1
|
Porta AO, Loureiro JP, Castelo MK. First record of Orthohalarachneattenuata in Arctocephalusaustralis in mainland Argentina (Parasitiformes, Mesostigmata, Dermanyssoidea, Halarachnidae) with observations on its ambulacral morphology. Zookeys 2024; 1207:355-368. [PMID: 39091451 PMCID: PMC11292120 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1207.127297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pinniped respiratory mites of the species Orthohalarachneattenuata have been recorded from various locations around the world but not from continental Argentina. In the present work, we document for the first time the presence of O.attenuata on Arctocephalusaustralis on the Argentine mainland. A total of 23 adult and 381 immature mites were collected from the nose and nasopharyngeal cavity during a necropsy. The mite ambulacrum is described in adults and larvae. This structure consists of a pretarsus, an extensible pulvillum, a pair of claws and paradactyli (pretarsus opercula). The ambulacral structures also have some peculiarities, such as the presence of longitudinal furrows in the claws, straight claws in legs II and III (as opposed to curved in legs I and IV), and the fin-shaped paradactyli. The morphology of the ambulacrum of this mite is interpreted as an adaptation for anchoring to different surfaces of the host, and the protective structures present in the larvae as an adaptation for the dispersal phase in the external environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Osvaldo Porta
- División de Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA, UBA-CONICET), Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional del Oeste, Belgrano 369 C1718, San Antonio de Padua, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Loureiro
- Fundación Mundo Marino, Av. X 157, San Clemente del Tuyú B7105, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Karina Castelo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA, UBA-CONICET), Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rivera-Luna H, Kniha E, Muñoz P, Painean J, Balfanz F, Hering-Hagenbeck S, Prosl H, Walochnik J, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Ebmer D. Non-invasive detection of Orthohalarachne attenuata (Banks, 1910) and Orthohalarachne diminuata (Doetschman, 1944) (Acari: Halarachnidae) in free-ranging synanthropic South American sea lions Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:192-200. [PMID: 37575668 PMCID: PMC10422118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory mites of the genera Orthohalarachne and Halarachne (Acari: Halarachnidae) are causative agents of nasopharyngeal/nasopulmonary acariasis in pinnipeds and sea otters. Until now, these endoparasitic mites were mainly diagnosed via necropsies and invasive procedures. So far, non-invasive diagnostic techniques have neither been developed nor applied in free-ranging pinnipeds. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the halarachnid mite infestation status of free-ranging "urban" South American sea lions Otaria flavescens in the city of Valdivia, Chile. Therefore, non-invasive sampling methods were used in the current study, e. g. by observation-based sampling of freshly expectorated nasal mucus in the animal environment. Further, collection devices were developed for target-oriented sampling of sneezed nasal mucus, including sterile petri dishes and stretched clingfilms mounted on telescopic rods. Applying these techniques, 26 individual sputum samples were collected. 11.5% of sputum samples proved positive for halarachnid larvae (in total, n = 7), which were morphologically identified as Orthohalarachne attenuata (n = 2) or Orthohalarachne diminuata (n = 5). In one of the individual sea lion mucus samples, both Orthohalarachne species were detected, thereby confirming a patent co-infestation in vivo. 16S rDNA-based molecular identification of individual Orthohalarachne spp. larvae confirmed morphological findings. For the first time, we here molecularly characterized Orthohalarachne spp. on the basis of three gene regions [18S, 28S and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)]. Overall, current data include the successful application of non-invasive techniques to sample halarachnid mites from free-ranging synanthropic pinnipeds and contribute to the current knowledge on respiratory mites infesting South American sea lions by combining morphological and molecular methods to overcome challenges in species identification. This study should further serve as baseline study and calls for more research on occurrence, biology and health implications of orthohalarachnosis in free-living as well as captive pinnipeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rivera-Luna
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Edwin Kniha
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalg. 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pamela Muñoz
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Painean
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | | | - Heinrich Prosl
