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Sui L, Dahmann C. A cellular tilting mechanism important for dynamic tissue shape changes and cell differentiation in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1794-1808.e5. [PMID: 38692272 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in three-dimensional cell shape are important for tissue form and function. In the developing Drosophila eye, photoreceptor differentiation requires the progression across the tissue of an epithelial fold known as the morphogenetic furrow. Morphogenetic furrow progression involves apical cell constriction and movement of apical cell edges. Here, we show that cells progressing through the morphogenetic furrow move their basal edges in opposite direction to their apical edges, resulting in a cellular tilting movement. We further demonstrate that cells generate, at their basal side, oriented, force-generating protrusions. Knockdown of the protein kinase Src42A or photoactivation of a dominant-negative form of the small GTPase Rac1 reduces protrusion formation. Impaired protrusion formation stalls basal cell movement and slows down morphogenetic furrow progression and photoreceptor differentiation. This work identifies a cellular tilting mechanism important for the generation of dynamic tissue shape changes and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Sui
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Dahmann
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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2
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Liu A, O’Connell J, Wall F, Carthew RW. Scaling between cell cycle duration and wing growth is regulated by Fat-Dachsous signaling in Drosophila. eLife 2024; 12:RP91572. [PMID: 38842917 PMCID: PMC11156469 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The atypical cadherins Fat and Dachsous (Ds) signal through the Hippo pathway to regulate growth of numerous organs, including the Drosophila wing. Here, we find that Ds-Fat signaling tunes a unique feature of cell proliferation found to control the rate of wing growth during the third instar larval phase. The duration of the cell cycle increases in direct proportion to the size of the wing, leading to linear-like growth during the third instar. Ds-Fat signaling enhances the rate at which the cell cycle lengthens with wing size, thus diminishing the rate of wing growth. We show that this results in a complex but stereotyped relative scaling of wing growth with body growth in Drosophila. Finally, we examine the dynamics of Fat and Ds protein distribution in the wing, observing graded distributions that change during growth. However, the significance of these dynamics is unclear since perturbations in expression have negligible impact on wing growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in BiologyChicagoUnited States
| | - Jessica O’Connell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Farley Wall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in BiologyChicagoUnited States
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3
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Huang CH, Albeck JG, Devreotes PN. Editorial: Self-organizing and excitable signaling networks in cell biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1430911. [PMID: 38895156 PMCID: PMC11184134 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1430911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, CA, United States
| | - John G. Albeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Peter N. Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, CA, United States
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4
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Mitchell NP, Cislo DJ. TubULAR: tracking in toto deformations of dynamic tissues via constrained maps. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1980-1988. [PMID: 38057529 PMCID: PMC10848277 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02081-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
A common motif in biology is the arrangement of cells into tubes, which further transform into complex shapes. Traditionally, analysis of dynamic tissues has relied on inspecting static snapshots, live imaging of cross-sections or tracking isolated cells in three dimensions. However, capturing the interplay between in-plane and out-of-plane behaviors requires following the full surface as it deforms and integrating cell-scale motions into collective, tissue-scale deformations. Here, we present an analysis framework that builds in toto maps of tissue deformations by following tissue parcels in a static material frame of reference. Our approach then relates in-plane and out-of-plane behaviors and decomposes complex deformation maps into elementary contributions. The tube-like surface Lagrangian analysis resource (TubULAR) provides an open-source implementation accessible either as a standalone toolkit or as an extension of the ImSAnE package used in the developmental biology community. We demonstrate our approach by analyzing shape change in the embryonic Drosophila midgut and beating zebrafish heart. The method naturally generalizes to in vitro and synthetic systems and provides ready access to the mechanical mechanisms relating genetic patterning to organ shape change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah P Mitchell
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Dillon J Cislo
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Bernasek SM, Hur SSJ, Peláez-Restrepo N, Boisclair Lachance JF, Bakker R, Navarro HT, Sanchez-Luege N, Amaral LAN, Bagheri N, Rebay I, Carthew RW. Ratiometric sensing of Pnt and Yan transcription factor levels confers ultrasensitivity to photoreceptor fate transitions in Drosophila. Development 2023; 150:dev201467. [PMID: 36942737 PMCID: PMC10163347 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell state transitions are often triggered by large changes in the concentrations of transcription factors and therefore large differences in their stoichiometric ratios. Whether cells can elicit transitions using modest changes in the ratios of co-expressed factors is unclear. Here, we investigate how cells in the Drosophila eye resolve state transitions by quantifying the expression dynamics of the ETS transcription factors Pnt and Yan. Eye progenitor cells maintain a relatively constant ratio of Pnt/Yan protein, despite expressing both proteins with pulsatile dynamics. A rapid and sustained twofold increase in the Pnt/Yan ratio accompanies transitions to photoreceptor fates. Genetic perturbations that modestly disrupt the Pnt/Yan ratio produce fate transition defects consistent with the hypothesis that transitions are normally driven by a twofold shift in the ratio. A biophysical model based on cooperative Yan-DNA binding coupled with non-cooperative Pnt-DNA binding illustrates how twofold ratio changes could generate ultrasensitive changes in target gene transcription to drive fate transitions. Thus, coupling cell state transitions to the Pnt/Yan ratio sensitizes the system to modest fold-changes, conferring robustness and ultrasensitivity to the developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M. Bernasek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Suzy S. J. Hur
