Caleb Oliver Bedsole
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Haden Ball
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Osama Atallah
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Brian Shaw
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | | | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
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Chang JJY, Grimley SL, Tran BM, Deliyannis G, Tumpach C, Nguyen AN, Steinig E, Zhang J, Schröder J, Caly L, McAuley J, Wong SL, Waters SA, Stinear TP, Pitt ME, Purcell D, Vincan E, Coin LJ. Uncovering strain- and age-dependent innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in air-liquid-interface cultured nasal epithelia. iScience 2024; 27:110009. [PMID: 38868206 PMCID: PMC11166695 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous assessment of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the host at the cell-type level is crucial for understanding key mechanisms involved in host defense responses to viral infection. We investigated host response to ancestral-strain and Alpha-variant SARS-CoV-2 infections within air-liquid-interface human nasal epithelial cells from younger adults (26-32 Y) and older children (12-14 Y) using single-cell RNA-sequencing. Ciliated and secretory-ciliated cells formed the majority of highly infected cell-types, with the latter derived from ciliated lineages. Strong innate immune responses were observed across lowly infected and uninfected bystander cells and heightened in Alpha-infection. Alpha highly infected cells showed increased expression of protein-refolding genes compared with ancestral-strain-infected cells in children. Furthermore, oxidative phosphorylation-related genes were down-regulated in bystander cells versus infected and mock-control cells, underscoring the importance of these biological functions for viral replication. Overall, this study highlights the complexity of cell-type-, age- and viral strain-dependent host epithelial responses to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie J.-Y. Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Grimley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Bang M. Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Georgia Deliyannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - An N.T. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Eike Steinig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - JianShu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jan Schröder
- Computational Sciences Initiative (CSI), The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sharon L. Wong
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shafagh A. Waters
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Miranda E. Pitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Damian Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Lachlan J.M. Coin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Deng Y, Ostermann E, Brune W. A cytomegalovirus inflammasome inhibitor reduces proinflammatory cytokine release and pyroptosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:786. [PMID: 38278864 PMCID: PMC10817922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In response to viral infection, cells can initiate programmed cell death (PCD), leading to a reduction in the release of viral progeny. Viruses have therefore evolved specific mechanisms to curb PCD. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are sophisticated manipulators of cellular defenses and encode potent inhibitors of apoptosis and necroptosis. However, a CMV inhibitor of pyroptosis has not been clearly identified and characterized. Here we identify the mouse cytomegalovirus M84 protein as an inhibitor of pyroptosis and proinflammatory cytokine release. M84 interacts with the pyrin domain of AIM2 and ASC to inhibit inflammasome assembly. It thereby prevents Caspase-1-mediated activation of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and Gasdermin D. Growth attenuation of an M84-deficient MCMV in macrophages is rescued by knockout of either Aim2 or Asc or by treatment with a Caspase-1 inhibitor, and its attenuation in infected mice is partially rescued in Asc knockout mice. Thus, viral inhibition of the inflammasome-pyroptosis pathway is important to promote viral replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Deng
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany.
