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Leitão AB, Arunkumar R, Day JP, Hanna N, Devi A, Hayes MP, Jiggins FM. Recognition of nonself is necessary to activate Drosophila's immune response against an insect parasite. BMC Biol 2024; 22:89. [PMID: 38644510 PMCID: PMC11034056 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune responses can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger signals released by damaged tissues, or the absence of self-molecules that inhibit immunity. As PAMPs are typically conserved across broad groups of pathogens but absent from the host, it is unclear whether they allow hosts to recognize parasites that are phylogenetically similar to themselves, such as parasitoid wasps infecting insects. RESULTS Parasitoids must penetrate the cuticle of Drosophila larvae to inject their eggs. In line with previous results, we found that the danger signal of wounding triggers the differentiation of specialized immune cells called lamellocytes. However, using oil droplets to mimic infection by a parasitoid wasp egg, we found that this does not activate the melanization response. This aspect of the immune response also requires exposure to parasite molecules. The unidentified factor enhances the transcriptional response in hemocytes and induces a specific response in the fat body. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a combination of danger signals and the recognition of nonself molecules is required to activate Drosophila's immune response against parasitic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B Leitão
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | - Jonathan P Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nancy Hanna
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aarathi Devi
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew P Hayes
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Rolandelli A, Laukaitis-Yousey HJ, Bogale HN, Singh N, Samaddar S, O'Neal AJ, Ferraz CR, Butnaru M, Mameli E, Xia B, Mendes MT, Butler LR, Marnin L, Cabrera Paz FE, Valencia LM, Rana VS, Skerry C, Pal U, Mohr SE, Perrimon N, Serre D, Pedra JHF. Tick hemocytes have a pleiotropic role in microbial infection and arthropod fitness. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2117. [PMID: 38459063 PMCID: PMC10923820 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the complexity of systems in non-model organisms is critical for understanding arthropod immunology. Prior efforts have mostly focused on Dipteran insects, which only account for a subset of existing arthropod species in nature. Here we use and develop advanced techniques to describe immune cells (hemocytes) from the clinically relevant tick Ixodes scapularis at a single-cell resolution. We observe molecular alterations in hemocytes upon feeding and infection with either the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi or the rickettsial agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We reveal hemocyte clusters exhibiting defined signatures related to immunity, metabolism, and proliferation. Depletion of phagocytic hemocytes affects hemocytin and astakine levels, two I. scapularis hemocyte markers, impacting blood-feeding, molting behavior, and bacterial acquisition. Mechanistically, astakine alters hemocyte proliferation, whereas hemocytin affects the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in I. scapularis. Altogether, we discover a role for tick hemocytes in immunophysiology and provide a valuable resource for comparative biology in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Rolandelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hanna J Laukaitis-Yousey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haikel N Bogale
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Rancho BioSciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University; Knowledge Corridor, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sourabh Samaddar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anya J O'Neal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Camila R Ferraz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Butnaru
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Enzo Mameli
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baolong Xia
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Tays Mendes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Rainer Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liron Marnin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francy E Cabrera Paz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luisa M Valencia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vipin S Rana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ciaran Skerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - David Serre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Sun LN, Meng JY, Wang Z, Lin SY, Shen J, Yan S. Research progress of aphid immunity system: Potential effective target for green pest management. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38415382 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Due to the absence of acquired immunity, insects primarily rely on their innate immune system to resist pathogenic microorganisms and parasitoids in natural habitats. This innate immune system can be classified into cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Cellular immunity is mediated by hemocytes, which perform phagocytosis, aggregation, and encapsulation to fight against invaders, whereas the humoral immunity primarily activates the immune signaling pathways and induces the generation of immune effectors. Existing studies have revealed that the hemipteran aphids lack some crucial immune genes compared to other insect species, indicating the different immune mechanisms in aphids. The current review summarizes the adverse impacts of pathogenic microorganisms and parasitoids on aphids, introduces the cellular and humoral immune systems in insects, and analyzes the differences between aphids and other insect species. Furthermore, our review also discussed the existing prospects and challenges in aphid immunity research, and proposed the potential application of immune genes in green pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Sun
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Yu Meng
- Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute, Guiyang, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Yang Lin