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalg. 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - David Ebmer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ebmer D, Kniha E, Strauss V, Kübber-Heiss A, Komornik L, Balfanz F, Hering-Hagenbeck S, Walochnik J, Gärtner U, Prosl H, Taubert A, Voracek T, Hermosilla C. First report of a severe nasopulmonary acariasis caused by Orthohalarachne diminuata Doetschmann, 1944 (Acari: Halarachnidae) in a captive South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens Shaw, 1800). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2022; 19:248-256. [PMID: 36388725 PMCID: PMC9664340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Obligatory endoparasitic mites of the genera Halarachne Allman, 1847 and Orthohalarachne Newell, 1947 (Acari: Halarachnidae) parasitize different segments of the respiratory tract of marine mammals, including pinnipeds and sea otters, and infestations can cause asymptomatic to serious respiratory diseases. However, knowledge on biology, pathogenic potential and occurrence of halarachnid mites infesting pinnipeds, especially in captivity, is scarce. A two-year-old South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens Shaw, 1800) male, born and held at the Vienna Zoo, was anesthesized for routine pre-transport examinations, including computed tomography, bronchoalveolar lavage, and blood sampling. During the final phase of general anesthesia, the individual abruptly became apneic and died despite all attempts at resuscitation. At necropsy, 45 highly motile whitish millimeter-sized structures were macroscopically detected in the trachea, bifurcatio tracheae and main bronchi and were identified as adult stages of Orthohalarachne diminuata Doetschman, 1944 following morphological descriptions. After trepanation of the nasal cavity and sinus paranasalis, a total of 407 larval and 3 nymphal specimens distributed in clusters were detected. Macroscopically, sinus mucosa showed hyperemia and multiple petechial hemorrhages. Histopathological analyses of paranasal sinuses revealed mite cross-sections surrounded by sanioserous exudate and epithelial exfoliation. For the first time, O. diminuata was molecularly characterized and phylogenetically analyzed based on its 16S rDNA. Our study constitutes the first record of a severe O. diminuata infestation in captive O. flavescens and one of the few host-parasite records in general. We present clinical data and pathological results, the first scanning electron microscopic images of a O. diminuata larval stage and discuss the etiology of this autochthonous infestation, possible transmission pathways and detrimental effects. Further studies on biology and pathogenic effects of halarachnid mites, as well as on the development of non-invasive sampling techniques are essentially required for a better understanding of (ortho-)halarachnosis in pinnipeds held in zoological gardens. First record of Orthohalarachne diminuata in a captive South American sea lion. One of the few host-parasite records. Autochthonous infestation, since infested animal was born in captivity. First scanning electron microscopic images of a O. diminuata larva. First molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of O. diminuata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ebmer
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Corresponding author. Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Edwin Kniha
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalg. 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Strauss
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department for Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Vetmeduni Vienna, Savoyenstr. 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Kübber-Heiss
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department for Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Vetmeduni Vienna, Savoyenstr. 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Komornik
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalg. 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Prosl
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Voracek
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pesapane R, Archibald W, Norris T, Fontaine C, Halaska B, Duignan P, Javeed N, Miller M, Foley J. Nasopulmonary mites (Halarachnidae) of coastal Californian pinnipeds: Identity, prevalence, and molecular characterization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 16:113-119. [PMID: 34485053 PMCID: PMC8403680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mites from the family Halarachnidae Oudemans 1906 are obligate endoparasites that colonize the respiratory tracts of free-living and captive marine mammals. Infestations can range from mild to severe and result in respiratory tract irritation or impairment. Nasopulmonary acariasis was determined to be a contributing cause of death among several southern sea otters Enhydra lutris nereis Merriam 1904 in a longitudinal study of otter mortality, and proximity to Pacific harbor seals Phoca vitulina richardii Gray 1864 was a significant risk factor for sea otter infestation. Beyond scattered opportunistic reports, each halarachnid mite species' affinity for particular hosts and the extent of mite transmission between host species is poorly understood. We investigated the identity and prevalence of nasopulmonary mites from Pacific harbor seals, California sea lions Zalophus californianus Lesson 1828, northern elephant seals Mirounga angustirostris Gill 1866, northern fur seals Callorhinus ursinus Linnaeus 1758, and Guadalupe fur seals Arctocephalus philippii townsendi Merriam 1897 to complement published nasopulmonary mite findings from sympatric southern sea otters during a comparable timeframe. Halarachnid mite infestation was common among California sea lions (74.1%), northern fur seals (73.3%), and northern elephant seals (46.6%), but was less common among harbor seals (18.7%) and Guadalupe fur seals (8.8%). Observed host-mite relationships suggest a distinct host specificity, with genus Orthohalarachne infesting otariids, and genus Halarachne infesting phocids and lutrinids along the California coast. Harbor seals and southern sea otters were the primary hosts of H. halichoeri, but one nothern elephant seal was infested with both H. miroungae and a single H. halichoeri. We also present the first high-resolution SEM images for H. miroungae and O. attenuata and possible evidence for a new host record for H. halichoeri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Risa Pesapane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Wiley Archibald
