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Okorafor CC, Shastri S, Wen K, Ebong EE. Mechanisms of triple-negative breast cancer extravasation: Impact of the physical environment and endothelial glycocalyx. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23785. [PMID: 38949120 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400380r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of death for those afflicted with cancer. In cancer metastasis, the cancer cells break off from the primary tumor, penetrate nearby blood vessels, and attach and extravasate out of the vessels to form secondary tumors at distant organs. This makes extravasation a critical step of the metastatic cascade. Herein, with a focus on triple-negative breast cancer, the role that the prospective secondary tumor microenvironment's mechanical properties play in circulating tumor cells' extravasation is reviewed. Specifically, the effects of the physically regulated vascular endothelial glycocalyx barrier element, vascular flow factors, and subendothelial extracellular matrix mechanical properties on cancer cell extravasation are examined. The ultimate goal of this review is to clarify the physical mechanisms that drive triple-negative breast cancer extravasation, as these mechanisms may be potential new targets for anti-metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu C Okorafor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanjana Shastri
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Johnson JA, Moore BJ, Syrnioti G, Eden CM, Wright D, Newman LA. Landmark Series: The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Study of Breast Cancer Disparities. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:6427-6440. [PMID: 37587359 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13866-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Race-related variation in breast cancer incidence and mortality are well-documented in the United States. The effect of genetic ancestry on disparities in tumor genomics, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes of breast cancer is less understood. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is a publicly available resource that has allowed for the recent emergence of genome analysis research seeking to characterize tumor DNA and protein expression by ancestry as well as the social construction of race and ethnicity. Results from TCGA based studies support previous clinical evidence that demonstrates that American women with African ancestry are more likely to be afflicted with breast cancers featuring aggressive biology and poorer outcomes compared with women with other backgrounds. Data from TCGA based studies suggest that Asian women have tumors with favorable immune microenvironments and may experience better disease-free survival compared with white Americans. TCGA contains limited data on Hispanic/Latinx patients due to small sample size. Overall, TCGA provides important opportunities to define the molecular, biologic, and germline genetic factors that contribute to breast cancer disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh A Johnson
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Georgia Syrnioti
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire M Eden
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Queens, Weill Cornell Medicine, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Drew Wright
- Samuel J. Wood Library, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa A Newman
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Parida S, Siddharth S, Gatla HR, Wu S, Wang G, Gabrielson K, Sears CL, Ladle BH, Sharma D. Gut colonization with an obesity-associated enteropathogenic microbe modulates the premetastatic niches to promote breast cancer lung and liver metastasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194931. [PMID: 37503343 PMCID: PMC10369066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity, an independent risk factor for breast cancer growth and metastatic progression, is also closely intertwined with gut dysbiosis; and both obese state and dysbiosis promote each other. Enteric abundance of Bacteroides fragilis is strongly linked with obesity, and we recently discovered the presence of B. fragilis in malignant breast cancer. Given that enterotoxigenic B. fragilis or ETBF, which secretes B. fragilis toxin (BFT), has been identified as a procarcinogenic microbe in breast cancer, it is necessary to examine its impact on distant metastasis and underlying systemic and localized alterations promoting metastatic progression of breast cancer. Methods We used syngeneic mammary intraductal (MIND) model harboring gut colonization with ETBF to query distant metastasis of breast cancer cells. Alterations in the immune network and cytokines/chemokines in the tumor microenvironment and distant metastatic sites were examined using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and multiplex arrays. Results ETBF infection initiates a systemic inflammation aiding in the establishment of the premetastatic niche formation in vital organs via increased proinflammatory and protumorigenic cytokines like IL17A, IL17E, IL27p28, IL17A/F, IL6, and IL10 in addition to creating a prometastatic immunosuppressive environment in the liver and lungs rich in myeloid cells, macrophages, and T regulatory cells. It induces remodeling of the tumor microenvironment via immune cell and stroma infiltration, increased vasculogenesis, and an EMT-like response, thereby encouraging early metastatic dissemination ready to colonize the conducive environment in liver and lungs of the breast tumor-bearing mice. Discussion In this study, we show that enteric ETBF infection concomitantly induces systemic inflammation, reshapes the tumor immune microenvironment, and creates conducive metastatic niches to potentiate early dissemination and seeding of metastases to liver and lung tissues in agreement with the "seed and soil hypothesis." Our results also support the ETBF-induced "parallel model" of metastasis that advocates for an early dissemination of tumor cells that form metastatic lesions independent of the primary tumor load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Parida
