1
|
Seymour M, Roslin T, deWaard JR, Perez KHJ, D'Souza ML, Ratnasingham S, Ashfaq M, Levesque-Beaudin V, Blagoev GA, Bukowski B, Cale P, Crosbie D, Decaëns T, deWaard SL, Ekrem T, El-Ansary HO, Evouna Ondo F, Fraser D, Geiger MF, Hajibabaei M, Hallwachs W, Hanisch PE, Hausmann A, Heath M, Hogg ID, Janzen DH, Kinnaird M, Kohn JR, Larrivée M, Lees DC, León-Règagnon V, Liddell M, Lijtmaer DA, Lipinskaya T, Locke SA, Manjunath R, Martins DJ, Martins MB, Mazumdar S, McKeown JTA, Anderson-Teixeria K, Miller SE, Milton MA, Miskie R, Morinière J, Mutanen M, Naik S, Nichols B, Noguera FA, Novotny V, Penev L, Pentinsaari M, Quinn J, Ramsay L, Rochefort R, Schmidt S, Smith MA, Sobel CN, Somervuo P, Sones JE, Staude HS, St Jaques B, Stur E, Telfer AC, Tubaro PL, Wardlaw TJ, Worcester R, Yang Z, Young MR, Zemlak T, Zakharov EV, Zlotnick B, Ovaskainen O, Hebert PDN. Global arthropod beta-diversity is spatially and temporally structured by latitude. Commun Biol 2024; 7:552. [PMID: 38720028 PMCID: PMC11078949 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Global biodiversity gradients are generally expected to reflect greater species replacement closer to the equator. However, empirical validation of global biodiversity gradients largely relies on vertebrates, plants, and other less diverse taxa. Here we assess the temporal and spatial dynamics of global arthropod biodiversity dynamics using a beta-diversity framework. Sampling includes 129 sampling sites whereby malaise traps are deployed to monitor temporal changes in arthropod communities. Overall, we encountered more than 150,000 unique barcode index numbers (BINs) (i.e. species proxies). We assess between site differences in community diversity using beta-diversity and the partitioned components of species replacement and richness difference. Global total beta-diversity (dissimilarity) increases with decreasing latitude, greater spatial distance and greater temporal distance. Species replacement and richness difference patterns vary across biogeographic regions. Our findings support long-standing, general expectations of global biodiversity patterns. However, we also show that the underlying processes driving patterns may be regionally linked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 18B, Uppsala, 75651, Sweden
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jeremy R deWaard
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kate H J Perez
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle L D'Souza
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Gergin A Blagoev
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Belén Bukowski
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Cale
- Australian Landscape Trust, Renmark, SA, SA5341, Australia
| | | | - Thibaud Decaëns
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Torbjørn Ekrem
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Hosam O El-Ansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fidèle Evouna Ondo
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Departement de la Recherche Scientifique, Libreville, Gabon
| | - David Fraser
- BC Conservation Data Centre, Ministry of Environment, Box 9338, Station Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1, Canada
| | - Matthias F Geiger
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mehrdad Hajibabaei
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Priscila E Hanisch
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter - University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Hausmann
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ian D Hogg
- Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Polar Knowledge Canada, Cambridge Bay, NU, Canada
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Daniel H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Joshua R Kohn
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Maxim Larrivée
- Insectarium, Montréal Space for Life, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David C Lees
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia León-Règagnon
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 21, C.P, 48980, San Patricio, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Michael Liddell
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental, and Sustainability Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darío A Lijtmaer
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tatsiana Lipinskaya
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology, Scientific and Practical Center for Bioresources, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sean A Locke
- Departamento de Biología, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - Ramya Manjunath
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dino J Martins
- Mpala Research Centre and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Marlúcia B Martins
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Invertebrados, Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Avenida Perimetral 1901, Terra Firma, CEP, 66077 530, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Santosh Mazumdar
- Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, 4331, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Jaclyn T A McKeown
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Scott E Miller
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, WA, USA
| | - Megan A Milton
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Renee Miskie
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marko Mutanen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Suresh Naik
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Becky Nichols
- US National Park Service, 1316 Cherokee Orchard Road, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN, USA
| | - Felipe A Noguera
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 21, C.P, 48980, San Patricio, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lyubomir Penev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mikko Pentinsaari
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jenna Quinn
- Rare Charitable Research Reserve, Cambridge, ON, Canada
| | - Leah Ramsay
- BC Conservation Data Centre, Ministry of Environment, Box 9338, Station Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1, Canada
| | - Regina Rochefort
- North Cascades National Park Service Complex, 810 State Route 20, Sedro-Woolley, WA, 98284, USA
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Crystal N Sobel
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Panu Somervuo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jayme E Sones
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Brianne St Jaques
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Stur
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Angela C Telfer
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo L Tubaro
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tim J Wardlaw
- ARC Centre for Forest Values, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Robyn Worcester
- Stanley Park Ecology Society, P.O. Box 5167, Vancouver, BC, V6B 4B2, Canada
| | - Zhaofu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Monica R Young
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler Zemlak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Evgeny V Zakharov
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (Survontie 9C), FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Collins GE, Young MR, Convey P, Chown SL, Cary SC, Adams BJ, Wall DH, Hogg ID. Biogeography and Genetic Diversity of Terrestrial Mites in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030606. [PMID: 36980877 PMCID: PMC10048765 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-living terrestrial mites (Acari) have persisted through numerous glacial cycles in Antarctica. Very little is known, however, of their genetic diversity and distribution, particularly within the Ross Sea region. To redress this gap, we sampled mites throughout the Ross Sea region, East Antarctica, including Victoria Land and the Queen Maud Mountains (QMM), covering a latitudinal range of 72–85 °S, as well as Lauft Island near Mt. Siple (73 °S) in West Antarctica and Macquarie Island (54oS) in the sub-Antarctic. We assessed genetic diversity using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences (COI-5P DNA barcode region), and also morphologically identified voucher specimens. We obtained 130 sequences representing four genera: Nanorchestes (n = 30 sequences), Stereotydeus (n = 46), Coccorhagidia (n = 18) and Eupodes (n = 36). Tree-based analyses (maximum likelihood) revealed 13 genetic clusters, representing as many as 23 putative species indicated by barcode index numbers (BINs) from the Barcode of Life Datasystems (BOLD) database. We found evidence for geographically-isolated cryptic species, e.g., within Stereotydeus belli and S. punctatus, as well as unique genetic groups occurring in sympatry (e.g., Nanorchestes spp. in QMM). Collectively, these data confirm high genetic divergence as a consequence of geographic isolation over evolutionary timescales. From a conservation perspective, additional targeted sampling of understudied areas in the Ross Sea region should be prioritised, as further diversity is likely to be found in these short-range endemic mites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E. Collins
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.E.C.); (I.D.H.)