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5
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Hansen F, Vučak M, Nichols J, Hughes J, Bane S, Camiolo S, da Silva Filipe A, Ostermann E, Staliunaite L, Chan B, Mauch T, Sogoba N, Streblow DN, Voigt S, Oestereich L, Ehlers B, Redwood AJ, Feldmann H, Brune W, Rosenke K, Jarvis MA, Davison AJ. Isolation and genome sequencing of cytomegaloviruses from Natal multimammate mice ( Mastomys natalensis). J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001873. [PMID: 37643006 PMCID: PMC10721045 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are widely distributed across their mammalian hosts in a highly host species-restricted pattern. To date, evidence demonstrating this has been limited largely to PCR-based approaches targeting small, conserved genomic regions, and only a few complete genomes of isolated viruses representing distinct CMV species have been sequenced. We have now combined direct isolation of infectious viruses from tissues with complete genome sequencing to provide a view of CMV diversity in a wild animal population. We targeted Natal multimammate mice (Mastomys natalensis), which are common in sub-Saharan Africa, are known to carry a variety of zoonotic pathogens, and are regarded as the primary source of Lassa virus (LASV) spillover into humans. Using transformed epithelial cells prepared from M. natalensis kidneys, we isolated CMVs from the salivary gland tissue of 14 of 37 (36 %) animals from a field study site in Mali. Genome sequencing showed that these primary isolates represent three different M. natalensis CMVs (MnatCMVs: MnatCMV1, MnatCMV2 and MnatCMV3), with some animals carrying multiple MnatCMVs or multiple strains of a single MnatCMV presumably as a result of coinfection or superinfection. Including primary isolates and plaque-purified isolates, we sequenced and annotated the genomes of two MnatCMV1 strains (derived from sequencing 14 viruses), six MnatCMV2 strains (25 viruses) and ten MnatCMV3 strains (21 viruses), totalling 18 MnatCMV strains isolated as 60 infectious viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these MnatCMVs group with other murid viruses in the genus Muromegalovirus (subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, family Orthoherpesviridae), and that MnatCMV1 and MnatCMV2 are more closely related to each other than to MnatCMV3. The availability of MnatCMV isolates and the characterization of their genomes will serve as the prelude to the generation of a MnatCMV-based vaccine to target LASV in the M. natalensis reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Hansen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Present address: School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matej Vučak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sidy Bane
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Salvatore Camiolo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- Present address: BioSpyder Technologies Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Baca Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Nafomon Sogoba
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Sebastian Voigt
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alec J. Redwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Michael A. Jarvis
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- The Vaccine Group Ltd, Plymouth, Devon, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Lin D, Chen Y, Koksal AR, Dash S, Aydin Y. Targeting ER stress/PKA/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway as a potential novel strategy for hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:102. [PMID: 37158967 PMCID: PMC10165818 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HCC risk, while decreased compared with active HCV infection, persists in HCV-cured patients by direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA). We previously demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling remained activated after DAA-mediated HCV eradication. Developing therapeutic strategies to both eradicate HCV and reverse Wnt/β-catenin signaling is needed. METHODS Cell-based HCV long term infection was established. Chronically HCV infected cells were treated with DAA, protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Western blotting analysis and fluorescence microscopy were performed to determine HCV levels and component levels involved in ER stress/PKA/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/β-catenin pathway. Meanwhile, the effects of H89 and TUDCA were determined on HCV infection. RESULTS Both chronic HCV infection and replicon-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling remained activated after HCV and replicon eradication by DAA. HCV infection activated PKA activity and PKA/GSK-3β-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Inhibition of PKA with H89 both repressed HCV and replicon replication and reversed PKA/GSK-3β-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in both chronic HCV infection and replicon. Both chronic HCV infection and replicon induced ER stress. Inhibition of ER stress with TUDCA both repressed HCV and replicon replication and reversed ER stress/PKA/GSK-3β-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Inhibition of either PKA or ER stress both inhibited extracellular HCV infection. CONCLUSION Targeting ER stress/PKA/GSK-3β-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling with PKA inhibitor could be a novel therapeutic strategy for HCV-infected patients to overcomes the issue of remaining activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by DAA treatment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Yijia Chen