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nadia Javeed
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, 1320D Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Melissa Miller
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Janet Foley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, 1320D Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pathology and epidemiology of nasopulmonary acariasis ( Halarachne sp.) in southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 9:60-67. [PMID: 31011527 PMCID: PMC6463542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Halarachne sp. nasal mites infest harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) in California, but little is known about the pathophysiology of these infestations, or risk factors for exposure. To investigate these questions, a retrospective case-control study was performed using necropsy data from 70 mite-infested sea otters, and 144 non-infested controls. Case records for sea otters examined by pathologists from February 1999 through May 2015 were examined to assess risk factors for infestation, and lesions associated with nasopulmonary acariasis. Animals with a history of captive care within 10 days of death or carcass recovery were 3.2 times more likely to be infested with nasopulmonary mites than those with no history of recent rehabilitation. Sea otters stranding within 1 km of Elkhorn Slough in Monterey Bay were 4.9 times more likely to be infested with nasal mites than other areas; this site is characterized by high sea otter contact with sympatric harbor seals (a common host for Halarachne sp.), and a comparatively large population of rehabilitated and released sea otters. Aged adult otters were 9.4 times more likely to be infested than younger animals, and sea otters with nasopulmonary acariasis were 14.2 times more likely to have upper respiratory inflammation than un-infested animals. Additional findings in otters with nasopulmonary acariasis included lower respiratory tract bacterial infections, presence of medium-sized and/or fresh nose wounds at necropsy (indicators of recent face-to-face interaction between otters during copulation or fighting), and turbinate bone erosion. Our findings, although preliminary, suggest that captive rehabilitation and close contact with harbor seals could facilitate nasopulmonary mite transmission to sea otters. We also identified a high-risk zone for nasopulmonary acariasis in sea otters. We also provide preliminary data to suggest that nasopulmonary mite infestations can cause significant respiratory pathology in sea otters. Our data illustrates that nasopulmonary mites can be pathogenic for sea otters. High mite loads were associated with captive care, fresh nose wounds, and females. Mite-infested otters were 14 times more likely to have nasopharyngeal inflammation. Aged adult otters were 9 times more likely to be infested than other age groups. Otters hospitalized within 10 days of death were 3 times more likely to be infested.
Collapse
|
6
|
Baulieu F, Knee W, Nowell V, Schwarzfeld M, Lindo Z, Behan-Pelletier VM, Lumley L, Young MR, Smith I, Proctor HC, Mironov SV, Galloway TD, Walter DE, Lindquist EE. Acari of Canada. Zookeys 2019; 819:77-168. [PMID: 30713436 PMCID: PMC6355733 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.819.28307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Summaries of taxonomic knowledge are provided for all acarine groups in Canada, accompanied by references to relevant publications, changes in classification at the family level since 1979, and notes on biology relevant to estimating their diversity. Nearly 3000 described species from 269 families are recorded in the country, representing a 56% increase from the 1917 species reported by Lindquist et al. (1979). An additional 42 families are known from Canada only from material identified to family- or genus-level. Of the total 311 families known in Canada, 69 are newly recorded since 1979, excluding apparent new records due solely to classification changes. This substantial progress is most evident in Oribatida and Hydrachnidia, for which many regional checklists and family-level revisions have been published. Except for recent taxonomic leaps in a few other groups, particularly of symbiotic mites (Astigmata: feather mites; Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae), knowledge remains limited for most other taxa, for which most species records are unpublished and may require verification. Taxonomic revisions are greatly needed for a large majority of families in Canada. Based in part on species recorded in adjacent areas of the USA and on hosts known to be present here, we conservatively estimate that nearly 10,000 species of mites occur in Canada, but the actual number could be 15,000 or more. This means that at least 70% of Canada's mite fauna is yet unrecorded. Much work also remains to match existing molecular data with species names, as less than 10% of the ~7500 Barcode Index Numbers for Canadian mites in the Barcode of Life Database are associated with named species. Understudied hosts and terrestrial and aquatic habitats require investigation across Canada to uncover new species and to clarify geographic and ecological distributions of known species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Baulieu
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Wayne Knee
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Victoria Nowell
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Marla Schwarzfeld