| | - Monica R. Young
- Canadian National Collection of Insects Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - S. Craig Cary
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Byron J. Adams
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Diana H. Wall
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ian D. Hogg
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
- Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Polar Knowledge Canada, Cambridge Bay, NU X0B 0C0, Canada
- Correspondence: (G.E.C.); (I.D.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
DNA metabarcoding has the potential to greatly advance understanding of soil biodiversity, but this approach has seen limited application for the most abundant and species-rich group of soil fauna-the arthropods. This study begins to address this gap by comparing information on species composition recovered from metabarcoding two types of bulk samples (specimens, soil) from a temperate zone site and from bulk soil samples collected at eight sites in the Arctic. Analysis of 22 samples (3 specimen, 19 soil) revealed 410 arthropod OTUs belonging to 112 families, 25 orders, and nine classes. Studies at the temperate zone site revealed little overlap in species composition between soil and specimen samples, but more overlap at higher taxonomic levels (families, orders) and congruent patterns of α- and β-diversity. Expansion of soil analyses to the Arctic revealed locally rich, highly dissimilar, and spatially structured assemblages compatible with dispersal limited and environmentally driven assembly. The current study demonstrates that DNA metabarcoding of bulk soil enables rapid, large-scale assessments of soil arthropod diversity. However, deep sequence coverage is required to adequately capture the species present in these samples, and expansion of the DNA barcode reference library is necessary to improve taxonomic resolution of the sequences recovered through this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica R. Young
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul D. N. Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nadolski A, Vieira JD, Sobrin JA, Kofman AM, Ade PAR, Ahmed Z, Anderson AJ, Avva JS, Basu Thakur R, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bryant L, Carlstrom JE, Carter FW, Cecil TW, Chang CL, Cheshire JR, Chesmore GE, Cliche JF, Cukierman A, de Haan T, Dierickx M, Ding J, Dutcher D, Everett W, Farwick J, Ferguson KR, Florez L, Foster A, Fu J, Gallicchio J, Gambrel AE, Gardner RW, Groh JC, Guns S, Guyser R, Halverson NW, Harke-Hosemann AH, Harrington NL, Harris RJ, Henning JW, Holzapfel WL, Howe D, Huang N, Irwin KD, Jeong O, Jonas M, Jones A, Korman M, Kovac J, Kubik DL, Kuhlmann S, Kuo CL, Lee AT, Lowitz AE, McMahon J, Meier J, Meyer SS, Michalik D, Montgomery J, Natoli T, Nguyen H, Noble GI, Novosad V, Padin S, Pan Z, Paschos P, Pearson J, Posada CM, Quan W, Rahlin A, Riebel D, Ruhl JE, Sayre JT, Shirokoff E, Smecher G, Stark AA, Stephen J, Story KT, Suzuki A, Tandoi C, Thompson KL, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Wang G, Whitehorn N, Yefremenko V, Yoon KW, Young MR. Broadband, millimeter-wave antireflection coatings for large-format, cryogenic aluminum oxide optics. Appl Opt 2020; 59:3285-3295. [PMID: 32400613 DOI: 10.1364/ao.383921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present two prescriptions for broadband ($ {\sim} 77 - 252\;{\rm GHz} $), millimeter-wave antireflection coatings for cryogenic, sintered polycrystalline aluminum oxide optics: one for large-format (700 mm diameter) planar and plano-convex elements, the other for densely packed arrays of quasi-optical elements-in our case, 5 mm diameter half-spheres (called "lenslets"). The coatings comprise three layers of commercially available, polytetrafluoroethylene-based, dielectric sheet material. The lenslet coating is molded to fit the 150 mm diameter arrays directly, while the large-diameter lenses are coated using a tiled approach. We review the fabrication processes for both prescriptions, then discuss laboratory measurements of their transmittance and reflectance. In addition, we present the inferred refractive indices and loss tangents for the coating materials and the aluminum oxide substrate. We find that at 150 GHz and 300 K the large-format coating sample achieves $ (97 \pm 2)\% $ transmittance, and the lenslet coating sample achieves $ (94 \pm 3)\% $ transmittance.