- The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Ali Riza Koksal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Liu F, Zhang T, He Y, Zhan W, Xie Q, Lou B. Integration of transcriptome and proteome analyses reveals the regulation mechanisms of Larimichthys polyactis liver exposed to heat stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108704. [PMID: 36958506 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) is one of the most economically important marine fishery species. L. polyactis aquaculture has experienced stress response and the frequent occurrence of diseases, bringing huge losses to the aquaculture industry. Little is known about the regulation mechanism of heat stress response in L. polyactis. In this study, to provide an overview of the heat-tolerance mechanism of L. polyactis, the transcriptome and proteome of the liver of L. polyactis on the 6 h after high temperature (32 °C) treatment were analyzed using Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). A total of 3700 upregulated and 1628 downregulated genes (differentially expressed genes, DEGs) were identified after heat stress in L. polyactis. Also, 198 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 117 upregulated and 81 downregulated proteins, were identified. Integrative analysis revealed that 72 genes were significantly differentially expressed at transcriptome and protein levels. Functional analysis showed that arginine biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum were the main pathways responding to heat stress. Among the pathways, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum was enriched by most DEGs/DEPs, which suggests that this pathway may play a more important role in the heat stress response. Further insights into the pathway revealed that transcripts and proteins, especially HSPs and PDIs, were differentially expressed in response to heat stress. These findings contribute to existing data describing the fish response to heat stress and provide information about protein levels, which are of great significance to a deeper understanding of the heat stress responding regulation mechanism in L. polyactis and other fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Tianle Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou Normal University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Wei Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Qingping Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Bao Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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8
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Spliced or Unspliced, That Is the Question: The Biological Roles of XBP1 Isoforms in Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052746. [PMID: 35269888 PMCID: PMC8910952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a member of the CREB/ATF basic region leucine zipper family transcribed as the unspliced isoform (XBP1-u), which, upon exposure to endoplasmic reticulum stress, is spliced into its spliced isoform (XBP1-s). XBP1-s interacts with the cAMP response element of major histocompatibility complex class II gene and plays critical role in unfolded protein response (UPR) by regulating the transcriptional activity of genes involved in UPR. XBP1-s is also involved in other physiological pathways, including lipid metabolism, insulin metabolism, and differentiation of immune cells. Its aberrant expression is closely related to inflammation, neurodegenerative disease, viral infection, and is crucial for promoting tumor progression and drug resistance. Meanwhile, recent studies reported that the function of XBP1-u has been underestimated, as it is not merely a precursor of XBP1-s. Instead, XBP-1u is a critical factor involved in various biological pathways including autophagy and tumorigenesis through post-translational regulation. Herein, we summarize recent research on the biological functions of both XBP1-u and XBP1-s, as well as their relation to diseases.
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ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response facilitates AAV2 transduction by releasing the suppression of AAV receptor on ER stress. J Virol 2021; 96:e0110321. [PMID: 34851146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01103-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is extensively used as a viral vector to deliver therapeutic genes during human gene therapy. A high affinity cellular receptor (AAVR) for most serotypes was recently identified, however, its biological function as a gene product remains unclear. In this study, we used AAVR knockdown cell models to show that AAVR depletion significantly attenuated cells to activate unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, when exposed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, tunicamycin. By analyzing three major UPR pathways, we found that ATF6 signaling was most affected in an AAVR-dependent fashion, distinct to CHOP and XBP1 branches. AAVR capacity in UPR regulation required the full native AAVR protein, and AAV2 capsid binding to the receptor altered ATF6 dynamics. Conversely, the transduction efficiency of AAV2 was associated with changes in ATF6 signaling in host cells following treatment with different small molecules. Thus, AAVR served as an inhibitory molecule to repress UPR responses via a specificity for ATF6 signaling, and the AAV2 infection route involved the release from AAVR-mediated ATF6 repression, thereby facilitating viral intracellular trafficking and transduction. Importance The native function of the AAVR as an ER-Golgi localized protein is largely unknown. We showed that AAVR acted as a functional molecule to regulate UPR signaling under induced ER stress. AAVR inhibited the activation of the transcription factor, ATF6, whereas receptor binding to AAV2 released the suppression effects. This finding has expanded our understanding of AAV infection biology in terms of the physiological properties of AAVR in host cells. Importantly, our research provides a possible strategy which may improve the efficiency of AAV mediated gene delivery during gene therapy.
