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Gooshvar S, Madhu G, Ruszczyk M, Prakash VN. Non-Bilaterians as Model Systems for Tissue Mechanics. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1442-1454. [PMID: 37355780 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals, epithelial tissues are barriers against the external environment, providing protection against biological, chemical, and physical damage. Depending on the organism's physiology and behavior, these tissues encounter different types of mechanical forces and need to provide a suitable adaptive response to ensure success. Therefore, understanding tissue mechanics in different contexts is an important research area. Here, we review recent tissue mechanics discoveries in three early divergent non-bilaterian systems-Trichoplax adhaerens, Hydra vulgaris, and Aurelia aurita. We highlight each animal's simple body plan and biology and unique, rapid tissue remodeling phenomena that play a crucial role in its physiology. We also discuss the emergent large-scale mechanics in these systems that arise from small-scale phenomena. Finally, we emphasize the potential of these non-bilaterian animals to be model systems in a bottom-up approach for further investigation in tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Gooshvar
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 33146 FL, USA
| | - Gopika Madhu
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 33146 FL, USA
| | - Melissa Ruszczyk
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 33146 FL, USA
| | - Vivek N Prakash
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 33146 FL, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 33146 FL, USA
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, 33149 FL, USA
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2
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Fujita S, Takahashi M, Kumano G, Kuranaga E, Miura M, Nakajima YI. Distinct stem-like cell populations facilitate functional regeneration of the Cladonema medusa tentacle. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002435. [PMID: 38127832 PMCID: PMC10734932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastema formation is a crucial process that provides a cellular source for regenerating tissues and organs. While bilaterians have diversified blastema formation methods, its mechanisms in non-bilaterians remain poorly understood. Cnidarian jellyfish, or medusae, represent early-branching metazoans that exhibit complex morphology and possess defined appendage structures highlighted by tentacles with stinging cells (nematocytes). Here, we investigate the mechanisms of tentacle regeneration, using the hydrozoan jellyfish Cladonema pacificum. We show that proliferative cells accumulate at the tentacle amputation site and form a blastema composed of cells with stem cell morphology. Nucleoside pulse-chase experiments indicate that most repair-specific proliferative cells (RSPCs) in the blastema are distinct from resident stem cells. We further demonstrate that resident stem cells control nematogenesis and tentacle elongation during both homeostasis and regeneration as homeostatic stem cells, while RSPCs preferentially differentiate into epithelial cells in the newly formed tentacle, analogous to lineage-restricted stem/progenitor cells observed in salamander limbs. Taken together, our findings propose a regeneration mechanism that utilizes both resident homeostatic stem cells (RHSCs) and RSPCs, which in conjunction efficiently enable functional appendage regeneration, and provide novel insight into the diversification of blastema formation across animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Fujita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mako Takahashi
- Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Gaku Kumano
- Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-ichiro Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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3
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Lee EEL, O'Malley-Krohn I, Edsinger E, Wu S, Malamy J. Epithelial wound healing in Clytia hemisphaerica provides insights into extracellular ATP signaling mechanisms and P2XR evolution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18819. [PMID: 37914720 PMCID: PMC10620158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial wound healing involves the collective responses of many cells, including those at the wound margin (marginal cells) and those that lack direct contact with the wound (submarginal cells). How these responses are induced and coordinated to produce rapid, efficient wound healing remains poorly understood. Extracellular ATP (eATP) is implicated as a signal in epithelial wound healing in vertebrates. However, the role of eATP in wound healing in vivo and the cellular responses to eATP are unclear. Almost nothing is known about eATP signaling in non-bilaterian metazoans (Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Placozoa, and Porifera). Here, we show that eATP promotes closure of epithelial wounds in vivo in the cnidarian Clytia hemisphaerica (Clytia) indicating that eATP signaling is an evolutionarily ancient strategy in wound healing. Furthermore, eATP increases F-actin accumulation at the edges of submarginal cells. In Clytia, this indicates eATP is involved in coordinating cellular responses during wound healing, acting in part by promoting actin remodeling in cells at a distance from the wound. We also present evidence that eATP activates a cation channel in Clytia epithelial cells. This implies that the eATP signal is transduced through a P2X receptor (P2XR). Phylogenetic analyses identified four Clytia P2XR homologs and revealed two deeply divergent major branches in P2XR evolution, necessitating revision of current models. Interestingly, simple organisms such as cellular slime mold appear exclusively on one branch, bilaterians are found exclusively on the other, and many non-bilaterian metazoans, including Clytia, have P2XR sequences from both branches. Together, these results re-draw the P2XR evolutionary tree, provide new insights into the origin of eATP signaling in wound healing, and demonstrate that the cytoskeleton of submarginal cells is a target of eATP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E L Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Isabel O'Malley-Krohn
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eric Edsinger
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, 9505 N Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Stephanie Wu
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jocelyn Malamy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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4