Collapse
|
5
|
deWaard JR, Ratnasingham S, Zakharov EV, Borisenko AV, Steinke D, Telfer AC, Perez KHJ, Sones JE, Young MR, Levesque-Beaudin V, Sobel CN, Abrahamyan A, Bessonov K, Blagoev G, deWaard SL, Ho C, Ivanova NV, Layton KKS, Lu L, Manjunath R, McKeown JTA, Milton MA, Miskie R, Monkhouse N, Naik S, Nikolova N, Pentinsaari M, Prosser SWJ, Radulovici AE, Steinke C, Warne CP, Hebert PDN. A reference library for Canadian invertebrates with 1.5 million barcodes, voucher specimens, and DNA samples. Sci Data 2019; 6:308. [PMID: 31811161 PMCID: PMC6897906 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliable taxonomic identification of organisms through DNA sequence data requires a well parameterized library of curated reference sequences. However, it is estimated that just 15% of described animal species are represented in public sequence repositories. To begin to address this deficiency, we provide DNA barcodes for 1,500,003 animal specimens collected from 23 terrestrial and aquatic ecozones at sites across Canada, a nation that comprises 7% of the planet's land surface. In total, 14 phyla, 43 classes, 163 orders, 1123 families, 6186 genera, and 64,264 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs; a proxy for species) are represented. Species-level taxonomy was available for 38% of the specimens, but higher proportions were assigned to a genus (69.5%) and a family (99.9%). Voucher specimens and DNA extracts are archived at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics where they are available for further research. The corresponding sequence and taxonomic data can be accessed through the Barcode of Life Data System, GenBank, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, and the Global Genome Biodiversity Network Data Portal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R deWaard
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Evgeny V Zakharov
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex V Borisenko
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dirk Steinke
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela C Telfer
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate H J Perez
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayme E Sones
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica R Young
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Crystal N Sobel
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arusyak Abrahamyan
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyrylo Bessonov
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gergin Blagoev
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie L deWaard
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Ho
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalia V Ivanova
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kara K S Layton
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Liuqiong Lu
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramya Manjunath
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaclyn T A McKeown
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan A Milton
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renee Miskie
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Norm Monkhouse
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suresh Naik
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadya Nikolova
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikko Pentinsaari
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean W J Prosser
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Claudia Steinke
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connor P Warne
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Young MR, Proctor HC, deWaard JR, Hebert PDN. DNA barcodes expose unexpected diversity in Canadian mites. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:5347-5359. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica R. Young
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - Heather C. Proctor
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Jeremy R. deWaard
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - Paul D. N. Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baulieu F, Knee W, Nowell V, Schwarzfeld M, Lindo Z, Behan-Pelletier VM, Lumley L, Young MR, Smith I, Proctor HC, Mironov SV, Galloway TD, Walter DE, Lindquist EE. Acari of Canada. Zookeys 2019; 819:77-168. [PMID: 30713436 PMCID: PMC6355733 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.819.28307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Summaries of taxonomic knowledge are provided for all acarine groups in Canada, accompanied by references to relevant publications, changes in classification at the family level since 1979, and notes on biology relevant to estimating their diversity. Nearly 3000 described species from 269 families are recorded in the country, representing a 56% increase from the 1917 species reported by Lindquist et al. (1979). An additional 42 families are known from Canada only from material identified to family- or genus-level. Of the total 311 families known in Canada, 69 are newly recorded since 1979, excluding apparent new records due solely to classification changes. This substantial progress is most evident in Oribatida and Hydrachnidia, for which many regional checklists and family-level revisions have been published. Except for recent taxonomic leaps in a few other groups, particularly of symbiotic mites (Astigmata: feather mites; Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae), knowledge remains limited for most other taxa, for which most species records are unpublished and may require verification. Taxonomic revisions are greatly needed for a large majority of families in Canada. Based in part on species recorded in adjacent areas of the USA and on hosts known to be present here, we conservatively estimate that nearly 10,000 species of mites occur in Canada, but the actual number could be 15,000 or more. This means that at least 70% of Canada's mite fauna is yet unrecorded. Much work also remains to match existing molecular data with species names, as less than 10% of the ~7500 Barcode Index Numbers for Canadian mites in the Barcode of Life Database are associated with named species. Understudied hosts and terrestrial and aquatic habitats require investigation across Canada to uncover new species and to clarify geographic and ecological distributions of known species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Baulieu
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Wayne Knee
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Victoria Nowell
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Marla Schwarzfeld
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Zoë Lindo
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada Western University London Canada
| | - Valerie M Behan-Pelletier
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Lisa Lumley
- Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, Alberta, T5J 0G2, Canada Royal Alberta Museum Edmonton Canada
| | - Monica R Young
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada University of Guelph Guelph Canada
| | - Ian Smith
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Heather C Proctor
- Department of Biological Sciences,University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Sergei V Mironov
- Department of Parasitology, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya embankment 1, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Terry D Galloway
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - David E Walter
- University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia University of Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia
- Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, 4101, Queensland, Australia Queensland Museum South Brisbane Australia
| | - Evert E Lindquist
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
