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Shubhanjali S, Mohapatra T, Khan R, Dixit M. Unveiling FRG1's DNA repair role in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19371. [PMID: 39169067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The FRG1(FSHD region gene 1) gene has emerged as a pivotal tumor suppressor in both breast and prostate cancer. HPF1 (Histone PARylation Factor 1), a gene crucial in the base excision repair (BER) mechanism for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) lesions, showcases a robust correlation with FRG1. This implies that FRG1 might have the capacity to influence BER via HPF1, potentially playing a role in tumorigenesis. Using a comprehensive approach that integrates in-silico analyses involving differential gene expression, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), GO (Gene Ontology), and STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) databases, we unravelled the intricate network of genes and pathways influenced by FRG1, which includes BER. Our linear regression analysis unveiled a positive relationship between FRG1 and key genes crucial for BER. Notably, breast cancer patients with low FRG1 expression exhibited a significantly higher frequency of mutation in TP53. To enhance the accuracy of our analysis, we conducted qRT-PCR assays, which demonstrated that FRG1 affects the transcription of DNA base excision repair genes, showing differential expression in breast cancer cells. Moreover, through the Alkaline Comet Assay, a technique that quantifies DNA damage at the single-cell level, we observed diminished DNA repair capabilities when FRG1 levels are low. Risk scores were calculated using the Cox regression coefficients, and we found notable differences in Overall Survival (OS) and mRNA expression of DEGs in the low and high-risk groups. In summary, our findings shed light on the pivotal role of FRG1 in maintaining DNA repair efficiency within breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhanjali Shubhanjali
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Room No. 204, PO: Jatani, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Talina Mohapatra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Room No. 204, PO: Jatani, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Manjusha Dixit
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Room No. 204, PO: Jatani, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Silva NT, Ramírez-Buriticá J, Pritchett DL, Carey MR. Climbing fibers provide essential instructive signals for associative learning. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:940-951. [PMID: 38565684 PMCID: PMC11088996 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Supervised learning depends on instructive signals that shape the output of neural circuits to support learned changes in behavior. Climbing fiber (CF) inputs to the cerebellar cortex represent one of the strongest candidates in the vertebrate brain for conveying neural instructive signals. However, recent studies have shown that Purkinje cell stimulation can also drive cerebellar learning and the relative importance of these two neuron types in providing instructive signals for cerebellum-dependent behaviors remains unresolved. In the present study we used cell-type-specific perturbations of various cerebellar circuit elements to systematically evaluate their contributions to delay eyeblink conditioning in mice. Our findings reveal that, although optogenetic stimulation of either CFs or Purkinje cells can drive learning under some conditions, even subtle reductions in CF signaling completely block learning to natural stimuli. We conclude that CFs and corresponding Purkinje cell complex spike events provide essential instructive signals for associative cerebellar learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tatiana Silva
- Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Dominique L Pritchett
- Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Biology Department, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Megan R Carey
- Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Cooper CP, Cheng L, Bhatti J, Melendez ER, Huell D, Banuelos C, Perez E, Long JM, Rapp PR. Cerebellum Purkinje cell vulnerability in aged rats with memory impairment. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25610. [PMID: 38605461 PMCID: PMC11027960 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in higher order cognitive function and is susceptible to age-related atrophy. However, limited evidence has directly examined the cerebellum's role in cognitive aging. To interrogate potential substrates of the relationship between cerebellar structure and memory in aging, here we target the Purkinje cells (PCs). The sole output neurons of the cerebellum, PC loss and/or degeneration underlie a variety of behavioral abnormalities. Using a rat model of normal cognitive aging, we immunostained sections through the cerebellum for the PC-specific protein, calbindin-D28k. Although morphometric quantification revealed no significant difference in total PC number as a function of age or cognitive status, regional cell number was a more robust correlate of memory performance in the young cerebellum than in aged animals. Parallel biochemical analysis of PC-specific protein levels in whole cerebellum additionally revealed that calbindin-D28k and Purkinje cell protein-2 (pcp-2) levels were lower selectively in aged rats with spatial memory impairment compared to both young animals and aged rats with intact memory. These results suggest that cognitive aging is associated with cerebellum vulnerability, potentially reflecting disruption of the cerebellum-medial temporal lobe network.