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Brunet T. Cell contractility in early animal evolution. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R966-R985. [PMID: 37751712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Tissue deformation mediated by collective cell contractility is a signature characteristic of animals. In most animals, fast and reversible contractions of muscle cells mediate behavior, while slow and irreversible contractions of epithelial or mesenchymal cells play a key role in morphogenesis. Animal tissue contractility relies on the activity of the actin/myosin II complex (together referred to as 'actomyosin'), an ancient and versatile molecular machinery that performs a broad range of functions in development and physiology. This review synthesizes emerging insights from morphological and molecular studies into the evolutionary history of animal contractile tissue. The most ancient functions of actomyosin are cell crawling and cytokinesis, which are found in a wide variety of unicellular eukaryotes and in individual metazoan cells. Another contractile functional module, apical constriction, is universal in metazoans and shared with choanoflagellates, their closest known living relatives. The evolution of animal contractile tissue involved two key innovations: firstly, the ability to coordinate and integrate actomyosin assembly across multiple cells, notably to generate supracellular cables, which ensure tissue integrity but also allow coordinated morphogenesis and movements at the organism scale; and secondly, the evolution of dedicated contractile cell types for adult movement, belonging to two broad categories respectively defined by the expression of the fast (striated-type) and slow (smooth/non-muscle-type) myosin II paralogs. Both contractile cell types ancestrally resembled generic contractile epithelial or mesenchymal cells and might have played a versatile role in both behavior and morphogenesis. Modern animal contractile cells span a continuum between unspecialized contractile epithelia (which underlie behavior in modern placozoans), epithelia with supracellular actomyosin cables (found in modern sponges), epitheliomuscular tissues (with a concentration of actomyosin cables in basal processes, for example in sea anemones), and specialized muscle tissue that has lost most or all epithelial properties (as in ctenophores, jellyfish and bilaterians). Recent studies in a broad range of metazoans have begun to reveal the molecular basis of these transitions, powered by the elaboration of the contractile apparatus and the evolution of 'core regulatory complexes' of transcription factors specifying contractile cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Brunet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Evolutionary Cell Biology and Evolution of Morphogenesis Unit, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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5
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Gahan JM, Cartwright P, Nicotra ML, Schnitzler CE, Steinmetz PRH, Juliano CE. Cnidofest 2022: hot topics in cnidarian research. EvoDevo 2023; 14:13. [PMID: 37620964 PMCID: PMC10463417 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-023-00217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The second annual Cnidarian Model Systems Meeting, aka "Cnidofest", took place in Davis, California from 7 to 10th of September, 2022. The meeting brought together scientists using cnidarians to study molecular and cellular biology, development and regeneration, evo-devo, neurobiology, symbiosis, physiology, and comparative genomics. The diversity of topics and species represented in presentations highlighted the importance and versatility of cnidarians in addressing a wide variety of biological questions. In keeping with the spirit of the first meeting (and its predecessor, Hydroidfest), almost 75% of oral presentations were given by early career researchers (i.e., graduate students and postdocs). In this review, we present research highlights from the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Gahan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paulyn Cartwright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Matthew L Nicotra
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Christine E Schnitzler
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Department of Biology, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | | | - Celina E Juliano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Wang Z, Marchetti MC, Brauns F. Patterning of morphogenetic anisotropy fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220167120. [PMID: 36947516 PMCID: PMC10068776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220167120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Orientational order, encoded in anisotropic fields, plays an important role during the development of an organism. A striking example of this is the freshwater polyp Hydra, where topological defects in the muscle fiber orientation have been shown to localize to key features of the body plan. This body plan is organized by morphogen concentration gradients, raising the question how muscle fiber orientation, morphogen gradients and body shape interact. Here, we introduce a minimal model that couples nematic orientational order to the gradient of a morphogen field. We show that on a planar surface, alignment to a radial concentration gradient can induce unbinding of topological defects, as observed during budding and tentacle formation in Hydra, and stabilize aster/vortex-like defects, as observed at a Hydra's mouth. On curved surfaces mimicking the morphologies of Hydra in various stages of development-from spheroid to adult-our model reproduces the experimentally observed reorganization of orientational order. Our results suggest how gradient alignment and curvature effects may work together to control orientational order during development and lay the foundations for future modeling efforts that will include the tissue mechanics that drive shape deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | | | - Fridtjof Brauns
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
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7