deWaard JR, Levesque-Beaudin V, deWaard SL, Ivanova NV, McKeown JTA, Miskie R, Naik S, Perez KHJ, Ratnasingham S, Sobel CN, Sones JE, Steinke C, Telfer AC, Young AD, Young MR, Zakharov EV, Hebert PDN. Expedited assessment of terrestrial arthropod diversity by coupling Malaise traps with DNA barcoding 1. Genome 2018; 62:85-95. [PMID: 30257096 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring changes in terrestrial arthropod communities over space and time requires a dramatic increase in the speed and accuracy of processing samples that cannot be achieved with morphological approaches. The combination of DNA barcoding and Malaise traps allows expedited, comprehensive inventories of species abundance whose cost will rapidly decline as high-throughput sequencing technologies advance. Aside from detailing protocols from specimen sorting to data release, this paper describes their use in a survey of arthropod diversity in a national park that examined 21 194 specimens representing 2255 species. These protocols can support arthropod monitoring programs at regional, national, and continental scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R deWaard
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Levesque-Beaudin
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie L deWaard
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalia V Ivanova
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaclyn T A McKeown
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renee Miskie
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suresh Naik
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate H J Perez
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sujeevan Ratnasingham
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Crystal N Sobel
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayme E Sones
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia Steinke
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela C Telfer
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew D Young
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,b Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica R Young
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evgeny V Zakharov
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- a Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Elías‐Gutiérrez M, Valdez‐Moreno M, Topan J, Young MR, Cohuo‐Colli JA. Improved protocols to accelerate the assembly of DNA barcode reference libraries for freshwater zooplankton. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3002-3018. [PMID: 29531713 PMCID: PMC5838060 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, freshwater zooplankton sampling and identification methodologies have remained virtually unchanged since they were first established in the beginning of the XX century. One major contributing factor to this slow progress is the limited success of modern genetic methodologies, such as DNA barcoding, in several of the main groups. This study demonstrates improved protocols which enable the rapid assessment of most animal taxa inhabiting any freshwater system by combining the use of light traps, careful fixation at low temperatures using ethanol, and zooplankton-specific primers. We DNA-barcoded 2,136 specimens from a diverse array of taxonomic assemblages (rotifers, mollusks, mites, crustaceans, insects, and fishes) from several Canadian and Mexican lakes with an average sequence success rate of 85.3%. In total, 325 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) were detected with only three BINs (two cladocerans and one copepod) shared between Canada and Mexico, suggesting a much narrower distribution range of freshwater zooplankton than previously thought. This study is the first to broadly explore the metazoan biodiversity of freshwater systems with DNA barcodes to construct a reference library that represents the first step for future programs which aim to monitor ecosystem health, track invasive species, or improve knowledge of the ecology and distribution of freshwater zooplankton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janet Topan
- Centre for Biodiversity GenomicsUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Monica R. Young
- Centre for Biodiversity GenomicsUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
D Scott J, L Clark K, F Anderson J, E Foley J, R Young M, A Durden L. Lyme Disease Bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, Detected in Multiple Tick Species at Kenora, Ontario, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Witt CJ, Gabel SP, Meisinger J, Werra G, Liu SW, Young MR. Interrelationship between Protein Phosphatase-2A and Cytoskeletal Architecture during the Endothelial Cell Response to Soluble Products Produced by Human Head and Neck Cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 122:721-7. [PMID: 10793354 DOI: 10.1016/s0194-5998(00)70204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor neovascularization is necessary for the progressive development of all solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). The angiogenic process includes increased endothelial cell motility. Our prior studies have shown the importance of protein phos-phatase-2A (PP-2A) in restricting endothelial cell motility. Because motility is regulated by the polymerization/depolymerization of the cellular cytoskeleton, the present study defined the interrelationship between PP-2A and the cytoskeleton during endothelial cell responses to HNSCC-derived angiogenic factors. PP-2A was shown to colocalize with microtubules of unstimulated endothelial cells. However, exposure to HNSCC-derived products resulted in a more diffuse distribution of PP-2A staining and a loss of filamentous tubulin. The feasibility of pharmacologically preventing this cytoskeletal disorganization as a means of blocking tumor-induced angiogenesis was tested. This was accomplished by use of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25 (OH)2D3] and all- trans-retinoic acid to indirectly stimulate PP-2A activity through their capacity to elevated intracellular levels of the second messenger ceramide. Pretreatment of endothelial cells with either 1,25(OH)2D3or retinoic acid prevented the cytoskeletal disorganization that otherwise occurs in endothelial cells on exposure to HNSCC-derived products. These studies support the feasibility of using elevation of PP-2A to prevent the mor-phogenic component of the angiogenic process that is stimulated by HNSCC-derived factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Witt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135053.].
Collapse
|
13
|
Telfer AC, Young MR, Quinn J, Perez K, Sobel CN, Sones JE, Levesque-Beaudin V, Derbyshire R, Fernandez-Triana J, Rougerie R, Thevanayagam A, Boskovic A, Borisenko AV, Cadel A, Brown A, Pages A, Castillo AH, Nicolai A, Glenn Mockford BM, Bukowski B, Wilson B, Trojahn B, Lacroix CA, Brimblecombe C, Hay C, Ho C, Steinke C, Warne CP, Garrido Cortes C, Engelking D, Wright D, Lijtmaer DA, Gascoigne D, Hernandez Martich D, Morningstar D, Neumann D, Steinke D, Marco DeBruin DD, Dobias D, Sears E, Richard E, Damstra E, Zakharov EV, Laberge F, Collins GE, Blagoev GA, Grainge G, Ansell G, Meredith G, Hogg I, McKeown J, Topan J, Bracey J, Guenther J, Sills-Gilligan J, Addesi J, Persi J, Layton KKS, D'Souza K, Dorji K, Grundy K, Nghidinwa K, Ronnenberg K, Lee KM, Xie L, Lu L, Penev L, Gonzalez M, Rosati ME, Kekkonen M, Kuzmina M, Iskandar M, Mutanen M, Fatahi M, Pentinsaari M, Bauman M, Nikolova N, Ivanova NV, Jones N, Weerasuriya N, Monkhouse N, Lavinia PD, Jannetta P, Hanisch PE, McMullin RT, Ojeda Flores R, Mouttet R, Vender R, Labbee RN, Forsyth R, Lauder R, Dickson R, Kroft R, Miller SE, MacDonald S, Panthi S, Pedersen S, Sobek-Swant S, Naik S, Lipinskaya T, Eagalle T, Decaëns T, Kosuth T, Braukmann T, Woodcock T, Roslin T, Zammit T, Campbell V, Dinca V, Peneva V, Hebert PDN, deWaard JR. Biodiversity inventories in high gear: DNA barcoding facilitates a rapid biotic survey of a temperate nature reserve. Biodivers Data J 2015; 3:e6313. [PMID: 26379469 PMCID: PMC4568406 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e6313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive biotic surveys, or 'all taxon biodiversity inventories' (ATBI), have traditionally been limited in scale or scope due to the complications surrounding specimen sorting and species identification. To circumvent these issues, several ATBI projects have successfully integrated DNA barcoding into their identification procedures and witnessed acceleration in their surveys and subsequent increase in project scope and scale. The Biodiversity Institute of Ontario partnered