1
|
Forsyth KS, Toothacre NE, Jiwrajka N, Driscoll AM, Shallberg LA, Cunningham-Rundles C, Barmettler S, Farmer J, Verbsky J, Routes J, Beiting DP, Romberg N, May MJ, Anguera MC. NF-κB Signaling is Required for X-Chromosome Inactivation Maintenance Following T cell Activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.08.579505. [PMID: 38405871 PMCID: PMC10888971 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.08.579505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
X Chromosome Inactivation (XCI) is a female-specific process which balances X-linked gene dosage between sexes. Unstimulated T cells lack cytological enrichment of Xist RNA and heterochromatic modifications on the inactive X chromosome (Xi), and these modifications become enriched at the Xi after cell stimulation. Here, we examined allele-specific gene expression and the epigenomic profiles of the Xi following T cell stimulation. We found that the Xi in unstimulated T cells is largely dosage compensated and is enriched with the repressive H3K27me3 modification, but not the H2AK119-ubiquitin (Ub) mark, even at promoters of XCI escape genes. Upon CD3/CD28-mediated T cell stimulation, the Xi accumulates H2AK119-Ub and H3K27me3 across the Xi. Next, we examined the T cell signaling pathways responsible for Xist RNA localization to the Xi and found that T cell receptor (TCR) engagement, specifically NF-κB signaling downstream of TCR, is required. Disruption of NF-κB signaling, using inhibitors or genetic deletions, in mice and patients with immunodeficiencies prevents Xist/XIST RNA accumulation at the Xi and alters expression of some X-linked genes. Our findings reveal a novel connection between NF-κB signaling pathways which impact XCI maintenance in female T cells.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wither MJ, White WL, Pendyala S, Leanza PJ, Fowler DM, Kueh HY. Antigen perception in T cells by long-term Erk and NFAT signaling dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308366120. [PMID: 38113261 PMCID: PMC10756264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308366120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system threat detection hinges on T cells' ability to perceive varying peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigens. As the Erk and NFAT pathways link T cell receptor engagement to gene regulation, their signaling dynamics may convey information about pMHC inputs. To test this idea, we developed a dual reporter mouse strain and a quantitative imaging assay that, together, enable simultaneous monitoring of Erk and NFAT dynamics in live T cells over day-long timescales as they respond to varying pMHC inputs. Both pathways initially activate uniformly across various pMHC inputs but diverge only over longer (9+ h) timescales, enabling independent encoding of pMHC affinity and dose. These late signaling dynamics are decoded via multiple temporal and combinatorial mechanisms to generate pMHC-specific transcriptional responses. Our findings underscore the importance of long timescale signaling dynamics in antigen perception and establish a framework for understanding T cell responses under diverse contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Wither
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
| | - William L. White
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Sriram Pendyala
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Paul J. Leanza
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Douglas M. Fowler
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98109
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wither MJ, White WL, Pendyala S, Leanza PJ, Fowler D, Kueh HY. Antigen perception in T cells by long-term Erk and NFAT signaling dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.01.543260. [PMID: 37333368 PMCID: PMC10274683 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Immune system threat detection hinges on T cells' ability to perceive varying peptide major-histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigens. As the Erk and NFAT pathways link T cell receptor engagement to gene regulation, their signaling dynamics may convey information about pMHC inputs. To test this idea, we developed a dual reporter mouse strain and a quantitative imaging assay that, together, enable simultaneous monitoring of Erk and NFAT dynamics in live T cells over day-long timescales as they respond to varying pMHC inputs. Both pathways initially activate uniformly across various pMHC inputs, but diverge only over longer (9+ hrs) timescales, enabling independent encoding of pMHC affinity and dose. These late signaling dynamics are decoded via multiple temporal and combinatorial mechanisms to generate pMHC-specific transcriptional responses. Our findings underscore the importance of long timescale signaling dynamics in antigen perception, and establish a framework for understanding T cell responses under diverse contexts. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To counter diverse pathogens, T cells mount distinct responses to varying peptide-major histocompatibility complex ligands (pMHCs). They perceive the affinity of pMHCs for the T cell receptor (TCR), which reflects its foreignness, as well as pMHC abundance. By tracking signaling responses in single living cells to different pMHCs, we find that T cells can independently perceive pMHC affinity vs dose, and encode this information through the dynamics of Erk and NFAT signaling pathways downstream of the TCR. These dynamics are jointly decoded by gene regulatory mechanisms to produce pMHC-specific activation responses. Our work reveals how T cells can elicit tailored functional responses to diverse threats and how dysregulation of these responses may lead to immune pathologies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kirby D, Zilman A. Proofreading does not result in more reliable ligand discrimination in receptor signaling due to its inherent stochasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212795120. [PMID: 37192165 PMCID: PMC10214210 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212795120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic proofreading (KPR) has been used as a paradigmatic explanation for the high specificity of ligand discrimination by cellular receptors. KPR enhances the difference in the mean receptor occupancy between different ligands compared to a nonproofread receptor, thus potentially enabling better discrimination. On the other hand, proofreading also attenuates the signal and introduces additional stochastic receptor transitions relative to a nonproofreading receptor. This increases the relative magnitude of noise in the downstream signal, which can interfere with reliable ligand discrimination. To understand the effect of noise on ligand discrimination beyond the comparison of the mean signals, we formulate the task of ligand discrimination as a problem of statistical estimation of the receptor affinity of ligands based on the molecular signaling output. Our analysis reveals that proofreading typically worsens ligand resolution compared to a nonproofread receptor. Furthermore, the resolution decreases further with more proofreading steps under most commonly biologically considered conditions. This contrasts with the usual notion that KPR universally improves ligand discrimination with additional proofreading steps. Our results are consistent across a variety of different proofreading schemes and metrics of performance, suggesting that they are inherent to the KPR mechanism itself rather than any particular model of molecular noise. Based on our results, we suggest alternative roles for KPR schemes such as multiplexing and combinatorial encoding in multi-ligand/multi-output pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Kirby