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siRNA-mediated gene knockdown via electroporation in hydrozoan jellyfish embryos. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16049. [PMID: 36180523 PMCID: PMC9525680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As the sister group to bilaterians, cnidarians stand in a unique phylogenetic position that provides insight into evolutionary aspects of animal development, physiology, and behavior. While cnidarians are classified into two types, sessile polyps and free-swimming medusae, most studies at the cellular and molecular levels have been conducted on representative polyp-type cnidarians and have focused on establishing techniques of genetic manipulation. Recently, gene knockdown by delivery of short hairpin RNAs into eggs via electroporation has been introduced in two polyp-type cnidarians, Nematostella vectensis and Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, enabling systematic loss-of-function experiments. By contrast, current methods of genetic manipulation for most medusa-type cnidarians, or jellyfish, are quite limited, except for Clytia hemisphaerica, and reliable techniques are required to interrogate function of specific genes in different jellyfish species. Here, we present a method to knock down target genes by delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) into fertilized eggs via electroporation, using the hydrozoan jellyfish, Clytia hemisphaerica and Cladonema paciificum. We show that siRNAs targeting endogenous GFP1 and Wnt3 in Clytia efficiently knock down gene expression and result in known planula phenotypes: loss of green fluorescence and defects in axial patterning, respectively. We also successfully knock down endogenous Wnt3 in Cladonema by siRNA electroporation, which circumvents the technical difficulty of microinjecting small eggs. Wnt3 knockdown in Cladonema causes gene expression changes in axial markers, suggesting a conserved Wnt/β-catenin-mediated pathway that controls axial polarity during embryogenesis. Our gene-targeting siRNA electroporation method is applicable to other animals, including and beyond jellyfish species, and will facilitate the investigation and understanding of myriad aspects of animal development.
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Shum CW, Nong W, So WL, Li Y, Qu Z, Yip HY, Swale T, Ang PO, Chan KM, Chan TF, Chu KH, Chui AP, Lau KF, Ngai SM, Xu F, Hui JH. Genome of the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida and transcriptome profiles during tentacle regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:900321. [PMID: 36072338 PMCID: PMC9444052 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.900321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians including sea anemones, corals, hydra, and jellyfishes are a group of animals well known for their regeneration capacity. However, how non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (also known as miRNAs) contribute to cnidarian tissue regeneration is poorly understood. Here, we sequenced and assembled the genome of the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida collected in Hong Kong waters. The assembled genome size of E. pallida is 229.21 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 10.58 Mb and BUSCO completeness of 91.1%, representing a significantly improved genome assembly of this species. The organization of ANTP-class homeobox genes in this anthozoan further supported the previous findings in jellyfishes, where most of these genes are mainly located on three scaffolds. Tentacles of E. pallida were excised, and both mRNA and miRNA were sequenced at 9 time points (0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, 1 day, 2, 3, 6, and 8 days) from regenerating tentacles. In addition to the Wnt signaling pathway and homeobox genes that are shown to be likely involved in tissue regeneration as in other cnidarians, we have shown that GLWamide neuropeptides, and for the first time sesquiterpenoid pathway genes could potentially be involved in the late phase of cnidarian tissue regeneration. The established sea anemone model will be useful for further investigation of biology and evolution in, and the effect of climate change on this important group of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl W.Y. Shum
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenyan Nong
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Lok So
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiqian Li
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhe Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Yin Yip
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas Swale
- Dovetail Genomics, Scotts Valley, CA, United States
| | - Put O. Ang
- Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - King Ming Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Hou Chu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Apple P.Y. Chui
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Ming Ngai
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Xu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jerome H.L. Hui
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Jerome H.L. Hui,
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9
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Plasticity of body axis polarity in Hydra regeneration under constraints. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13368. [PMID: 35922470 PMCID: PMC9349251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major events in animal morphogenesis is the emergence of a polar body axis. Here, we combine classic grafting techniques with live imaging to explore the plasticity of polarity determination during whole body regeneration in Hydra. Composite tissues are made by fusing two rings, excised from separate animals, in different configurations that vary in the polarity and original positions of the rings along the body axes of the parent animals. Under frustrating initial configurations, body axis polarity that is otherwise stably inherited from the parent animal, can become labile and even be reversed. Importantly, the site of head regeneration exhibits a strong bias toward the edges of the tissue, even when this involves polarity reversal. In particular, we observe head formation at an originally aboral tissue edge, which is not compatible with models of Hydra regeneration based only on preexisting morphogen gradients or an injury response. The site of the new head invariably contains an aster-like defect in the organization of the supra-cellular ectodermal actin fibers. While a defect is neither required nor sufficient for head formation, we show that the defect at the new head site can arise via different routes, either appearing directly following excision as the tissue seals at its edge or through de novo defect formation at the fusion site. Altogether, our results show that the emergence of a polar body axis depends on the original polarity and position of the excised tissues as well as structural factors, suggesting that axis determination is an integrated process that arises from the dynamic interplay of multiple biochemical and mechanical processes.