- Pu'er Agricultural Science Research Institute, Pu'er, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Zhou SO, Arunkumar R, Irfan A, Ding SD, Leitão AB, Jiggins FM. The evolution of constitutively active humoral immune defenses in Drosophila populations under high parasite pressure. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011729. [PMID: 38206983 PMCID: PMC10807768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Both constitutive and inducible immune mechanisms are employed by hosts for defense against infection. Constitutive immunity allows for a faster response, but it comes with an associated cost that is always present. This trade-off between speed and fitness costs leads to the theoretical prediction that constitutive immunity will be favored where parasite exposure is frequent. We selected populations of Drosophila melanogaster under high parasite pressure from the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi. With RNA sequencing, we found the evolution of resistance in these populations was associated with them developing constitutively active humoral immunity, mediated by the larval fat body. Furthermore, these evolved populations were also able to induce gene expression in response to infection to a greater level, which indicates an overall more activated humoral immune response to parasitization. The anti-parasitoid immune response also relies on the JAK/STAT signaling pathway being activated in muscles following infection, and this induced response was only seen in populations that had evolved under high parasite pressure. We found that the cytokine Upd3, which induces this JAK/STAT response, is being expressed by immature lamellocytes. Furthermore, these immune cells became constitutively present when populations evolved resistance, potentially explaining why they gained the ability to activate JAK/STAT signaling. Thus, under intense parasitism, populations evolved resistance by increasing both constitutive and induced immune defenses, and there is likely an interplay between these two forms of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Olivia Zhou
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Arunkumar
- Section of population genetics, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Amina Irfan
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandre B. Leitão
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre of the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francis M. Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Sun C, Shao Y, Iqbal J. Insect Insights at the Single-Cell Level: Technologies and Applications. Cells 2023; 13:91. [PMID: 38201295 PMCID: PMC10777908 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-cell techniques are a promising way to unravel the complexity and heterogeneity of transcripts at the cellular level and to reveal the composition of different cell types and functions in a tissue or organ. In recent years, advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have further changed our view of biological systems. The application of scRNA-seq in insects enables the comprehensive characterization of both common and rare cell types and cell states, the discovery of new cell types, and revealing how cell types relate to each other. The recent application of scRNA-seq techniques to insect tissues has led to a number of exciting discoveries. Here we provide an overview of scRNA-seq and its application in insect research, focusing on biological applications, current challenges, and future opportunities to make new discoveries with scRNA-seq in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Cinege G, Magyar LB, Kovács H, Varga V, Bodai L, Zsindely N, Nagy G, Hegedűs Z, Hultmark D, Andó I. Distinctive features of Zaprionus indianus hemocyte differentiation and function revealed by transcriptomic analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1322381. [PMID: 38187383 PMCID: PMC10768004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1322381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Insects have specialized cell types that participate in the elimination of parasites, for instance, the lamellocytes of the broadly studied species Drosophila melanogaster. Other drosophilids, such as Drosophila ananassae and the invasive Zaprionus indianus, have multinucleated giant hemocytes, a syncytium of blood cells that participate in the encapsulation of the eggs or larvae of parasitoid wasps. These cells can be formed by the fusion of hemocytes in circulation or originate from the lymph gland. Their ultrastructure highly resembles that of the mammalian megakaryocytes. Methods Morphological, protein expressional, and functional features of blood cells were revealed using epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. The respective hemocyte subpopulations were identified using monoclonal antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence assays. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Escherichia coli bacteria were used in phagocytosis tests. Gene expression analysis was performed following mRNA sequencing of blood cells. Results D. ananassae and Z. indianus encapsulate foreign particles with the involvement of multinucleated giant hemocytes and mount a highly efficient immune response against parasitoid wasps. Morphological, protein expressional, and functional assays of Z. indianus blood cells suggested that these cells could be derived from large plasmatocytes, a unique cell type developing specifically after parasitoid wasp infection. Transcriptomic analysis of blood cells, isolated from naïve and wasp-infected Z. indianus larvae, revealed several differentially expressed genes involved in signal transduction, cell movements, encapsulation of foreign targets, energy production, and melanization, suggesting their role in the anti-parasitoid response. A large number of genes that encode proteins associated with coagulation and wound healing, such as phenoloxidase activity factor-like proteins, fibrinogen-related proteins, lectins, and proteins involved in the differentiation and function of platelets, were constitutively expressed. The remarkable ultrastructural similarities between giant hemocytes and mammalian megakaryocytes, and presence of platelets, and giant cell-derived anucleated fragments at wound sites hint at the involvement of this cell subpopulation in wound healing processes, in addition to participation in the encapsulation reaction. Conclusion Our observations provide insights into the broad repertoire of blood cell functions required for efficient defense reactions to maintain the homeostasis of the organism. The analysis of the differentiation and function of multinucleated giant hemocytes gives an insight into the diversification of the immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyöngyi Cinege
- Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla B. Magyar
- Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Kovács
- Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Varga
- Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Bodai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra Zsindely
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegedűs
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dan Hultmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - István Andó
- Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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7
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Leitão AB, Geldman EM, Jiggins FM. Activation of immune defences against parasitoid wasps does not underlie the cost of infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275923. [PMID: 38130722 PMCID: PMC10733856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites reduce the fitness of their hosts, and different causes of this damage have fundamentally different consequences for the evolution of immune defences. Damage to the host may result from the parasite directly harming its host, often due to the production of virulence factors that manipulate host physiology. Alternatively, the host may be harmed by the activation of its own immune defences, as these can be energetically demanding or cause self-harm. A well-studied model of the cost of infection is Drosophila melanogaster and its common natural enemy, parasitoid wasps. Infected Drosophila larvae rely on humoral and cellular immune mechanisms to form a capsule around the parasitoid egg and kill it. Infection results in a developmental delay and reduced adult body size. To disentangle the effects of virulence factors and immune defences on these costs, we artificially activated anti-parasitoid immune defences in the absence of virulence factors. Despite immune activation triggering extensive differentiation and proliferation of immune cells together with hyperglycaemia, it did not result in a developmental delay or reduced body size. We conclude that the costs of infection do not result from these aspects of the immune response and may instead result from the parasite directly damaging the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B. Leitão
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Progamme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emma M. Geldman
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francis M. Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Yoon SH, Cho B, Lee D, Kim H, Shim J, Nam JW. Molecular traces of Drosophila hemocytes reveal transcriptomic conservation with vertebrate myeloid cells. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011077. [PMID: 38113249 PMCID: PMC10763942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila hemocytes serve as the primary defense system against harmful threats, allowing the animals to thrive. Hemocytes are often compared to vertebrate innate immune system cells due to the observed functional similarities between the two. However, the similarities have primarily been established based on a limited number of genes and their functional homologies. Thus, a systematic analysis using transcriptomic data could offer novel insights into Drosophila hemocyte function and provide new perspectives on the evolution of the immune system. Here, we performed cross-species comparative analyses using single-cell RNA sequencing data from Drosophila and vertebrate immune cells. We found several conserved markers for the cluster of differentiation (CD) genes in Drosophila hemocytes and validated the role of CG8501 (CD59) in phagocytosis by plasmatocytes, which function much like macrophages in vertebrates. By comparing whole transcriptome profiles in both supervised and unsupervised analyses, we showed that Drosophila hemocytes are largely homologous to vertebrate myeloid cells, especially plasmatocytes to monocytes/macrophages and prohemocyte 1 (PH1) to hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, a small subset of prohemocytes with hematopoietic potential displayed homology with hematopoietic progenitor populations in vertebrates. Overall, our results provide a deeper understanding of molecular conservation in the Drosophila immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Yoon
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Advanced BioConvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio-BigData Research Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumsik Cho
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewon Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanji Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Advanced BioConvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio-BigData Research Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wu Nam
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Advanced BioConvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio-BigData Research Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Khalili D, Mohammed M, Kunc M, Sindlerova M, Ankarklev J, Theopold U. Single-cell sequencing of tumor-associated macrophages in a Drosophila model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1243797. [PMID: 37795097 PMCID: PMC10546068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor-associated macrophages may act to either limit or promote tumor growth, yet the molecular basis for either path is poorly characterized. Methods We use a larval Drosophila model that expresses a dominant-active version of the Ras-oncogene (RasV12) to study dysplastic growth during early tumor progression. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of macrophage-like hemocytes to characterize these cells in tumor- compared to wild-type larvae. Hemocytes included manually extracted tumor-associated- and circulating cells. Results and discussion We identified five distinct hemocyte clusters. In addition to RasV12 larvae, we included a tumor model where the activation of effector caspases was inhibited, mimicking an apoptosis-resistant setting. Circulating hemocytes from both tumor models differ qualitatively from control wild-type cells-they display an enrichment for genes involved in cell division, which was confirmed using proliferation assays. Split analysis of the tumor models further reveals that proliferation is strongest in the caspase-deficient setting. Similarly, depending on the tumor model, hemocytes that attach to tumors activate different sets of immune effectors-antimicrobial peptides dominate the response against the tumor alone, while caspase inhibition induces a shift toward members of proteolytic cascades. Finally, we provide evidence for transcript transfer between hemocytes and possibly other tissues. Taken together, our data support the usefulness of Drosophila to study the response against tumors at the organismic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Khalili
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mubasher Mohammed
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Kunc
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martina Sindlerova
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ankarklev
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Theopold
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Hirschhäuser A, Molitor D, Salinas G, Großhans J, Rust K, Bogdan S. Single-cell transcriptomics identifies new blood cell populations in Drosophila released at the onset of metamorphosis. Development 2023; 150:dev201767. [PMID: 37681301 PMCID: PMC10560556 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila blood cells called hemocytes form an efficient barrier against infections and tissue damage. During metamorphosis, hemocytes undergo tremendous changes in their shape and behavior, preparing them for tissue clearance. Yet, the diversity and functional plasticity of pupal blood cells have not been explored. Here, we combine single-cell transcriptomics and high-resolution microscopy to dissect the heterogeneity and plasticity of pupal hemocytes. We identified undifferentiated and specified hemocytes with different molecular signatures associated with distinct functions such as antimicrobial, antifungal immune defense, cell adhesion or secretion. Strikingly, we identified a highly migratory and immune-responsive pupal cell population expressing typical markers of the posterior signaling center (PSC), which is known to be an important niche in the larval lymph gland. PSC-like cells become restricted to the abdominal segments and are morphologically very distinct from typical Hemolectin (Hml)-positive plasmatocytes. G-TRACE lineage experiments further suggest that PSC-like cells can transdifferentiate to lamellocytes triggered by parasitoid wasp infestation. In summary, we present the first molecular description of pupal Drosophila blood cells, providing insights into blood cell functional diversification and plasticity during pupal metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hirschhäuser
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps University Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Darius Molitor
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps University Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit, Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Department of Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Rust
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps University Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps University Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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11
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Xin F, Zhang X. Hallmarks of crustacean immune hemocytes at single-cell resolution. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1121528. [PMID: 36761772 PMCID: PMC9902875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In invertebrates, hemocytes are the key factors in innate immunity. However, the types of invertebrate immune hemocytes are unclassified due to the limitation of morphological classification. To determine the immune hemocytes of crustaceans, the heterogeneity of hemocytes of shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus and crayfish Procambarus clarkii, two representative crustacean species, were characterized in this study. The results of single-cell RNA sequencing indicated that shrimp and crayfish contained 11 and 12 types of hemocytes, respectively. Each of different types of hemocytes specifically expressed the potential marker genes. Based on the responses of shrimp and crayfish to the infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and the challenge of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), four types of immune hemocytes of crustaceans were classified, including semi-granular hemocytes involved in antimicrobial peptide production, granular hemocytes responsible for the production of antimicrobial peptides, hemocytes related to cell proliferation and hemocytes in immunity-activated state. Therefore, our study provided the first classification of crustacean hemocytes as well as of immune hemocytes of crustaceans at the single-cell resolution, which would be helpful to understand the innate immunity of invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xin
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaobo Zhang,
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12