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St George St, Toronto, ONM5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Anton Zilman
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St George St, Toronto, ONM5S 1A7, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 college St, Toronto, ONM5S 1A7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Chen S, Liu S, Wallace KL, Zille M, Zhang J, Wang J, Jiang C. T-cell receptor signaling modulated by the co-receptors: Potential targets for stroke treatment. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106797. [PMID: 37211238 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a severe and life-threatening disease, necessitating more research on new treatment strategies. Infiltrated T lymphocytes, an essential adaptive immune cell with extensive effector function, are crucially involved in post-stroke inflammation. Immediately after the initiation of the innate immune response triggered by microglia/macrophages, the adaptive immune response associated with T lymphocytes also participates in the complex pathophysiology of stroke and partially informs the outcome of stroke. Preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the conflicting roles of T cells in post-stroke inflammation and as potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms that underlie the adaptive immune response associated with T lymphocytes in stroke is essential. The T-cell receptor (TCR) and its downstream signaling regulate T lymphocyte differentiation and activation. This review comprehensively summarizes the various molecules that regulate TCR signaling and the T-cell response. It covers both the co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules and their roles in stroke. Because immunoregulatory therapies targeting TCR and its mediators have achieved great success in some proliferative diseases, this article also summarizes the advances in therapeutic strategies related to TCR signaling in lymphocytes after stroke, which can facilitate translation. DATA AVAILABILITY: No data was used for the research described in the article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Simon Liu
- Medical Genomics Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kevin L Wallace
- College of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Gisbergen KPJM, Gerlach C. No-shows in T-cell responses are frequent for clones of low T-cell receptor affinity. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250305. [PMID: 36680414 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of CD8 T-cell responses against intracellular pathogens is thought to primarily depend on the expansion capacity of naïve T cells, given that their recruitment is considered optimal. In the current issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2023. 53: 000-000], Leube et al. challenge these concepts and show that the recruitment of naïve T-cell clones into primary responses can be far from complete. The failure to efficiently recruit T-cell clones occurs more frequently in case of low-affinity interactions of the T-cell receptor with cognate antigen of the pathogen. Using single-cell fate-mapping in the Lm-OVA model, the authors demonstrate that naïve T-cell clones of low affinity in contrast to those of high affinity often do not expand after pathogen encounter. These low-affinity clones are maintained as naïve CD8 T cells that can robustly respond upon secondary encounter with the same pathogen, in particular when the reencountered pathogen contains modifications resulting in improved recognition. Thus, this study indicates that the regulation of the response size of CD8 T cells is yet more elaborate than anticipated and involves control at the level of recruitment and expansion of naïve CD8 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Gerlach
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu L, Balyan R, Brzostek J, Zhao X, Gascoigne NRJ. Time required for commitment to T cell proliferation depends on TCR affinity and cytokine response. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e54969. [PMID: 36327141 PMCID: PMC9827553 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation and effector functions are determined by the affinity of the interaction between T cell receptor (TCR) and its antigenic peptide MHC (pMHC) ligand. A better understanding of the quantitative aspects of TCR-pMHC affinity-dependent T cell activation is critical for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. However, the role of TCR-pMHC affinity in regulating the kinetics of CD8+ T cell commitment to proliferation and differentiation is unknown. Here, we show that the stronger the TCR-pMHC affinity, the shorter the time of T cell-APC co-culture required to commit CD8+ T cells to proliferation. The time threshold for T cell cytokine production is much lower than that for cell proliferation. There is a strong correlation between affinity-dependent differences in AKT phosphorylation and T cell proliferation. The cytokine IL-15 increases the poor proliferation of T cells stimulated with low affinity pMHC, suggesting that pro-inflammatory cytokines can override the affinity-dependent features of T cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang‐zhe Wu
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Renu Balyan
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
Tessa Therapeutics Ltd.SingaporeSingapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vallet N, Michonneau D, Tournier S. Toward practical transparent verifiable and long-term reproducible research using Guix. Sci Data 2022; 9:597. [PMID: 36195618 PMCID: PMC9532446 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducibility crisis urge scientists to promote transparency which allows peers to draw same conclusions after performing identical steps from hypothesis to results. Growing resources are developed to open the access to methods, data and source codes. Still, the computational environment, an interface between data and source code running analyses, is not addressed. Environments are usually described with software and library names associated with version labels or provided as an opaque container image. This is not enough to describe the complexity of the dependencies on which they rely to operate on. We describe this issue and illustrate how open tools like Guix can be used by any scientist to share their environment and allow peers to reproduce it. Some steps of research might not be fully reproducible, but at least, transparency for computation is technically addressable. These tools should be considered by scientists willing to promote transparency and open science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vallet
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, F-75010, Paris, France.