with the rare Charitable Research Reserve and delegates of the 6th International Barcode of Life Conference to complete its own rapid, barcode-assisted ATBI of an established land trust in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. NEW INFORMATION The existing species inventory for the rare Charitable Research Reserve was rapidly expanded by integrating a DNA barcoding workflow with two surveying strategies - a comprehensive sampling scheme over four months, followed by a one-day bioblitz involving international taxonomic experts. The two surveys resulted in 25,287 and 3,502 specimens barcoded, respectively, as well as 127 human observations. This barcoded material, all vouchered at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario collection, covers 14 phyla, 29 classes, 117 orders, and 531 families of animals, plants, fungi, and lichens. Overall, the ATBI documented 1,102 new species records for the nature reserve, expanding the existing long-term inventory by 49%. In addition, 2,793 distinct Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) were assigned to genus or higher level taxonomy, and represent additional species that will be added once their taxonomy is resolved. For the 3,502 specimens, the collection, sequence analysis, taxonomic assignment, data release and manuscript submission by 100+ co-authors all occurred in less than one week. This demonstrates the speed at which barcode-assisted inventories can be completed and the utility that barcoding provides in minimizing and guiding valuable taxonomic specialist time. The final product is more than a comprehensive biotic inventory - it is also a rich dataset of fine-scale occurrence and sequence data, all archived and cross-linked in the major biodiversity data repositories. This model of rapid generation and dissemination of essential biodiversity data could be followed to conduct regional assessments of biodiversity status and change, and potentially be employed for evaluating progress towards the Aichi Targets of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenna Quinn
- rare Charitable Research Reserve, Cambridge, Canada
| | - Kate Perez
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alex Cadel
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Anais Pages
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Belén Bukowski
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bill Wilson
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Christmas Ho
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dario A Lijtmaer
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Gascoigne
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | - Dirk Neumann
- SNSB, Zoologische Staatssammlung Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinke
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Emily Damstra
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerrie Grainge
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | - Ian Hogg
- University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Janet Topan
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jason Bracey
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | - Jerry Guenther
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | - Joshua Persi
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Grundy
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | - Kirsti Nghidinwa
- Ministry of Environment and Tourism in Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | | | - Linxi Xie
- The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Liuqiong Lu
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Mailyn Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Margaret E Rosati
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Miriam Bauman
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo D Lavinia
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Priscila E Hanisch
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Raphaëlle Mouttet
- ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Reid Vender
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ross Dickson
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | - Ruth Kroft
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | - Scott E Miller
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Sishir Panthi
- Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Suresh Naik
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | - Tatsiana Lipinskaya
- Scientific and Practical Center for Bioresources, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Thibaud Decaëns
- Université de Montpellier Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Tom Woodcock
- rare Charitable Research Reserve, Cambridge, Canada
| | - Tomas Roslin
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tony Zammit
- Grand River Conservation Authority, Cambridge, Canada
| | | | - Vlad Dinca
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Because sequence information is now available for the 648bp barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) from more than 400,000 animal species, this gene segment can be used to probe patterns of mitochondrial evolution. The present study examines levels of amino acid substitution and the frequency of indels in COI from 4177 species of arachnids, including representatives from all 16 orders and 43% of its families (267/625). It examines divergences at three taxonomic levels—among members of each order to an outgroup, among families in each order and among BINs, a species proxy, in each family. Order Distances vary fourfold (0.10–0.39), while the mean of the Family Distances for the ten orders ranges fivefold (0.07–0.35). BIN Distances show great variation, ranging from 0.01 or less in 12 families to more than 0.25 in eight families. Patterns of amino acid substitution in COI are generally congruent with previously reported variation in nucleotide substitution rates in arachnids, but provide some new insights, such as clear rate acceleration in the Opiliones. By revealing a strong association between elevated rates of nucleotide and amino acid substitution, this study builds evidence for the selective importance of the rate variation among arachnid lineages. Moreover, it establishes that groups whose COI genes have elevated levels of amino acid substitution also regularly possess indels, a dramatic form of protein reconfiguration. Overall, this study suggests that the mitochondrial genome of some arachnid groups is dynamic with high rates of amino acid substitution and frequent indels, while it is ‘locked down’ in others. Dynamic genomes are most prevalent in arachnids with short generation times, but the possible impact of breeding system deserves investigation since many of the rapidly evolving lineages reproduce by haplodiploidy, a mode of reproduction absent in ‘locked down’ taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica R Young
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul D. N. Hebert
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Young MR, Behan-Pelletier VM, Hebert PDN. Revealing the hyperdiverse mite fauna of subarctic Canada through DNA barcoding. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48755. [PMID: 23133656 PMCID: PMC3487733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mites are one of the most abundant and diverse groups of arthropods, they are rarely targeted for detailed biodiversity surveys due to taxonomic constraints. We address this gap through DNA barcoding, evaluating acarine diversity at Churchill, Manitoba, a site on the tundra-taiga transition. Barcode analysis of 6279 specimens revealed nearly 900 presumptive species of mites with high species turnover between substrates and between forested and non-forested sites. Accumulation curves have not reached an asymptote for any of the three mite orders investigated, and estimates suggest that more than 1200 species of Acari occur at this locality. The coupling of DNA barcode results with taxonomic assignments revealed that Trombidiformes compose 49% of the fauna, a larger fraction than expected based on prior studies. This investigation demonstrates the efficacy of DNA barcoding in facilitating biodiversity assessments of hyperdiverse taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica R Young