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Ding SD, Leitão AB, Day JP, Arunkumar R, Phillips M, Zhou SO, Jiggins FM. Trans-regulatory changes underpin the evolution of the Drosophila immune response. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010453. [PMID: 36342922 PMCID: PMC9671443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When an animal is infected, the expression of a large suite of genes is changed, resulting in an immune response that can defend the host. Despite much evidence that the sequence of proteins in the immune system can evolve rapidly, the evolution of gene expression is comparatively poorly understood. We therefore investigated the transcriptional response to parasitoid wasp infection in Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia. Although these species are closely related, there has been a large scale divergence in the expression of immune-responsive genes in their two main immune tissues, the fat body and hemocytes. Many genes, including those encoding molecules that directly kill pathogens, have cis regulatory changes, frequently resulting in large differences in their expression in the two species. However, these changes in cis regulation overwhelmingly affected gene expression in immune-challenged and uninfected animals alike. Divergence in the response to infection was controlled in trans. We argue that altering trans-regulatory factors, such as signalling pathways or immune modulators, may allow natural selection to alter the expression of large numbers of immune-responsive genes in a coordinated fashion. A fundamental question in biology is the nature of the genetic changes underlying evolutionary change, and immune systems provide an ideal system to examine this as they tend to evolve fast as animals adapt to an ever-changing array of parasites and pathogens. Comparing two species of the fruit fly Drosophila, we found that the transcriptional response to infection evolves extremely fast. However, changes in cis (where the genetic change is on the same DNA molecule as the gene in question) and trans (where the genetic change can be elsewhere in the genome) are playing different roles. Changes in cis frequently caused large differences in immune gene expression between species, but these differences were seen regardless of whether the animal was infected. In contrast, changes in trans were responsible for altering how gene expression changes in response to infection. Immune responses are complex and multifaceted, requiring the expression of many genes to be altered in a tightly regulated manner when the animal is infected. Natural selection acting on trans regulatory factors may allow the expression of many downstream genes to be altered in a coordinated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre B. Leitão
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jonathan P. Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Arunkumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Phillips
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shuyu Olivia Zhou
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francis M. Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Arch M, Vidal M, Koiffman R, Melkie ST, Cardona PJ. Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study innate immune memory. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:991678. [PMID: 36338030 PMCID: PMC9630750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.991678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, research regarding innate immune responses has gained increasing importance. A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the innate arm of the immune system could show memory traits. Such traits are thought to be conserved throughout evolution and provide a survival advantage. Several models are available to study these mechanisms. Among them, we find the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This non-mammalian model has been widely used for innate immune research since it naturally lacks an adaptive response. Here, we aim to review the latest advances in the study of the memory mechanisms of the innate immune response using this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arch
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Romina Koiffman
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- UCBL, UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Solomon Tibebu Melkie
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- UCBL, UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Hultmark D, Andó I. Hematopoietic plasticity mapped in Drosophila and other insects. eLife 2022; 11:78906. [PMID: 35920811 PMCID: PMC9348853 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocytes, similar to vertebrate blood cells, play important roles in insect development and immunity, but it is not well understood how they perform their tasks. New technology, in particular single-cell transcriptomic analysis in combination with Drosophila genetics, may now change this picture. This review aims to make sense of recently published data, focusing on Drosophila melanogaster and comparing to data from other drosophilids, the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Basically, the new data support the presence of a few major classes of hemocytes: (1) a highly heterogenous and plastic class of professional phagocytes with many functions, called plasmatocytes in Drosophila and granular cells in other insects. (2) A conserved class of cells that control melanin deposition around parasites and wounds, called crystal cells in D. melanogaster, and oenocytoids in other insects. (3) A new class of cells, the primocytes, so far only identified in D. melanogaster. They are related to cells of the so-called posterior signaling center of the larval hematopoietic organ, which controls the hematopoiesis of other hemocytes. (4) Different kinds of specialized cells, like the lamellocytes in D. melanogaster, for the encapsulation of parasites. These cells undergo rapid evolution, and the homology relationships between such cells in different insects are uncertain. Lists of genes expressed in the different hemocyte classes now provide a solid ground for further investigation of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hultmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - István Andó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Innate Immunity Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Hanson MA, Kondo S, Lemaitre B. Drosophila immunity: the Drosocin gene encodes two host defence peptides with pathogen-specific roles. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220773. [PMID: 35730150 PMCID: PMC9233930 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key to defence against infection in plants and animals. Use of AMP mutations in Drosophila has now revealed that AMPs can additively or synergistically contribute to defence in vivo. However, these studies also revealed high specificity, wherein just one AMP contributes an outsized role in combatting a specific pathogen. Here, we show the Drosocin locus (CG10816) is more complex than previously described. In addition to its namesake peptide 'Drosocin', it encodes a second mature peptide from a precursor via furin cleavage. This peptide corresponds to the previously uncharacterized 'Immune-induced Molecule 7'. A polymorphism (Thr52Ala) in the Drosocin precursor protein previously masked the identification of this peptide, which we name 'Buletin'. Using mutations differently affecting Drosocin and Buletin, we show that only Drosocin contributes to Drosocin gene-mediated defence against Enterobacter cloacae. Strikingly, we observed that Buletin, but not Drosocin, contributes to the Drosocin gene-mediated defence against Providencia burhodogranariea, including an importance of the Thr52Ala polymorphism for survival. Our study reveals that the Drosocin gene encodes two prominent host defence peptides with different specificity against distinct pathogens. This finding emphasizes the complexity of the Drosophila humoral response and demonstrates how natural polymorphisms can affect host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Hanson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S. Kondo