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Prasad V, Greber UF. The endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response - homeostasis, cell death and evolution in virus infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab016. [PMID: 33765123 PMCID: PMC8498563 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses elicit cell and organismic stress, and offset homeostasis. They trigger intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses, which limit infection. Viruses restore homeostasis by harnessing evolutionary conserved stress responses, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPRER). The canonical UPRER restores homeostasis based on a cell-autonomous signalling network modulating transcriptional and translational output. The UPRER remedies cell damage, but upon severe and chronic stress leads to cell death. Signals from the UPRER flow along three branches with distinct stress sensors, the inositol requiring enzyme (Ire) 1, protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), and the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). This review shows how both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses use the UPRER to control cell stress and metabolic pathways, and thereby enhance infection and progeny formation, or undergo cell death. We highlight how the Ire1 axis bypasses apoptosis, boosts viral transcription and maintains dormant viral genomes during latency and persistence periods concurrent with long term survival of infected cells. These considerations open new options for oncolytic virus therapies against cancer cells where the UPRER is frequently upregulated. We conclude with a discussion of the evolutionary impact that viruses, in particular retroviruses, and anti-viral defense has on the UPRER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Prasad
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Mazel-Sanchez B, Iwaszkiewicz J, Bonifacio JPP, Silva F, Niu C, Strohmeier S, Eletto D, Krammer F, Tan G, Zoete V, Hale BG, Schmolke M. Influenza A viruses balance ER stress with host protein synthesis shutoff. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024681118. [PMID: 34479996 PMCID: PMC8433552 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024681118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of viral glycoproteins during infections poses a tremendous stress potential on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein folding machinery of the host cell. The host cell balances this by providing more ER resident chaperones and reducing translation. For viruses, this unfolded protein response (UPR) offers the potential to fold more glycoproteins. We postulated that viruses could have developed means to limit the inevitable ER stress to a beneficial level for viral replication. Using a relevant human pathogen, influenza A virus (IAV), we first established the determinant for ER stress and UPR induction during infection. In contrast to a panel of previous reports, we identified neuraminidase to be the determinant for ER stress induction, and not hemagglutinin. IAV relieves ER stress by expression of its nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). NS1 interferes with the host messenger RNA processing factor CPSF30 and suppresses ER stress response factors, such as XBP1. In vivo viral replication is increased when NS1 antagonizes ER stress induction. Our results reveal how IAV optimizes glycoprotein expression by balancing folding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beryl Mazel-Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Molecular Modelling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joao P P Bonifacio
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Filo Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chengyue Niu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Davide Eletto
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Gene Tan
- Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modelling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin G Hale
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
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Sukhatme VP, Reiersen AM, Vayttaden SJ, Sukhatme VV. Fluvoxamine: A Review of Its Mechanism of Action and Its Role in COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:652688. [PMID: 33959018 PMCID: PMC8094534 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.652688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluvoxamine is a well-tolerated, widely available, inexpensive selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that has been shown in a small, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study to prevent clinical deterioration of patients with mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fluvoxamine is also an agonist for the sigma-1 receptor, through which it controls inflammation. We review here a body of literature that shows important mechanisms of action of fluvoxamine and other SSRIs that could play a role in COVID-19 treatment. These effects include: reduction in platelet aggregation, decreased mast cell degranulation, interference with endolysosomal viral trafficking, regulation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α-driven inflammation and increased melatonin levels, which collectively have a direct antiviral effect, regulate coagulopathy or mitigate cytokine storm, which are known hallmarks of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas P Sukhatme
- Department of Medicine and the Morningside Center for Innovative and Affordable Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela M Reiersen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Vidula V Sukhatme