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Affiliation(s)
- C’iana P. Cooper
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liam Cheng
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jafar Bhatti
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward R. Melendez
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Derek Huell
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cristina Banuelos
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Evelyn Perez
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey M. Long
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter R. Rapp
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
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4
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Larry N, Zur G, Joshua M. Organization of reward and movement signals in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2119. [PMID: 38459003 PMCID: PMC10923830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are major subcortical structures in the motor system. The basal ganglia have been cast as the reward center of the motor system, whereas the cerebellum is thought to be involved in adjusting sensorimotor parameters. Recent findings of reward signals in the cerebellum have challenged this dichotomous view. To compare the basal ganglia and the cerebellum directly, we recorded from oculomotor regions in both structures from the same monkeys. We partitioned the trial-by-trial variability of the neurons into reward and eye-movement signals to compare the coding across structures. Reward expectation and movement signals were the most pronounced in the output structure of the basal ganglia, intermediate in the cerebellum, and the smallest in the input structure of the basal ganglia. These findings suggest that reward and movement information is sharpened through the basal ganglia, resulting in a higher signal-to-noise ratio than in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Larry
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Gil Zur
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mati Joshua
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Chen CH, Newman LN, Stark AP, Bond KE, Zhang D, Nardone S, Vanderburg CR, Nadaf NM, Yao Z, Mutume K, Flaquer I, Lowell BB, Macosko EZ, Regehr WG. A Purkinje cell to parabrachial nucleus pathway enables broad cerebellar influence over the forebrain. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1929-1941. [PMID: 37919612 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its motor functions, the cerebellum is involved in emotional regulation, anxiety and affect. We found that suppressing the firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) rapidly excites forebrain areas that contribute to such functions (including the amygdala, basal forebrain and septum), but that the classic cerebellar outputs, the deep cerebellar nuclei, do not directly project there. We show that PCs directly inhibit parabrachial nuclei (PBN) neurons that project to numerous forebrain regions. Suppressing the PC-PBN pathway influences many regions in the forebrain and is aversive. Molecular profiling shows that PCs directly inhibit numerous types of PBN neurons that control diverse behaviors that are not involved in motor control. Therefore, the PC-PBN pathway allows the cerebellum to directly regulate activity in the forebrain, and may be an important substrate for cerebellar disorders arising from damage to the posterior vermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Leannah N Newman
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda P Stark
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine E Bond
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Nardone
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles R Vanderburg
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Naeem M Nadaf
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kefiloe Mutume
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabella Flaquer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zang Y, De Schutter E. Recent data on the cerebellum require new models and theories. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102765. [PMID: 37591124 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum has been a popular topic for theoretical studies because its structure was thought to be simple. Since David Marr and James Albus related its function to motor skill learning and proposed the Marr-Albus cerebellar learning model, this theory has guided and inspired cerebellar research. In this review, we summarize the theoretical progress that has been made within this framework of error-based supervised learning. We discuss the experimental progress that demonstrates more complicated molecular and cellular mechanisms in the cerebellum as well as new cell types and recurrent connections. We also cover its involvement in diverse non-motor functions and evidence of other forms of learning. Finally, we highlight the need to explain these new experimental findings into an integrated cerebellar model that can unify its diverse computational functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Volen Center and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Erik De Schutter
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan. https://twitter.com/DeschutterOIST