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - B. Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Kamiyama T, Shimada-Niwa Y, Tanaka H, Katayama M, Kuwabara T, Mori H, Kunihisa A, Itoh T, Toyoda A, Niwa R. Whole-genome sequencing analysis and protocol for RNA interference of the endoparasitoid wasp Asobara japonica. DNA Res 2022; 29:6605221. [PMID: 35686927 PMCID: PMC9233498 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asobara japonica is an endoparasitic wasp that parasitizes Drosophila flies. It synthesizes various toxic components in the venom gland and injects them into host larvae during oviposition. To identify and characterize these toxic components for enabling parasitism, we performed the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and devised a protocol for RNA interference (RNAi) with A. japonica. Because it has a parthenogenetic lineage due to Wolbachia infection, we generated a clonal strain from a single wasp to obtain highly homogenous genomic DNA. The WGS analysis revealed that the estimated genome size was 322 Mb with a heterozygosity of 0.132%. We also performed RNA-seq analyses for gene annotation. Based on the qualified WGS platform, we cloned ebony-Aj, which encodes the enzyme N-β-alanyl dopamine synthetase, which is involved in melanin production. The microinjection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting ebony-Aj led to body colour changes in adult wasps, phenocopying ebony-Dm mutants. Furthermore, we identified putative venom genes as a target of RNAi, confirming that dsRNA injection-based RNAi specifically suppressed the expression of the target gene in wasp adults. Taken together, our results provide a powerful genetic toolkit for studying the molecular mechanisms of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kamiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimada-Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Minami Katayama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kuwabara
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoha Mori
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Akari Kunihisa
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics , Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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17
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Wertheim B. Adaptations and counter-adaptations in Drosophila host-parasitoid interactions: advances in the molecular mechanisms. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 51:100896. [PMID: 35240335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Both hosts and parasitoids evolved a diverse array of traits and strategies for their antagonistic interactions, affecting their chances of encounter, attack and survival after parasitoid attack. This review summarizes the recent progress that has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of these adaptations and counter-adaptations in various Drosophila host-parasitoid interactions. For the hosts, it focuses on the neurobiological and genetic control of strategies in Drosophila adults and larvae of avoidance or escape behaviours upon sensing the parasitoids, and the immunological defences involving diverse classes of haemocytes. For the parasitoids, it highlights their behavioural strategies in host finding, as well as the rich variety of venom components that evolved and were partially acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Recent studies revealed the mechanisms by which these venom components manipulate their parasitized hosts in exhibiting escape behaviour to avoid superparasitism, and their counter-strategies to evade or obstruct the hosts' immunological defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Ahlawat N, Geeta Arun M, Maggu K, Prasad NG. Enemies make you stronger: Coevolution between fruit fly host and bacterial pathogen increases postinfection survivorship in the host. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9563-9574. [PMID: 34306643 PMCID: PMC8293768 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple laboratory studies have evolved hosts against a nonevolving pathogen to address questions about evolution of immune responses. However, an ecologically more relevant scenario is one where hosts and pathogens can coevolve. Such coevolution between the antagonists, depending on the mutual selection pressure and additive variance in the respective populations, can potentially lead to a different pattern of evolution in the hosts compared to a situation where the host evolves against a nonevolving pathogen. In the present study, we used Drosophila melanogaster as the host and Pseudomonas entomophila as the pathogen. We let the host populations either evolve against a nonevolving pathogen or coevolve with the same pathogen. We found that the coevolving hosts on average evolved higher survivorship against the coevolving pathogen and ancestral (nonevolving) pathogen relative to the hosts evolving against a nonevolving pathogen. The coevolving pathogens evolved greater ability to induce host mortality even in nonlocal (novel) hosts compared to infection by an ancestral (nonevolving) pathogen. Thus, our results clearly show that the evolved traits in the host and the pathogen under coevolution can be different from one-sided adaptation. In addition, our results also show that the coevolving host-pathogen interactions can involve certain general mechanisms in the pathogen, leading to increased mortality induction in nonlocal or novel hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetika Ahlawat