| | - David Michonneau
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, F-75010, Paris, France.,Hematology Transplantation, Saint Louis hospital, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Simon Tournier
- Université de Paris, INSERM US53, CNRS UAR 2030, Saint Louis Research Institute, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Richard AC. Divide and Conquer: Phenotypic and Temporal Heterogeneity Within CD8 + T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949423. [PMID: 35911755 PMCID: PMC9334874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of technologies that can characterize the phenotypes, functions and fates of individual cells has revealed extensive and often unexpected levels of diversity between cells that are nominally of the same subset. CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are no exception. Investigations of individual CD8+ T cells both in vitro and in vivo have highlighted the heterogeneity of cellular responses at the levels of activation, differentiation and function. This review takes a broad perspective on the topic of heterogeneity, outlining different forms of variation that arise during a CD8+ T cell response. Specific attention is paid to the impact of T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation strength on heterogeneity. In particular, this review endeavors to highlight connections between variation at different cellular stages, presenting known mechanisms and key open questions about how variation between cells can arise and propagate.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bortoluzzi S, Dashtsoodol N, Engleitner T, Drees C, Helmrath S, Mir J, Toska A, Flossdorf M, Öllinger R, Solovey M, Colomé-Tatché M, Kalfaoglu B, Ono M, Buch T, Ammon T, Rad R, Schmidt-Supprian M. Brief homogeneous TCR signals instruct common iNKT progenitors whose effector diversification is characterized by subsequent cytokine signaling. Immunity 2021; 54:2497-2513.e9. [PMID: 34562377 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate-like T cell populations expressing conserved TCRs play critical roles in immunity through diverse developmentally acquired effector functions. Focusing on the prototypical lineage of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, we sought to dissect the mechanisms and timing of fate decisions and functional effector differentiation. Utilizing induced expression of the semi-invariant NKT cell TCR on double positive thymocytes, an initially highly synchronous wave of iNKT cell development was triggered by brief homogeneous TCR signaling. After reaching a uniform progenitor state characterized by IL-4 production potential and proliferation, effector subsets emerged simultaneously, but then diverged toward different fates. While NKT17 specification was quickly completed, NKT1 cells slowly differentiated and expanded. NKT2 cells resembled maturing progenitors, which gradually diminished in numbers. Thus, iNKT subset diversification occurs in dividing progenitor cells without acute TCR input but utilizes multiple active cytokine signaling pathways. These data imply a two-step model of iNKT effector differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bortoluzzi
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Nyambayar Dashtsoodol
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Department of Immunology, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christoph Drees
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Sabine Helmrath
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Jonas Mir
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Albulena Toska
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Michael Flossdorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Maria Solovey
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Maria Colomé-Tatché
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Bahire Kalfaoglu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Tim Ammon
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Staggered starts in the race to T cell activation. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:994-1008. [PMID: 34649777 PMCID: PMC7612485 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How T lymphocytes tune their responses to different strengths of stimulation is a fundamental question in immunology. Recent work using new optogenetic, single-cell genomic, and live-imaging approaches has revealed that stimulation strength controls the rate of individual cell responses within a population. Moreover, these responses have been found to use shared molecular programs, regardless of stimulation strength. However, additional data indicate that stimulation duration or cytokine feedback can impact later gene expression phenotypes of activated cells. In-depth molecular studies have suggested mechanisms by which stimulation strength might modulate the probability of T cell activation. This emerging model allows activating T cells to achieve a wide range of population responses through probabilistic control within individual cells.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lisci M, Barton PR, Randzavola LO, Ma CY, Marchingo JM, Cantrell DA, Paupe V, Prudent J, Stinchcombe JC, Griffiths GM. Mitochondrial translation is required for sustained killing by cytotoxic T cells. Science 2021; 374:eabe9977. [PMID: 34648346 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lisci
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Philippa R Barton
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lyra O Randzavola
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Claire Y Ma
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Julia M Marchingo
- Cell Signalling and Immunology Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Cell Signalling and Immunology Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Vincent Paupe
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Julien Prudent