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Rathbun LI, Everett CA, Bergstralh DT. Emerging Cnidarian Models for the Study of Epithelial Polarity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:854373. [PMID: 35433674 PMCID: PMC9012326 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.854373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are vital to the function of most organs, providing critical functions such as secretion, protection, and absorption. Cells within an epithelial layer must coordinate to create functionally distinct apical, lateral, and basal surfaces in order to maintain proper organ function and organism viability. This is accomplished through the careful targeting of polarity factors to their respective locations within the cell, as well as the strategic placement of post-mitotic cells within the epithelium during tissue morphogenesis. The process of establishing and maintaining epithelial tissue integrity is conserved across many species, as important polarity factors and spindle orientation mechanisms can be found in many phyla. However, most of the information gathered about these processes and players has been investigated in bilaterian organisms such as C. elegans, Drosophila, and vertebrate species. This review discusses the advances made in the field of epithelial polarity establishment from more basal organisms, and the advantages to utilizing these simpler models. An increasing number of cnidarian model organisms have been sequenced in recent years, such as Hydra vulgaris and Nematostella vectensis. It is now feasible to investigate how polarity is established and maintained in basal organisms to gain an understanding of the most basal requirements for epithelial tissue morphogenesis.
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11
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Houliston E, Leclère L, Munro C, Copley RR, Momose T. Past, present and future of Clytia hemisphaerica as a laboratory jellyfish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 147:121-151. [PMID: 35337447 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The hydrozoan species Clytia hemisphaerica was selected in the mid-2000s to address the cellular and molecular basis of body axis specification in a cnidarian, providing a reliable daily source of gametes and building on a rich foundation of experimental embryology. The many practical advantages of this species include genetic uniformity of laboratory jellyfish, derived clonally from easily-propagated polyp colonies. Phylogenetic distance from other laboratory models adds value in providing an evolutionary perspective on many biological questions. Here we outline the current state of the art regarding available experimental approaches and in silico resources, and illustrate the contributions of Clytia to understanding embryo patterning mechanisms, oogenesis and regeneration. Looking forward, the recent establishment of transgenesis methods is now allowing gene function and imaging studies at adult stages, making Clytia particularly attractive for whole organism biology studies across fields and extending its scientific impact far beyond the original question of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Houliston
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), France.
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), France
| | - Catriona Munro
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Richard R Copley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), France
| | - Tsuyoshi Momose
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), France
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12
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Erofeeva TV, Grigorenko AP, Gusev FE, Kosevich IA, Rogaev EI. Studying of Molecular Regulation of Developmental Processes of Lower Metazoans Exemplified by Cnidaria Using High-Throughput Sequencing. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:269-293. [PMID: 35526848 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A unique set of features and characteristics of species of the Cnidaria phylum is the one reason that makes them a model for a various studies. The plasticity of a life cycle and the processes of cell differentiation and development of an integral multicellular organism associated with it are of a specific scientific interest. A new stage of development of molecular genetic methods, including methods for high-throughput genome, transcriptome, and epigenome sequencing, both at the level of the whole organism and at the level of individual cells, makes it possible to obtain a detailed picture of the development of these animals. This review examines some modern approaches and advances in the reconstruction of the processes of ontogenesis of cnidarians by studying the regulatory signal transduction pathways and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisia V Erofeeva
- Department Research Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Krasnodar Region, 354349, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anastasia P Grigorenko
- Department Research Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Krasnodar Region, 354349, Russia.