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nicolás Peláez-Restrepo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Hanna H. Gray Fellows Program
| | | | - Rachael Bakker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Nicelio Sanchez-Luege
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Luís A. N. Amaral
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Neda Bagheri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ilaria Rebay
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard W. Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60611, USA
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6
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Warren J, Kumar JP. Patterning of the Drosophila retina by the morphogenetic furrow. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1151348. [PMID: 37091979 PMCID: PMC10117938 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1151348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern formation is the process by which cells within a homogeneous epithelial sheet acquire distinctive fates depending upon their relative spatial position to each other. Several proposals, starting with Alan Turing's diffusion-reaction model, have been put forth over the last 70 years to describe how periodic patterns like those of vertebrate somites and skin hairs, mammalian molars, fish scales, and avian feather buds emerge during development. One of the best experimental systems for testing said models and identifying the gene regulatory networks that control pattern formation is the compound eye of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Its cellular morphogenesis has been extensively studied for more than a century and hundreds of mutants that affect its development have been isolated. In this review we will focus on the morphogenetic furrow, a wave of differentiation that takes an initially homogeneous sheet of cells and converts it into an ordered array of unit eyes or ommatidia. Since the discovery of the furrow in 1976, positive and negative acting morphogens have been thought to be solely responsible for propagating the movement of the furrow across a motionless field of cells. However, a recent study has challenged this model and instead proposed that mechanical driven cell flow also contributes to retinal pattern formation. We will discuss both models and their impact on patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin P. Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Voortman L, Anderson C, Urban E, Yuan L, Tran S, Neuhaus-Follini A, Derrick J, Gregor T, Johnston RJ. Temporally dynamic antagonism between transcription and chromatin compaction controls stochastic photoreceptor specification in flies. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1817-1832.e5. [PMID: 35835116 PMCID: PMC9378680 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stochastic mechanisms diversify cell fates during development. How cells randomly choose between two or more fates remains poorly understood. In the Drosophila eye, the random mosaic of two R7 photoreceptor subtypes is determined by expression of the transcription factor Spineless (Ss). We investigated how cis-regulatory elements and trans factors regulate nascent transcriptional activity and chromatin compaction at the ss gene locus during R7 development. The ss locus is in a compact state in undifferentiated cells. An early enhancer drives transcription in all R7 precursors, and the locus opens. In differentiating cells, transcription ceases and the ss locus stochastically remains open or compacts. In SsON R7s, ss is open and competent for activation by a late enhancer, whereas in SsOFF R7s, ss is compact, and repression prevents expression. Our results suggest that a temporally dynamic antagonism, in which transcription drives large-scale decompaction and then compaction represses transcription, controls stochastic fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Voortman
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Caitlin Anderson
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Elizabeth Urban
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Luorongxin Yuan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sang Tran
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | - Josh Derrick
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Thomas Gregor
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UMR3738, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Robert J Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Collu GM, Mlodzik M. When cells get in the flow. eLife 2022; 11:77309. [PMID: 35225787 PMCID: PMC8884721 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
New imaging approaches question a long-standing model for how the eyes of fruit flies acquire their geometric patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna M Collu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
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9
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Abstract
Embryonic development hinges on effective coordination of molecular events across space and time. Waves have recently emerged as constituting an ubiquitous mechanism that ensures rapid spreading of regulatory signals across embryos, as well as reliable control of their patterning, namely, for the emergence of body plan structures. In this article, we review a selection of recent quantitative work on signaling waves and present an overview of the theory of waves. Our aim is to provide a succinct yet comprehensive guiding reference for the theoretical frameworks by which signaling waves can arise in embryos. We start, then, from reaction-diffusion systems, both static and time dependent; move to excitable dynamics; and conclude with systems of coupled oscillators. We link these theoretical models to molecular mechanisms recently elucidated for the control of mitotic waves in early embryos, patterning of the vertebrate body axis, micropattern cultures, and bone regeneration. Our goal is to inspire experimental work that will advance theory in development and connect its predictions to quantitative biological observations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Massimo Vergassola
- Laboratoire de physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; .,Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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