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Zoë Lindo
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada Western University London Canada
| | - Valerie M Behan-Pelletier
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Lisa Lumley
- Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, Alberta, T5J 0G2, Canada Royal Alberta Museum Edmonton Canada
| | - Monica R Young
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada University of Guelph Guelph Canada
| | - Ian Smith
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Heather C Proctor
- Department of Biological Sciences,University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Sergei V Mironov
- Department of Parasitology, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya embankment 1, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Terry D Galloway
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - David E Walter
- University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia University of Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia
- Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, 4101, Queensland, Australia Queensland Museum South Brisbane Australia
| | - Evert E Lindquist
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Seguel M, Calderón K, Colegrove K, Adkesson M, Cárdenas-Alayza S, Paredes E. Helminth and respiratory mite lesions in Pinnipeds from Punta San Juan, Peru. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:839-844. [PMID: 30367764 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The tissues and parasites collected from Peruvian fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) and South American sea lions (Otaria byronia) found dead at Punta San Juan, Peru were examined. The respiratory mite, Orthohalarachne attenuata infected 3 out of 32 examined fur seals and 3 out of 8 examined sea lions, however caused moderate to severe lymphohistiocytic pharyngitis only in fur seals. Hookworms, Uncinaria sp, infected 6 of the 32 examined fur seals causing variable degrees of hemorrhagic and eosinophilic enteritis. This parasite caused the death of 2 of these pups. In fur seals and sea lions, Corynosoma australe and Contracaecum osculatum were not associated with significant tissue alterations in the intestine and stomach respectively. Respiratory mites and hookworms have the potential to cause disease and mortality among fur seals, while parasitic infections do not impact significatively the health of sea lions at Punta San Juan, Peru.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Seguel
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Karla Calderón
- Universidad Tecnológica del Perú.Lima, Peru
- Centro para Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia.Av. Armendáriz 445, Lima 18, Perú
| | - Kathleen Colegrove
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Brookfield, IL, 60513, USA
| | - Michael Adkesson
- Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA
| | - Susana Cárdenas-Alayza
- Centro para Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia.Av. Armendáriz 445, Lima 18, Perú
| | - Enrique Paredes
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja s/n, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pesapane R, Dodd E, Javeed N, Miller M, Foley J. Molecular characterization and prevalence of Halarachne halichoeri in threatened southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2018; 7:386-390. [PMID: 30370218 PMCID: PMC6199184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasitism, particularly in concert with other sublethal stressors, may play an important, yet underappreciated role in morbidity and mortality of threatened species. During necropsy of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutra nereis) from California submitted to the Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center's Sea Otter Necropsy Program between 1999 and 2017, pathologists occasionally observed nasopulmonary mites infesting the respiratory tracts. Infestation was sometimes accompanied by lesions reflective of mite-associated host tissue damage and respiratory illness. Our objectives were to estimate prevalence of nasopulmonary mites, determine the taxonomic identity of the observed mites, and create a DNA reference for these organisms in southern sea otters as an aid in population management. Using unique morphological characteristics discerned via light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we identified the mites as Halarachne halichoeri, a species typically associated with harbor seals (Phoca vitiluna). The 18S, 16S, 28S and ITS1-2 genetic regions were sequenced and submitted to GenBank. We observed H. halichoeri mites in 25.6% (95% CI 19.9-33.4%). of southern sea otters from a subset of necropsies performed between 2012 and 2017. This is the first documentation of H. halichoeri in southern sea otters and is suggestive of parasite exchange between sea otters and harbor seals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Risa Pesapane
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, 1320D Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Erin Dodd
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, United States
| | - Nadia Javeed
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, 1320D Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Melissa Miller
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, United States