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Fedor E Gusev
- Department Research Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Krasnodar Region, 354349, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor A Kosevich
- Department Research Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Krasnodar Region, 354349, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Evgeny I Rogaev
- Department Research Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Krasnodar Region, 354349, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA 01545, USA
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13
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Shani-Zerbib L, Garion L, Maroudas-Sacks Y, Braun E, Keren K. Canalized Morphogenesis Driven by Inherited Tissue Asymmetries in Hydra Regeneration. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020360. [PMID: 35205404 PMCID: PMC8872179 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and stabilization of a body axis is a major step in animal morphogenesis, determining the symmetry of the body plan as well as its polarity. To advance our understanding of the emergence of body axis polarity, we study regenerating Hydra. Axis polarity is strongly memorized in Hydra regeneration even in small tissue segments. What type of processes confer this memory? To gain insight into the emerging polarity, we utilize frustrating initial conditions by studying regenerating tissue strips which fold into hollow spheroids by adhering their distal ends of opposite original polarities. Despite the convoluted folding process and the tissue rearrangements during regeneration, these tissue strips develop in a reproducible manner, preserving the original polarity and yielding an ordered body plan. These observations suggest that the integration of mechanical and biochemical processes supported by their mutual feedback attracts the tissue dynamics towards a well-defined developmental trajectory biased by weak inherited cues from the parent animal. Hydra thus provide an example of dynamic canalization in which the dynamic rules are instilled, but, in contrast to the classical picture, the detailed developmental trajectory does not unfold in a programmatic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Shani-Zerbib
- Department of Physics, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; (L.S.-Z.); (L.G.); (Y.M.-S.); (E.B.)
| | - Liora Garion
- Department of Physics, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; (L.S.-Z.); (L.G.); (Y.M.-S.); (E.B.)
| | - Yonit Maroudas-Sacks
- Department of Physics, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; (L.S.-Z.); (L.G.); (Y.M.-S.); (E.B.)
| | - Erez Braun
- Department of Physics, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; (L.S.-Z.); (L.G.); (Y.M.-S.); (E.B.)
- Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; (L.S.-Z.); (L.G.); (Y.M.-S.); (E.B.)
- Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wang X, Vannier J, Yang X, Leclère L, Ou Q, Song X, Komiya T, Han J. Muscle systems and motility of early animals highlighted by cnidarians from the basal Cambrian. eLife 2022; 11:74716. [PMID: 35098925 PMCID: PMC8837203 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fossil evidence suggests that various animal groups were able to move actively through their environment in the early stages of their evolution, virtually no direct information is available on the nature of their muscle systems. The origin of jellyfish swimming, for example, is of great interest to biologists. Exceptionally preserved muscles are described here in benthic peridermal olivooid medusozoans from the basal Cambrian of China (Kuanchuanpu Formation, ca. 535 Ma) that have direct equivalent in modern medusozoans. They consist of circular fibers distributed over the bell surface (subumbrella) and most probably have a myoepithelial origin. This is the oldest record of a muscle system in cnidarians and more generally in animals. This basic system was probably co-opted by early Cambrian jellyfish to develop capacities for jet-propelled swimming within the water column. Additional lines of fossil evidence obtained from ecdysozoans (worms and panarthropods) show that the muscle systems of early animals underwent a rapid diversification through the early Cambrian and increased their capacity to colonize a wide range of habitats both within the water column and sediment at a critical time of their evolutionary radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jean Vannier
- CNRS UMR 5276, Laboratoire de géologie de Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lucas Leclère
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Qiang Ou
- Early Life Evolution Laboratory, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xikun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tsuyoshi Komiya
- Department of Earth Science and Astronomy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jian Han
- Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Abstract
In his prominent book Regeneration (1901), T.H. Morgan's collected and synthesized theoretical and experimental findings from a diverse array of regenerating animals and plants. Through his endeavor, he introduced a new way to study regeneration and its evolution, setting a conceptual framework that still guides today's research and that embraces the contemporary evolutionary and developmental approaches.In the first part of the chapter, we summarize Morgan's major tenets and use it as a narrative thread to advocate interpreting regenerative biology through the theoretical tools provided by evolution and developmental biology, but also to highlight potential caveats resulting from the rapid proliferation of comparative studies and from the expansion of experimental laboratory models. In the second part, we review some experimental evo-devo approaches, highlighting their power and some of their interpretative dangers. Finally, in order to further understand the evolution of regenerative abilities, we portray an adaptive perspective on the evolution of regeneration and suggest a framework for investigating the adaptive nature of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Alié