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Huson V, Newman L, Regehr WG. A Continuum of Response Properties across the Population of Unipolar Brush Cells in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6035-6045. [PMID: 37507229 PMCID: PMC10451148 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0873-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) in the cerebellum and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) perform temporal transformations by converting brief mossy fiber bursts into long-lasting responses. In the cerebellar UBC population, mixing inhibition with graded mGluR1-dependent excitation leads to a continuum of temporal responses. In the DCN, it has been thought that mGluR1 contributes little to mossy fiber responses and that there are distinct excitatory and inhibitory UBC subtypes. Here, we investigate UBC response properties using noninvasive cell-attached recordings in the DCN of mice of either sex. We find a continuum of responses to mossy fiber bursts ranging from 100 ms excitation to initial inhibition followed by several seconds of excitation to inhibition lasting for hundreds of milliseconds. Pharmacological interrogation reveals excitatory responses are primarily mediated by mGluR1 Thus, UBCs in both the DCN and cerebellum rely on mGluR1 and have a continuum of response durations. The continuum of responses in the DCN may allow more flexible and efficient temporal processing than can be achieved with distinct excitatory and inhibitory populations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT UBCs are specialized excitatory interneurons in cerebellar-like structures that greatly prolong the temporal responses of mossy fiber inputs. They are thought to help cancel out self-generated signals. In the DCN, the prevailing view was that there are two distinct ON and OFF subtypes of UBCs. Here, we show that instead the UBC population has a continuum of response properties. Many cells show suppression and excitation consecutively, and the response durations vary considerably. mGluR1s are crucial in generating a continuum of responses. To understand how UBCs contribute to temporal processing, it is essential to consider the continuous variations of UBC responses, which have advantages over just having opposing ON/OFF subtypes of UBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huson
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Leannah Newman
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Ciapponi C, Li Y, Osorio Becerra DA, Rodarie D, Casellato C, Mapelli L, D’Angelo E. Variations on the theme: focus on cerebellum and emotional processing. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1185752. [PMID: 37234065 PMCID: PMC10206087 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1185752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum operates exploiting a complex modular organization and a unified computational algorithm adapted to different behavioral contexts. Recent observations suggest that the cerebellum is involved not just in motor but also in emotional and cognitive processing. It is therefore critical to identify the specific regional connectivity and microcircuit properties of the emotional cerebellum. Recent studies are highlighting the differential regional localization of genes, molecules, and synaptic mechanisms and microcircuit wiring. However, the impact of these regional differences is not fully understood and will require experimental investigation and computational modeling. This review focuses on the cellular and circuit underpinnings of the cerebellar role in emotion. And since emotion involves an integration of cognitive, somatomotor, and autonomic activity, we elaborate on the tradeoff between segregation and distribution of these three main functions in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Ciapponi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Yuhe Li
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Dimitri Rodarie
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
The cerebellar cortex is an important system for relating neural circuits and learning. Its promise reflects the longstanding idea that it contains simple, repeated circuit modules with only a few cell types and a single plasticity mechanism that mediates learning according to classical Marr-Albus models. However, emerging data have revealed surprising diversity in neuron types, synaptic connections, and plasticity mechanisms, both locally and regionally within the cerebellar cortex. In light of these findings, it is not surprising that attempts to generate a holistic model of cerebellar learning across different behaviors have not been successful. While the cerebellum remains an ideal system for linking neuronal function with behavior, it is necessary to update the cerebellar circuit framework to achieve its great promise. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of cerebellar-cortical cell types, synaptic connections, signaling mechanisms, and forms of plasticity that enrich cerebellar processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Court Hull
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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Canton-Josh JE, Qin J, Salvo J, Kozorovitskiy Y. Dopaminergic regulation of vestibulo-cerebellar circuits through unipolar brush cells. eLife 2022; 11:e76912. [PMID: 35476632 PMCID: PMC9106328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While multiple monoamines modulate cerebellar output, the mechanistic details of dopaminergic signaling in the cerebellum remain poorly understood. We show that dopamine type 1 receptors (Drd1) are expressed in unipolar brush cells (UBCs) of the mouse cerebellar vermis. Drd1 activation increases UBC firing rate and post-synaptic NMDAR -mediated currents. Using anatomical tracing and in situ hybridization, we test three hypotheses about the source of cerebellar dopamine. We exclude midbrain dopaminergic nuclei and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive Purkinje (Pkj) cells as potential sources, supporting the possibility of dopaminergic co-release from locus coeruleus (LC) axons. Using an optical dopamine sensor GRABDA2h, electrical stimulation, and optogenetic activation of LC fibers in the acute slice, we find evidence for monoamine release onto Drd1-expressing UBCs. Altogether, we propose that the LC regulates cerebellar cortex activity by co-releasing dopamine onto UBCs to modulate their response to cerebellar inputs. Pkj cells directly inhibit these Drd1-positive UBCs, forming a dopamine-sensitive recurrent vestibulo-cerebellar circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Qin
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Joseph Salvo
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
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