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Himavanth R. Gatla
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shaoguang Wu
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Guannan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cynthia L. Sears
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian H. Ladle
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Parida S, Siddharth S, Xia Y, Sharma D. Concomitant analyses of intratumoral microbiota and genomic features reveal distinct racial differences in breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2023; 9:4. [PMID: 36702853 PMCID: PMC9880005 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-023-00505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Racial disparities are most accentuated among Black women as their lifetime risk of breast cancer incidence is lower than white and Asian women but their breast cancer related mortality is the highest among all races. Black women are more likely to develop triple-negative breast cancer at a younger age and harbor more aggressive tumors. In addition to tumor-centric alterations, tumor growth is also influenced by multiple other tumor microenvironment-related features, including resident immune cells and microbiota. Hence, in this study, we conduct concurrent genomic and metagenomic analyses, and uncover distinctive intratumoral microbial community compositions and tumor immune microenvironment-related traits in breast tumors from Asian, Black and white women. Interestingly, unique racially associated genomic nodes are found in the breast tumors from Asian, Black and white women. Examination of the cellular heterogeneity show differential enrichment of 11 out of 64 immune and stroma cell types in the breast tumors from different racial groups. In terms of microbial diversity, significant differences are revealed in alpha and beta-diversity measures. Intriguingly, potential race-specific microbial biomarkers of breast cancer are identified which significantly correlate with genes involved with tumor aggressiveness, angiogenesis, tumor cell migration and metastasis as well as oncogenic pathways-GLI and Notch. Investigating the metabolic features of intratumoral microbes, we find a significant differential enrichment of environmental information processing pathways, oncogenic pathways, and lipid metabolism pathways. Concomitantly investigating tumor-centric, tumor immune microenvironment-related and microbial alterations, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of racial disparities in breast cancer and warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Parida
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuqing Xia
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Metformin Enhances the Anti-Cancer Efficacy of Sorafenib via Suppressing MAPK/ERK/Stat3 Axis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158083. [PMID: 35897659 PMCID: PMC9329836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence, as well as related mortality, has been steadily increasing in the USA and across the globe, partly due to the lack of effective therapeutic options for advanced HCC. Though sorafenib is considered standard-of-care for advanced HCC, it only improves median survival by a few months when compared to placebo. Sorafenib is also associated with several unpleasant side effects that often lead to early abatement of therapy. Here, we investigate whether a combination regimen including low-dose sorafenib and a non-toxic dose of anti-diabetic drug metformin can achieve effective inhibition of HCC. Indeed, combining metformin with low-dose sorafenib inhibited growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion potential of HCC cells. We observed a 5.3- and 1.9-fold increase in sub-G1 population in the combination treatment compared to sorafenib alone. We found that the combination of metformin enhanced the efficacy of sorafenib and inhibited the MAPK/ERK/Stat3 axis. Our in vivo studies corroborated the in vitro findings, and mice harboring HepG2-derived tumors showed effective tumor reduction upon treatment with low-dose sorafenib and metformin combination. This work sheds light on a therapeutic strategy aiming to augment sorafenib efficacy or dose-de-escalation that may prove beneficial in circumventing sorafenib resistance as well as minimizing related side effects.
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Scalable multiplex co-fractionation/mass spectrometry platform for accelerated protein interactome discovery. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4043. [PMID: 35831314 PMCID: PMC9279285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-fractionation/mass spectrometry (CF/MS) enables the mapping of endogenous macromolecular networks on a proteome scale, but current methods are experimentally laborious, resource intensive and afford lesser quantitative accuracy. Here, we present a technically efficient, cost-effective and reproducible multiplex CF/MS (mCF/MS) platform for measuring and comparing, simultaneously, multi-protein assemblies across different experimental samples at a rate that is up to an order of magnitude faster than previous approaches. We apply mCF/MS to map the protein interaction landscape of non-transformed mammary epithelia versus breast cancer cells in parallel, revealing large-scale differences in protein-protein interactions and the relative abundance of associated macromolecules connected with cancer-related pathways and altered cellular processes. The integration of multiplexing capability within an optimized workflow renders mCF/MS as a powerful tool for systematically exploring physical interaction networks in a comparative manner. Co-fractionation/mass spectrometry (CF/MS) allows mapping protein interactomes but efficiency and quantitative accuracy are limited. Here, the authors develop a reproducible multiplexed CF/MS method and apply it to characterize interactome rewiring in breast cancer cells.
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