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
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16
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Abrams MJ, Tan FH, Li Y, Basinger T, Heithe ML, Sarma A, Lee IT, Condiotte ZJ, Raffiee M, Dabiri JO, Gold DA, Goentoro L. A conserved strategy for inducing appendage regeneration in moon jellyfish, Drosophila, and mice. eLife 2021; 10:65092. [PMID: 34874003 PMCID: PMC8782573 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Can limb regeneration be induced? Few have pursued this question, and an evolutionarily conserved strategy has yet to emerge. This study reports a strategy for inducing regenerative response in appendages, which works across three species that span the animal phylogeny. In Cnidaria, the frequency of appendage regeneration in the moon jellyfish Aurelia was increased by feeding with the amino acid L-leucine and the growth hormone insulin. In insects, the same strategy induced tibia regeneration in adult Drosophila. Finally, in mammals, L-leucine and sucrose administration induced digit regeneration in adult mice, including dramatically from mid-phalangeal amputation. The conserved effect of L-leucine and insulin/sugar suggests a key role for energetic parameters in regeneration induction. The simplicity by which nutrient supplementation can induce appendage regeneration provides a testable hypothesis across animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Abrams
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Fayth Hui Tan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Yutian Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Ty Basinger
- Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, United States
| | - Martin L Heithe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Anish Sarma
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Iris T Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Zevin J Condiotte
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Misha Raffiee
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Paolo Alto, United States
| | - John O Dabiri
- Graduate Aerospace Laboratories and Mechanical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - David A Gold
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Lea Goentoro
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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17
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Chari T, Weissbourd B, Gehring J, Ferraioli A, Leclère L, Herl M, Gao F, Chevalier S, Copley RR, Houliston E, Anderson DJ, Pachter L. Whole-animal multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq reveals transcriptional shifts across Clytia medusa cell types. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh1683. [PMID: 34826233 PMCID: PMC8626072 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an organism-wide, transcriptomic cell atlas of the hydrozoan medusa Clytia hemisphaerica and describe how its component cell types respond to perturbation. Using multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing, in which individual animals were indexed and pooled from control and perturbation conditions into a single sequencing run, we avoid artifacts from batch effects and are able to discern shifts in cell state in response to organismal perturbations. This work serves as a foundation for future studies of development, function, and regeneration in a genetically tractable jellyfish species. Moreover, we introduce a powerful workflow for high-resolution, whole-animal, multiplexed single-cell genomics that is readily adaptable to other traditional or nontraditional model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Chari
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brandon Weissbourd
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jase Gehring
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna Ferraioli
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Makenna Herl
- University of New Hampshire School of Law, Concord, NH 03301, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Caltech Bioinformatics Resource Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sandra Chevalier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Richard R. Copley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - David J. Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lior Pachter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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18
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Weissbourd B, Momose T, Nair A, Kennedy A, Hunt B, Anderson DJ. A genetically tractable jellyfish model for systems and evolutionary neuroscience. Cell 2021; 184:5854-5868.e20. [PMID: 34822783 PMCID: PMC8629132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Jellyfish are radially symmetric organisms without a brain that arose more than 500 million years ago. They achieve organismal behaviors through coordinated interactions between autonomously functioning body parts. Jellyfish neurons have been studied electrophysiologically, but not at the systems level. We introduce Clytia hemisphaerica as a transparent, genetically tractable jellyfish model for systems and evolutionary neuroscience. We generate stable F1 transgenic lines for cell-type-specific conditional ablation and whole-organism GCaMP imaging. Using these tools and computational analyses, we find that an apparently diffuse network of RFamide-expressing umbrellar neurons is functionally subdivided into a series of spatially localized subassemblies whose synchronous activation controls directional food transfer from the tentacles to the mouth. These data reveal an unanticipated degree of structured neural organization in this species. Clytia affords a platform for systems-level studies of neural function, behavior, and evolution within a clade of marine organisms with growing ecological and economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Weissbourd
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 140-18, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Tsuyoshi Momose
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Aditya Nair
