1
|
Deguine J, Xavier RJ. B cell tolerance and autoimmunity: Lessons from repertoires. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231314. [PMID: 39093312 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune cell function is regulated by a highly diverse receptor recombined from variable germline-encoded segments that can recognize an almost unlimited array of epitopes. While this diversity enables the recognition of any pathogen, it also poses a risk of self-recognition, leading to autoimmunity. Many layers of regulation are present during both the generation and activation of B cells to prevent this phenomenon, although they are evidently imperfect. In recent years, our ability to analyze immune repertoires at scale has drastically increased, both through advances in sequencing and single-cell analyses. Here, we review the current knowledge on B cell repertoire analyses, focusing on their implication for autoimmunity. These studies demonstrate that a failure of tolerance occurs at multiple independent checkpoints in different autoimmune contexts, particularly during B cell maturation, plasmablast differentiation, and within germinal centers. These failures are marked by distinct repertoire features that may be used to identify disease- or patient-specific therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Deguine
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pankhurst TE, Linterman MA. Highlight of 2023: Advances in germinal centers. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:463-466. [PMID: 38946158 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
In this article for the Highlight of 2023 series, we discuss recent advances in the fundamental biology of the germinal center response. These discoveries provide important insights as to how the germinal center contributes to protection against infection, and also highlights opportunities for future vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Pankhurst
- Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ke F, Benet ZL, Shelyakin P, Britanova OV, Gupta N, Dent AL, Moore BB, Grigorova IL. Targeted checkpoint control of B cells undergoing positive selection in germinal centers by follicular regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2304020121. [PMID: 38261619 PMCID: PMC10835130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) can play opposite roles in the regulation of germinal center (GC) responses. Depending on the studies, Tfr suppress or support GC and B cell affinity maturation. However, which factors determine positive vs. negative effects of Tfr on the GC B cell is unclear. In this study, we show that GC centrocytes that express MYC up-regulate expression of CCL3 chemokine that is needed for both the positive and negative regulation of GC B cells by Tfr. B cell-intrinsic expression of CCL3 contributes to Tfr-dependent positive selection of foreign Ag-specific GC B cells. At the same time, expression of CCL3 is critical for direct Tfr-mediated suppression of GC B cells that acquire cognate to Tfr nuclear proteins. Our study suggests that CCR5 and CCR1 receptors promote Tfr migration to CCL3 and highlights Ccr5 expression on the Tfr subset that expresses Il10. Based on our findings and previous studies, we suggest a model of chemotactically targeted checkpoint control of B cells undergoing positive selection in GCs by Tfr, where Tfr directly probe and license foreign antigen-specific B cells to complete their positive selection in GCs but, at the same time, suppress GC B cells that present self-antigens cognate to Tfr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Zachary L. Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Pavel Shelyakin
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Abu Dhabi4600, United Arab Emirates
- Molecular Technologies Division, Institute of Translational Medicine, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow117997, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V. Britanova
- Molecular Technologies Division, Institute of Translational Medicine, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow117997, Russian Federation
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow117997, Russian Federation
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel24105, Germany
| | - Neetu Gupta
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH44195
| | - Alexander L. Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46123
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Irina L. Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sokolova S, Grigorova IL. Follicular regulatory T cell subsets in mice and humans: origins, antigen specificity and function. Int Immunol 2023; 35:583-594. [PMID: 37549239 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells play various roles in immune responses, contributing to both positive and negative regulation of foreign antigen-specific B cell responses, control over autoreactive antibody responses and autoimmunity, and B cell class-switching to IgE and allergy development. Studies conducted on mice uncovered various subsets of CXCR5+FoxP3+CD4+ Tfr cells that could differently contribute to immune regulation. Moreover, recent studies of human Tfr cells revealed similar complexity with various subsets of follicular T cells of different origins and immunosuppressive and/or immunostimulatory characteristics. In this review we will overview and compare Tfr subsets currently identified in mice and humans and will discuss their origins and antigen specificity, as well as potential modes of action and contribution to the control of the autoimmune and allergic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Sokolova
- Division of Molecular Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Irina L Grigorova
- Division of Molecular Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117513, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu W, Li J, Cheng X. Regulatory T cells and cardiovascular diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2812-2823. [PMID: 37840195 PMCID: PMC10686601 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Inflammation is a major underlying mechanism in the progression of numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are typical immune regulatory cells with recognized immunosuppressive properties. Despite the immunosuppressive properties, researchers have acknowledged the significance of Tregs in maintaining tissue homeostasis and facilitating repair/regeneration. Previous studies unveiled the heterogeneity of Tregs in the heart and aorta, which expanded in CVDs with unique transcriptional phenotypes and reparative/regenerative function. This review briefly summarizes the functional principles of Tregs, also including the synergistic effect of Tregs and other immune cells in CVDs. We discriminate the roles and therapeutic potential of Tregs in CVDs such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, abdominal arterial aneurysm, pulmonary arterial hypertension, Kawasaki disease, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Tregs not only exert anti-inflammatory effects but also actively promote myocardial regeneration and vascular repair, maintaining the stability of the local microenvironment. Given that the specific mechanism of Tregs functioning in CVDs remains unclear, we reviewed previous clinical and basic studies and the latest findings on the function and mechanism of Tregs in CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangling Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Jingyong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shibasaki Y, Afanasyev S, Fernández-Montero A, Ding Y, Watanabe S, Takizawa F, Lamas J, Fontenla-Iglesias F, Leiro JM, Krasnov A, Boudinot P, Sunyer JO. Cold-blooded vertebrates evolved organized germinal center-like structures. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadf1627. [PMID: 37910630 PMCID: PMC11152321 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) or analogous secondary lymphoid microstructures (SLMs) are thought to have evolved in endothermic species. However, living representatives of their ectothermic ancestors can mount potent secondary antibody responses upon infection or immunization, despite the apparent lack of SLMs in these cold-blooded vertebrates. How and where adaptive immune responses are induced in ectothermic species in the absence of GCs or analogous SLMs remain poorly understood. Here, we infected a teleost fish (trout) with the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) and identified the formation of large aggregates of highly proliferating IgM+ B cells and CD4+ T cells, contiguous to splenic melanomacrophage centers (MMCs). Most of these MMC-associated lymphoid aggregates (M-LAs) contained numerous antigen (Ag)-specific B cells. Analysis of the IgM heavy chain CDR3 repertoire of microdissected splenic M-LAs and non-M-LA areas revealed that the most frequent B cell clones induced after Ich infection were highly shared only within the M-LAs of infected animals. These M-LAs represented highly polyclonal SLMs in which Ag-specific B cell clonal expansion occurred. M-LA-associated B cells expressed high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and underwent significant apoptosis, and somatic hypermutation of Igμ genes occurred prevalently in these cells. Our findings demonstrate that ectotherms evolved organized SLMs with GC-like roles. Moreover, our results also point to primordially conserved mechanisms by which M-LAs and mammalian polyclonal GCs develop and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shibasaki
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Sergei Afanasyev
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Behavioral Pathology, Torez 44, Saint-Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Alvaro Fernández-Montero
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shota Watanabe
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
| | - Jesús Lamas
- Department of Functional Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela E-15782, Spain
| | - Francisco Fontenla-Iglesias
- Department of Functional Biology, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela E-15782, Spain
| | - José Manuel Leiro
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela E-15782, Spain
| | | | - Pierre Boudinot
- Universite Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - J. Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|