| | - Janet Foley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, 1320D Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Respiratory Mites ( Orthohalarachne diminuata) and β-hemolytic Streptococci-Associated Bronchopneumonia Outbreak in South American Fur Seal Pups ( Arctocephalus australis). J Wildl Dis 2018; 54:380-385. [PMID: 29369727 DOI: 10.7589/2017-09-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although mites of the Orthohalarachne genus are common parasites of otariids, their role as agents of disease and in causing population-level mortality is unknown. In the austral summer of 2016, there was an increase in mortality among South American fur seal ( Arctocephalus australis) pups at Guafo Island, Northern Chilean Patagonia. Pups found dead or terminally ill had moderate to marked, multifocal, mucopurulent bronchopneumonia associated with large numbers of respiratory mites ( Orthohalarachne diminuata) and rare Gram-positive cocci. In lung areas less affected by bronchopneumonia, acute interstitial pneumonia with marked congestion and scant hemorrhage was evident. Bacteria from pups dying of bronchopneumonia were isolated and identified as Streptococcus marimammalium and Streptococcus canis. Respiratory mites obstructed airflow, disrupted airway epithelial lining, and likely facilitated the proliferation of pathogenic β-hemolytic streptococci, leading to severe bronchopneumonia and death of fur seal pups. An abrupt increase in sea surface temperature in Guafo Island corresponded to the timing of the bronchopneumonia outbreak. The potential role of environmental factors in the fur seal pup mortality warrants further study.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gastal SB, Mascarenhas CS, Ruas JL. Infection Rates ofOrthohalarachne attenuataandOrthohalarachne diminuata(Acari: Halarachnidae) inArctocephalus australis(Zimmermann, 1783) (Pinipedia: Otariidae). COMP PARASITOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1654/4797s.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
11
|
Katz H, Morgades D, Castro-Ramos M. Pathological and Parasitological Findings in South American Fur Seal Pups (Arctocephalus australis) in Uruguay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/586079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the necropsy findings in South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) pups from Uruguayan colonies. Animals (n=105) were aged between 0 and 18 months old. From 0 to 6 months, 69.4% of the pups showed a poor body condition, while 68.8% of animals from 7 to 18 months had fair-to-good body condition. From 6 to 7 months of age, the stomach content included fishes, crustaceans, and foreign bodies. Starvation in the first months of life and traumatic lesions in pups older than 9 months were the most frequent causes of death. Uncinaria spp. was the only parasite found in the small intestine between 0 and 6 month-old pups. Parasites with indirect cycle (Contracaecum spp., Corynosoma sp., Tetrabothriidae) were present from 6 months of age as well as the first report of the nematode Strongyloides spp. in pinnipeds. Orthohalarachne spp. was found in the respiratory tract. Mycobacterium pinnipedii was isolated from 9 animals without gross pathological lesions. Other pathological conditions were found in lesser extent. This information contributes to the main causes of death of A. australis pups at different ages and could be useful to perform further health studies on this wild pinniped species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Katz
- Área de Patología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Avenida Lasplaces 1550, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diana Morgades
- Área de Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Avenida Lasplaces 1550, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Miguel Castro-Ramos
- Laboratorio de Tuberculosis, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 km. 17,500, 12100 Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Naso-pharyngeal mites Halarachne halichoeri (Allman, 1847) in Grey seals stranded on the NW Spanish Atlantic Coast. Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:317-22. [PMID: 21871735 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In North Atlantic European waters, the nasal mite Halarachne halichoeri has been described affecting Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) producing different levels of respiratory disease. This study provides data on the prevalence, clinical signs and produced macro-pathology of this parasite mite infecting juvenile wild Grey seals stranded in North-Western Spanish coast. Among the 25 seals examined during the study, a total of 19 had nasal mites in their respiratory upper ways, including adult and larval stages. This represented a percentage of prevalence of 76 ± 8.37. All the live positive seals presented a typical clinical symptomatology associated to upper respiratory tract infections. In dead positive seals, a light to intense sinusitis could be diagnosed macroscopically. The presence of the parasite in the nasal sinuses appears as the primary cause of the high respiratory tract symptomatology presented in most of the juvenile seals stranded in the north coast of Spain. Ultrastructural characterization by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) has confirmed the taxonomic status of the mite. This identification of H. halichoeri represents the first description of the occurrence of this parasite in Southern Europe.
Collapse
|
13
|
Pathological Findings in South American Fur Seal Pups (Arctocephalus australis gracilis) found Dead at Guafo Island, Chile. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:308-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Baker JR. Causes of mortality and morbidity in wild juvenile and adult grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1987; 143:203-20. [PMID: 3594192 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(87)90083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
15
|
|