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 140-18, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ann Kennedy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 140-18, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bridgett Hunt
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 140-18, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - David J Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 140-18, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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19
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Parisi MG, Grimaldi A, Baranzini N, La Corte C, Dara M, Parrinello D, Cammarata M. Mesoglea Extracellular Matrix Reorganization during Regenerative Process in Anemonia viridis (Forskål, 1775). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5971. [PMID: 34073146 PMCID: PMC8198993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the anatomical simplicity and the extraordinary ability to regenerate missing parts of the body, Cnidaria represent an excellent model for the study of the mechanisms regulating regenerative processes. They possess the mesoglea, an amorphous and practically acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) located between the epidermis and the gastrodermis of the body and tentacles and consists of the same molecules present in the ECM of vertebrates, such as collagen, laminin, fibronectin and proteoglycans. This feature makes cnidarians anthozoans valid models for understanding the ECM role during regenerative processes. Indeed, it is now clear that its role in animal tissues is not just tissue support, but instead plays a key role during wound healing and tissue regeneration. This study aims to explore regenerative events after tentacle amputation in the Mediterranean anemone Anemonia viridis, focusing in detail on the reorganization of the ECM mesoglea. In this context, both enzymatic, biometric and histological experiments reveal how this gelatinous connective layer plays a fundamental role in the correct restoration of the original structures by modifying its consistency and stiffness. Indeed, through the deposition of collagen I, it might act as a scaffold and as a guide for the reconstruction of missing tissues and parts, such as amputated tentacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Claudia La Corte
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Mariano Dara
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
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20
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Fujita S, Kuranaga E, Nakajima YI. Regeneration Potential of Jellyfish: Cellular Mechanisms and Molecular Insights. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:758. [PMID: 34067753 PMCID: PMC8156412 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Medusozoans, the Cnidarian subphylum, have multiple life stages including sessile polyps and free-swimming medusae or jellyfish, which are typically bell-shaped gelatinous zooplanktons that exhibit diverse morphologies. Despite having a relatively complex body structure with well-developed muscles and nervous systems, the adult medusa stage maintains a high regenerative ability that enables organ regeneration as well as whole body reconstitution from the part of the body. This remarkable regeneration potential of jellyfish has long been acknowledged in different species; however, recent studies have begun dissecting the exact processes underpinning regeneration events. In this article, we introduce the current understanding of regeneration mechanisms in medusae, particularly focusing on cellular behaviors during regeneration such as wound healing, blastema formation by stem/progenitor cells or cell fate plasticity, and the organism-level patterning that restores radial symmetry. We also discuss putative molecular mechanisms involved in regeneration processes and introduce a variety of novel model jellyfish species in the effort to understand common principles and diverse mechanisms underlying the regeneration of complex organs and the entire body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Fujita
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan; (S.F.); (E.K.)
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan; (S.F.); (E.K.)
| | - Yu-ichiro Nakajima
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan; (S.F.); (E.K.)
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
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21
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Cazet JF, Cho A, Juliano CE. Generic injuries are sufficient to induce ectopic Wnt organizers in Hydra. eLife 2021; 10:60562. [PMID: 33779545 PMCID: PMC8049744 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During whole-body regeneration, a bisection injury can trigger two different types of regeneration. To understand the transcriptional regulation underlying this adaptive response, we characterized transcript abundance and chromatin accessibility during oral and aboral regeneration in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. We found that the initial response to amputation at both wound sites is identical and includes widespread apoptosis and the activation of the oral-specifying Wnt signaling pathway. By 8 hr post amputation, Wnt signaling became restricted to oral regeneration. Wnt pathway genes were also upregulated in puncture wounds, and these wounds induced the formation of ectopic oral structures if pre-existing organizers were simultaneously amputated. Our work suggests that oral patterning is activated as part of a generic injury response in Hydra, and that alternative injury outcomes are dependent on signals from the surrounding tissue. Furthermore, Wnt signaling is likely part of a conserved wound response predating the split of cnidarians and bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack F Cazet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Adrienne Cho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Celina E Juliano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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