- GlobalCures, Inc., Newton, MA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) are two essential components of the quality control system for proteins in the secretory pathway. When unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, UPR sensors such as IRE1 induce the expression of ERAD genes, thereby increasing protein export from the ER to the cytosol and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Conversely, IRE1 itself is an ERAD substrate, indicating that the UPR and ERAD regulate each other. Viruses are intracellular parasites that exploit the host cell for their own benefit. Cytomegaloviruses selectively modulate the UPR to take advantage of beneficial and inhibit detrimental effects on viral replication. We have previously shown that murine and human cytomegaloviruses express homologous proteins (M50 and UL50, respectively) that dampen the UPR at late times post infection by inducing IRE1 degradation. However, the degradation mechanism has remained uncertain. Here we show that the cytomegalovirus M50 protein mediates IRE1 degradation by the proteasome. M50-dependent IRE1 degradation can be blocked by pharmacological inhibition of p97/VCP or by genetic ablation of SEL1L, both of which are components of the ERAD machinery. SEL1L acts as a cofactor of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HRD1, while p97/VCP is responsible for the extraction of ubiquitylated proteins from the ER to the cytosol. We further show that M50 facilitates the IRE1-SEL1L interaction by binding to both, IRE1 and SEL1L. These results indicate that the viral M50 protein dampens the UPR by tethering IRE1 to SEL1L, thereby promoting its degradation by the ERAD machinery.IMPORTANCE Viruses infect cells of their host and force them to produce virus progeny. This can impose stress on the host cell and activate counter-regulatory mechanisms. Protein overload in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress and triggers the unfolded protein response, which in turn upregulates protein folding and increases the degradation of proteins in the ER. Previous work has shown that cytomegaloviruses interfere with the unfolded protein response by degrading the sensor molecule IRE1. Herein we demonstrate how the cytomegalovirus M50 protein exploits the ER-associated degradation machinery to dispose of IRE1. Degradation of IRE1 curbs the unfolded protein response and helps the virus to increase the synthesis of its own proteins and the production of virus progeny.
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Murine cytomegaloviruses m139 targets DDX3 to curtail interferon production and promote viral replication. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008546. [PMID: 33031466 PMCID: PMC7575108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) infect many different cell types and tissues in their respective hosts. Monocytes and macrophages play an important role in CMV dissemination from the site of infection to target organs. Moreover, macrophages are specialized in pathogen sensing and respond to infection by secreting cytokines and interferons. In murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), a model for human cytomegalovirus, several genes required for efficient replication in macrophages have been identified, but their specific functions remain poorly understood. Here we show that MCMV m139, a gene of the conserved US22 gene family, encodes a protein that interacts with the DEAD box helicase DDX3, a protein involved in pathogen sensing and interferon (IFN) induction, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5. DDX3 and UBR5 also participate in the transcription, processing, and translation of a subset of cellular mRNAs. We show that m139 inhibits DDX3-mediated IFN-α and IFN-β induction and is necessary for efficient viral replication in bone-marrow derived macrophages. In vivo, m139 is crucial for viral dissemination to local lymph nodes and to the salivary glands. An m139-deficient MCMV also replicated to lower titers in SVEC4-10 endothelial cells. This replication defect was not accompanied by increased IFN-β transcription, but was rescued by knockout of either DDX3 or UBR5. Moreover, m139 co-localized with DDX3 and UBR5 in viral replication compartments in the cell nucleus. These results suggest that m139 inhibits DDX3-mediated IFN production in macrophages and antagonizes DDX3 and UBR5-dependent functions related to RNA metabolism in endothelial cells. Human cytomegalovirus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes severe infections in immunocompromised individuals. The virus infects certain cell types, such as macrophages and endothelial cells, to ensure its dissemination within the body. Little is known about the viral factors that promote a productive infection of these cell types. The identification of critical viral factors and the molecular pathways they target can lead to the development of novel antiviral treatment strategies. Using the mouse cytomegalovirus as a model, we studied the viral m139 gene, which is important for virus replication in macrophages and endothelial cells and for dissemination in the mouse. This gene encodes a protein that interacts with the host proteins DDX3 and UBR5. Both proteins are involved in gene expression, and the RNA helicase DDX3 also participates in mounting an innate antiviral response. By interacting with DDX3 and UBR5, m139 ensures efficient viral replication in endothelial cells. Importantly, we identify m139 as a new viral DDX3 inhibitor, which curtails the production of interferon by macrophages.
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