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Frazer GL, Gawden-Bone CM, Dieckmann NMG, Asano Y, Griffiths GM. Signal strength controls the rate of polarization within CTLs during killing. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212498. [PMID: 34292303 PMCID: PMC8302442 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are key effector cells in the immune response against viruses and cancers, killing targets with high precision. Target cell recognition by CTL triggers rapid polarization of intracellular organelles toward the synapse formed with the target cell, delivering cytolytic granules to the immune synapse. Single amino acid changes within peptides binding MHC class I (pMHCs) are sufficient to modulate the degree of killing, but exactly how this impacts the choreography of centrosome polarization and granule delivery to the target cell remains poorly characterized. Here we use 4D imaging and find that the pathways orchestrating killing within CTL are conserved irrespective of the signal strength. However, the rate of initiation along these pathways varies with signal strength. We find that increased strength of signal leads to an increased proportion of CTLs with prolonged dwell times, initial Ca2+ fluxes, centrosome docking, and granule polarization. Hence, TCR signal strength modulates the rate but not organization of effector CTL responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L Frazer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nele M G Dieckmann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bhattacharyya ND, Counoupas C, Daniel L, Zhang G, Cook SJ, Cootes TA, Stifter SA, Bowen DG, Triccas JA, Bertolino P, Britton WJ, Feng CG. TCR Affinity Controls the Dynamics but Not the Functional Specification of the Antimycobacterial CD4 + T Cell Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2875-2887. [PMID: 34049970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The quality of T cell responses depends on the lymphocytes' ability to undergo clonal expansion, acquire effector functions, and traffic to the site of infection. Although TCR signal strength is thought to dominantly shape the T cell response, by using TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells with different peptide:MHC binding affinity, we reveal that TCR affinity does not control Th1 effector function acquisition or the functional output of individual effectors following mycobacterial infection in mice. Rather, TCR affinity calibrates the rate of cell division to synchronize the distinct processes of T cell proliferation, differentiation, and trafficking. By timing cell division-dependent IL-12R expression, TCR affinity controls when T cells become receptive to Th1-imprinting IL-12 signals, determining the emergence and magnitude of the Th1 effector pool. These findings reveal a distinct yet cooperative role for IL-12 and TCR binding affinity in Th1 differentiation and suggest that the temporal activation of clones with different TCR affinity is a major strategy to coordinate immune surveillance against persistent pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayan D Bhattacharyya
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lina Daniel
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Stuart J Cook
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taylor A Cootes
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sebastian A Stifter
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David G Bowen
- Liver Immunology Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - James A Triccas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick Bertolino
- Liver Immunology Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; .,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abu-Shah E, Trendel N, Kruger P, Nguyen J, Pettmann J, Kutuzov M, Dushek O. Human CD8 + T Cells Exhibit a Shared Antigen Threshold for Different Effector Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1503-1512. [PMID: 32817332 PMCID: PMC7477745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells produce TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ with similar Ag thresholds. Costimulation decreases Ag thresholds similarly for different cytokines. A common rate-limiting switch downstream of the TCR can explain these findings.
T cells recognizing cognate pMHC Ags become activated to elicit a myriad of cellular responses, such as target cell killing and the secretion of different cytokines, that collectively contribute to adaptive immunity. These effector responses have been hypothesized to exhibit different Ag dose and affinity thresholds, suggesting that pathogen-specific information may be encoded within the nature of the Ag. In this study, using systematic experiments in a reductionist system, in which primary human CD8+ T cell blasts are stimulated by recombinant peptides presented on MHC Ag alone, we show that different inflammatory cytokines have comparable Ag dose thresholds across a 25,000-fold variation in affinity. Although costimulation by CD28, CD2, and CD27 increased cytokine production in this system, the Ag threshold remained comparable across different cytokines. When using primary human memory CD8+ T cells responding to autologous APCs, equivalent thresholds were also observed for different cytokines and killing. These findings imply a simple phenotypic model of TCR signaling in which multiple T cell responses share a common rate-limiting threshold and a conceptually simple model of CD8+ T cell Ag recognition, in which Ag dose and affinity do not provide any additional response-specific information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enas Abu-Shah
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; and.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Trendel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; and
| | - Philipp Kruger
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; and
| | - John Nguyen
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; and
| | - Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mikhail Kutuzov
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; and
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|