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hastie LC, Tarr EC, al-Mousawi B, Young MR. Medium-term recruitment patterns in Scottish freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera populations. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
17
|
Hwang SK, Jin H, Kwon JT, Chang SH, Kim TH, Cho CS, Lee KH, Young MR, Colburn NH, Beck GR, Yang HS, Cho MH. Aerosol-delivered programmed cell death 4 enhanced apoptosis, controlled cell cycle and suppressed AP-1 activity in the lungs of AP-1 luciferase reporter mice. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1353-61. [PMID: 17611588 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The long-term survival of lung cancer patients treated with conventional therapies remains poor and therefore the need for novel approaches remains high. This has led to the re-emergence of aerosol delivery as a therapeutic intervention. In this study, glucosylated polyethylenimine (GPEI) was used as carrier to investigate programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) and PDCD4 mutant (D418A), an eIF4A-binding mutant, on PDCD4-related signaling and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity in the lungs of AP-1 luciferase reporter mice. After confirming the efficiency of GPEI as a carrier in lungs, the effects of aerosol-delivered PDCD4 were investigated in AP-1 luciferase reporter mice. Aerosol delivery of GPEI/PDCD4 through a nose-only inhalation facilitated the apoptosis of lungs whereas aerosol PDCD4 mutant did not. Also, such aerosol delivery regulated proteins relevant to cell-cycle control and suppressed AP-1 activity. Results obtained by western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, luciferase assay and deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated nick end labeling study suggest that combined actions such as facilitating apoptosis, controlling cell cycle and suppression of AP-1 activity by PDCD4 may provide useful tool for designing lung tumor prevention and treatment by which PDCD4 functions as a transformation suppressor in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-K Hwang
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Young MR. Unrestored carious teeth. Br Dent J 2002; 193:364. [PMID: 12425291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
|
19
|
Feeney GF, McPherson A, Connor JP, McAlister A, Young MR, Garrahy P. Randomized controlled trial of two cigarette quit programmes in coronary care patients after acute myocardial infarction. Intern Med J 2001; 31:470-5. [PMID: 11720060 DOI: 10.1046/j.1445-5994.2001.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco cessation after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) substantially improves outcome but how effective individual programmes are needs to be established. To date, few studies have examined this factor. AIMS To assess the outcome of two smoking cessation programmes after AMI. METHODS One hundred and ninety-eight current smokers admitted to coronary care with an AMI participated in a randomized controlled study comparing two outpatient tobacco interventions, the Stanford Heart Attack Staying Free (SF) programme and a Usual Care (UC) programme. RESULTS Log-rank analyses revealed that patients in the SF programme were retained longer (P < 0.001) and had higher cotinine validated abstinence rates (P < 0.001) compared with patients in the UC programme. Twelve months after intervention, 39% of the SF programme compared with 2% of the UC programme demonstrated cotinine validated tobacco cessation, representing a significant reduced relapse rate in the SF programme (chi2, P< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The SF smoking cessation programme initiated in hospital can significantly reduce smoking rates at 12 months after myocardial infarction. Although superior to the UC quit programme, Australian outcomes were lower than the American programme originators' published outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G F Feeney
- Alcohol and Drug Assessment Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Evidence in support of melatonin's role as an immunomodulator is incomplete and, in some cases, contradictory. The present studies determined whether melatonin modulates the activity of stimulated macrophages. In vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10-1000 ng/ml) treatment of alveolar, splenic and peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice and/or rats resulted in a dose-dependent increase in interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) secretion. Treatment with melatonin (10(-10)-10(-6) M) prior to the addition of LPS, had no effect on IL-1beta or TNF-alpha release. Additionally, melatonin had no effect on stimulated BV2 microglial cell line cytokine secretion. To determine whether melatonin had an indirect effect on macrophage cytokine release via T cells, melatonin was added to unfractionated mouse spleen cells. Again, melatonin showed no priming effect on LPS-stimulated spleen cells. These results suggest that melatonin has no direct or indirect effect on mouse and rat macrophages. In vivo studies, where melatonin was continuously available in the drinking water, showed that melatonin did not have a priming effect on LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. These findings suggest that melatonin is not an important modulator of macrophage and microglia function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Shafer
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University of Chicago Medical Center, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lathers DM, Clark JI, Achille NJ, Young MR. Phase IB study of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) treatment to diminish suppressor cells in head and neck cancer patients. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:1282-93. [PMID: 11704292 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have profound immune defects. These defects are associated with a poor prognosis and are mediated, in part, by an increased number of immune inhibitory CD34(+) progenitor cells in their peripheral blood and tumor. The CD34(+) cells suppress autologous T-cell functions. Our prior work had shown that the differentiation inducer 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) could drive the differentiation of CD34(+) cells isolated from HNSCC patients into dendritic cells. A phase IB clinical trial was initiated with HNSCC patients to determine if 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) treatment could diminish CD34(+) cell levels and improve immune function. Six patients per treatment group were orally administered 20 or 40 microg/day 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) for six weeks. Peripheral blood was collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, and assessed for markers of immune activity. Although no clinical responses were observed, results of these pilot studies showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) reduced the presence of immune suppressive CD34(+) cells and improved immune competence of HNSCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Lathers
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lathers DM, Achille N, Kolesiak K, Hulett K, Sparano A, Petruzzelli GJ, Young MR. Increased levels of immune inhibitory CD34+ progenitor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with node positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and the ability of these CD34+ cells to differentiate into immune stimulatory dendritic cells. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 125:205-12. [PMID: 11555755 DOI: 10.1067/mhn.2001.117871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study determined whether mobilization of immune inhibitory CD34+ cells by head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is most prominent in patients who are node positive and whether these CD34+ cells could differentiate into immune stimulatory dendritic cells. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Peripheral blood from patients with head and neck cancer was used to measure the frequency of CD34+ cells and their capacity to differentiate into immune stimulatory dendritic cells. RESULTS This study demonstrated that increased CD34+ cell levels were most prominent in patients who were node positive and patients with recurrent disease. These CD34+ cells differentiated into dendritic cells that were able to present tetanus toxoid to autologous T-cells. CONCLUSIONS Immune suppressive CD34+ cells that are prominent in patients with HNSCC who are node positive are able to develop into immune stimulatory dendritic cells. SIGNIFICANCE Differentiation of tumor-mobilized CD34+ cells into dendritic cells may be an immunotherapeutic approach to stimulate antitumor reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Lathers