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliMohaliIndia
| | - Manas Geeta Arun
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliMohaliIndia
| | - Komal Maggu
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliMohaliIndia
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliMohaliIndia
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19
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Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals a potential mechanism for host nutritional manipulation after parasitization by Leptopilina boulardi. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100862. [PMID: 34120097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids have been extensively found to manipulate nutrient amounts of their hosts to benefit their own development and survival, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Leptopilina boulardi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) is a larval-pupal endoparasitoid wasp of Drosophila melanogaster whose survival relies on the nutrients provided by its Drosophila host. Here, we used RNA-seq to compare the gene expression levels of the host midgut at 24 h and 48 h post L. boulardi parasitization. We obtained 95 and 191 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the parasitized host midgut at 24 h and 48 h post L. boulardi parasitization, respectively. A KEGG analysis revealed that several metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in the upregulated DEGs, and these pathways included "starch and sucrose metabolism" and "galactose metabolism". A functional annotation analysis showed that four classes of genes involved in carbohydrate digestion process had increased expression levels in the midgut post L.boulardi parasitization than nonparasitized groups: glucosidase, mannosidase, chitinase and amylase. Genes involved in protein digestion process were also found among the DEGs, and most of these genes, which belonged to the metallopeptidase and serine-type endopeptidase families, were found at higher expression levels in the parasitized host midgut comparing with nonparasitized hosts. Moreover, some immune genes, particularly those involved in the Toll and Imd pathways, also exhibited high expression levels after L.boulardi parasitization. Our study provides large-scale transcriptome data and identifies sets of DEGs between parasitized and nonparasitized host midgut tissues at 24 h and 48 h post L. boulardi parasitization. These resources help improve our understanding of how parasitoid infection affects the nutrient components in the hosts.
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20
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Rodrigues D, Renaud Y, VijayRaghavan K, Waltzer L, Inamdar MS. Differential activation of JAK-STAT signaling reveals functional compartmentalization in Drosophila blood progenitors. eLife 2021; 10:61409. [PMID: 33594977 PMCID: PMC7920551 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood cells arise from diverse pools of stem and progenitor cells. Understanding progenitor heterogeneity is a major challenge. The Drosophila larval lymph gland is a well-studied model to understand blood progenitor maintenance and recapitulates several aspects of vertebrate hematopoiesis. However in-depth analysis has focused on the anterior lobe progenitors (AP), ignoring the posterior progenitors (PP) from the posterior lobes. Using in situ expression mapping and developmental and transcriptome analysis, we reveal PP heterogeneity and identify molecular-genetic tools to study this abundant progenitor population. Functional analysis shows that PP resist differentiation upon immune challenge, in a JAK-STAT-dependent manner. Upon wasp parasitism, AP downregulate JAK-STAT signaling and form lamellocytes. In contrast, we show that PP activate STAT92E and remain undifferentiated, promoting survival. Stat92E knockdown or genetically reducing JAK-STAT signaling permits PP lamellocyte differentiation. We discuss how heterogeneity and compartmentalization allow functional segregation in response to systemic cues and could be widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodrigues
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India.,National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yoan Renaud
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lucas Waltzer
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maneesha S Inamdar
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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21
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Leitão AB, Arunkumar R, Day JP, Geldman EM, Morin-Poulard I, Crozatier M, Jiggins FM. Constitutive activation of cellular immunity underlies the evolution of resistance to infection in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:59095. [PMID: 33357377 PMCID: PMC7785293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms rely on inducible and constitutive immune defences to combat infection. Constitutive immunity enables a rapid response to infection but may carry a cost for uninfected individuals, leading to the prediction that it will be favoured when infection rates are high. When we exposed populations of Drosophila melanogaster to intense parasitism by the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi, they evolved resistance by developing a more reactive cellular immune response. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that immune-inducible genes had become constitutively upregulated. This was the result of resistant larvae differentiating precursors of specialized immune cells called lamellocytes that were previously only produced after infection. Therefore, populations evolved resistance by genetically hard-wiring the first steps of an induced immune response to become constitutive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B Leitão
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Arunkumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M Geldman
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ismaël Morin-Poulard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michèle Crozatier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Francis M Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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