- Department of Research Services, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Young MR, Liu SW, Meisinger J. Differences in association of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase PP-2A with microtubules of metastatic and nonmetastatic tumor cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2001; 18:407-13. [PMID: 11467773 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010934106651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Motility and adhesiveness are regulated by a multitude of factors, including cytoskeletal polymerization and phosphorylation of cytoskeletal and associated proteins. The metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma variant, LLC-LN7, was highly motile in vitro and had lower levels of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase PP-2A than did the nonmetastatic variant, LLC-C8. Reducing PP-2A activity of the nonmetastatic cells pharmacologically or with catalytic (Calpha) subunit antisense increased their in vitro motility. Nonmetastatic LLC-C8 cells had a greater proportion of polymerized tubulin which co-purified with PP-2A as compared to the metastatic LLC-LN7 cells. The PP-2A that was associated with the microtubules of these cells showed similar ratios of the Aalpha structural subunit to the Calpha/beta catalytic subunits. In contrast, the proportion of the regulatory subunit B56alpha was lower in the nonmetastatic LLC-C8 cells as compared to the metastatic LLC-LN7 cells. These studies show the role of PP-2A in restricting the motility of nonmetastatic tumor cells and suggest that the loss of this regulatory control in metastatic LLC-LN7 cells may be due to both a reduction in microtubule-associated PP-2A and a difference in the composition of the subunits of PP-2A that is associated with the microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Young
- Research Services, Hines VA Hospital, Illinois 60141, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Postoperative cranial nerve weakness or paralysis is not uncommon in many otolaryngologic surgical procedures. Our study used a rat model to test the hypothesis that the length of time that a nerve is under tension may be an important variable in the amount of postoperative paresis. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups that underwent either a sham operation or a traction injury for 1, 2, or 5 minutes. The traction injury was performed with a vessel loop placed around the sciatic nerve with 50 g of tension. Traction injury for 1 or 2 minutes did not result in any statistical differences in the motor capabilities of the lower limb. However, those animals with a stretch injury for 5 minutes had a significant loss of function (P < 0.01) when compared with all other groups. Histologic examination of nerves harvested on postoperative day 7 showed no evidence of mechanical injury. This study demonstrates that even minimal tension, if maintained for a significant amount of time, may result in postoperative weakness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Fowler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hsu TC, Nair R, Tulsian P, Camalier CE, Hegamyer GA, Young MR, Colburn NH. Transformation nonresponsive cells owe their resistance to lack of p65/nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Cancer Res 2001; 61:4160-8. [PMID: 11358840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Clonal variants of mouse epidermal JB6 cells that are genetically susceptible (P+) or resistant (P-) to tumor promoter-induced neoplastic transformation exhibit differential activator protein-1 (AP-1) response. Transactivation of AP-1 appears to be necessary but not sufficient to promote transformation in JB6 cells. Inhibition of AP-1 is invariably accompanied by inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) when transformation is suppressed, suggesting that NF-kappaB may also play a role in neoplastic transformation. We report here that transactivation of NF-kappaB is inducible by tumor promoters in P+ but not in P- JB6 cells. Inhibition of NF-kappaB using a nondegradable mutant of IkappaBalpha suppressed inducible anchorage-independent transformation of P+ JB6 cells, suggesting that NF-kappaB activation is required for tumor promotion. Induced degradation of IkappaBalpha occurred in both P+ and P- JB6 cells, indicating that failure to activate NF-kappaB in P- JB6 cells cannot be attributed to failure to degrade IkappaBalpha. Slightly higher levels of nuclear p65 were seen in P+ than in P- JB6 cells. The p65-specific DNA binding activity was also higher in P+ cells upon induction by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, suggesting that differential NF-kappaB activation may be attributable to changes in p65 activity. Transactivation of p65 protein was substantially higher in P+ than in P- JB6 cells, as determined by assay of Gal4-p65 fusion constructs. Thus activated, p65 may be a limiting factor for NF-kappaB activation and transformation responses. Stable expression of p65 in P- JB6 cells conferred not only inducible NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation but also transformation response to tumor promoters. Therefore, p65/NF-kappaB appears to be not only necessary for but also sufficient to confer tumor promotion response. Although stable expression of p65 in P- cells produced p65 increases in whole cell extracts, only the transfectants exhibiting increased nuclear p65 showed transformation response. Thus, elevation of nuclear p65 appears to be a necessary step for a transformation response. The P-/p65 transfectants showing acquired transformation response also showed elevated p65-specific transactivation response, thus recapitulating the NF-kappaB phenotypes seen in P+ cells. Expression of a transactivation-deficient mutant of Jun or dominant-negative extracellular signal-regulated kinase suppressed both AP-1 activation and p65-specific transactivation in JB6 cells, suggesting that AP-1 activity is needed for p65 transactivation and consequently for NF-kappaB activation. Thus, the transformation nonresponsive P- JB6 cells owe their resistance to lack of NF-kappaB activation and p65 transactivation that appears in turn to be attributable to insufficient AP-1 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Hsu
- Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Young MR, Petruzzelli GJ, Kolesiak K, Achille N, Lathers DM, Gabrilovich DI. Human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck chemoattract immune suppressive CD34(+) progenitor cells. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:332-41. [PMID: 11295465 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD34(+) progenitor cells have previously been shown to be mobilized in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). The present study showed that these CD34(+) cells inhibit the capacity of intratumoral lymphoid cells to become activated in response to stimulation through the TCR/CD3 complex. The mechanisms that could lead to the accumulation of CD34(+) cells within the tumor tissue were assessed. This was accomplished through in vitro studies that determined if HNSCC produce soluble factors that chemoattract CD34(+) cells. The migration of cord blood CD34(+) cells, which were used as a readily available source of progenitor cells, was stimulated by products derived from HNSCC explants and primary HNSCC cultures. This stimulated migration was due to chemotaxis because it was dependent on an increasing gradient of HNSCC-derived products. CD34(+) cells that were isolated from the peripheral blood of HNSCC patients were similarly chemoattracted to the HNSCC-derived products. The majority of the chemotactic activity produced by HNSCC could be attributed to vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF). These studies indicate that HNSCC can chemoattract immune inhibitory CD34(+) progenitor cells through their production of VEGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Young
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, IL 60141, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Young MR, Kolesiak K, Wright MA, Gabrilovich DI. Chemoattraction of femoral CD34+ progenitor cells by tumor-derived vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Clin Exp Metastasis 2001; 17:881-8. [PMID: 11089887 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006708607666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients and animals with GM-CSF-producing tumors have an increased number of mobilized CD34+ progenitor cells within their peripheral blood and tumor tissue. These CD34+ cells are inhibitory to the activity of intratumoral T-cells. The present study used the murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model to assess mechanisms that could lead to the accumulation of CD34+ cells within the tumor tissue. In vitro analyses showed that LLC tumor explants released chemoattractants for normal femoral CD34+ cells. The LLC tumor cells contributed to the production of this activity since CD34+ cell chemoattractants were also released by cultured LLC cells. Antibody neutralization studies showed that most, although not all, of the chemotactic activity that was produced by LLC cells could be attributed to VEGF. In vivo studies with fluorescent-tagged CD34+ cells showed their accumulation within the tumor tissue, but not within the lungs, spleen or bone marrow, suggesting a selective accumulation within the tumor. Whether or not VEGF could chemoattract CD34+ cells in vivo was measured with a VEGF-containing Matrigel plug assay. Infusion of fluorescent-tagged CD34+ cells into mice after the plugs became vascularized revealed the accumulation of fluorescent-tagged cells within the plugs. However, these CD34+ cells failed to accumulate within the VEGF-containing Matrigel plugs when they were infused together with neutralizing anti-VEGF antibody. Through a combination of in vitro and in vivo analyses, the LLC cells were shown to be capable of chemoattracting CD34+ cells, with most of the tumor-derived chemotactic activity being due to tumor release of VEGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Young
- Research Services, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Illinois 60141, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li JJ, Cao Y, Young MR, Colburn NH. Induced expression of dominant-negative c-jun downregulates NFkappaB and AP-1 target genes and suppresses tumor phenotype in human keratinocytes. Mol Carcinog 2000; 29:159-69. [PMID: 11108661 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2744(200011)29:3<159::aid-mc5>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastically transformed mouse and human keratinocytes elevate transactivation of both activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) transcription factors. The present study addresses the question of whether elevated NFkappaB in addition to elevated AP-1-dependent gene expression is necessary for maintaining the tumor cell phenotype. When a tetracycline-regulatable dominant-negative c-jun (TAM67, having a truncated transactivation domain) was expressed in tumorigenic human keratinocytes, AP-1- and NFkappaB- but not p53-dependent reporter activity was inhibited by 40-60%. Tumor phenotype, as measured by anchorage-independent growth, was inhibited by 90%. Neither AP-1/NFkappaB activation nor expression of tumor phenotype was inhibited in TAM67-harboring keratinocytes under noninducing conditions. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis showed that induction of TAM67 expression slightly increased AP-1- but reduced NFkappaB DNA-binding activity. Immunoprecipitation showed that TAM67 interacted in keratinocyte nuclei with NFkappaB p65, suggesting that inhibition of NFkappaB by TAM67 is mediated by direct protein-protein interactions, possibly producing decreased binding to DNA or inactivating p65. To analyze the putative effector genes that may be targeted by TAM67, expression of genes responsive to AP-1 or NFkappaB was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in TAM67 transfectants with or without TAM67 induction. Induction of TAM67 inhibited or reduced the expression of collagenase I, stromelysin I (AP-1 responsive), and interleukins 1 and 6 (NFkappaB responsive). These results indicate that genes controlled by NFkappaB and by AP-1 may be transformation-relevant targets of TAM67 and that TAM67 may inhibit NFkappaB activation through direct interaction with NFkappaB p65. Moreover, the findings provide proof for the principle of using inducible TAM67 as a gene therapy to suppress tumor phenotype in human carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Li
- Gene Regulation Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of the oral prostaglandin analogue misoprostol in controlling the symptoms of interstitial cystitis in patients with refractory disease. METHODS Twenty-five patients were commenced on misoprostol 600 micrograms daily for 3 months. Patients who responded to therapy were offered treatment for a further 6 months. Assessment of the response was by a voiding log and an interstitial cystitis symptom score. RESULTS At 3 months, 14 patients (56%) had significantly improved, and after a further 6 months, 12 patients (48%) had a sustained response. The incidence of adverse drug effects was 64%. Most side effects were minimal, and the response rate in patients who were able to tolerate the drug was 87% at 3 months and 75% at 9 months. CONCLUSIONS The oral prostaglandin analogue misoprostol is effective in treating the symptoms of interstitial cystitis. It is possible that prostaglandins have a cytoprotective action in the urinary bladder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Kelly
- Department of Urology, Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Benefield J, Meisinger J, Petruzzelli GJ, Young MR. Endothelial cell response to human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas involves downregulation of protein phosphatases-1/2A, cytoskeletal depolymerization and increased motility. Invasion Metastasis 2000; 17:210-20. [PMID: 9778593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancers, such as human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), have been shown to stimulate angiogenesis by their production of endothelial cell proliferative and motility-stimulatory factors. The present studies to elucidate the intracellular mechanisms that contribute to the motility response of endothelial cells to HNSCC-derived factors showed a decline in the organization of actin filaments and microtubules. This HNSCC-induced decline in cytoskeletal organization coincided with the downregulation of endothelial cell protein phosphatase-1 and 2A (PP-1/2A) activities, and could be mimicked by directly inhibiting these enzyme activities with okadaic acid. These results show that the increased motility of endothelial cells in response to HNSCC-derived angiogenic factors involves downregulation of PP-1/2A activities and, consequently, a decline in cytoskeletal organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Benefield
- Research Services, Hines V.A. Hospital, Hines, Ill., USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jackson J, Meisinger J, Patel S, Lim ZC, Vellody K, Metz R, Young MR. Protein phosphatase-2A associates with the cytoskeleton to maintain cell spreading and reduced motility of nonmetastatic Lewis lung carcinoma cells: the loss of this regulatory control in metastatic cells. Invasion Metastasis 2000; 17:199-209. [PMID: 9778592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-LN7) variants have previously been shown to have reduced levels of protein phosphatase-2A (PP-2A) activity as compared to the nonmetastatic LLC-C8 cells. The present study showed that inhibition of PP-2A in the nonmetastatic LLC-C8 cells caused a rapid change from a spread to a rounded morphology and increased their in vitro invasiveness through laminin. In contrast, the metastatic LLC-LN7 cells were rounded and invasive, which was not affected by inhibition of PP-2A. To determine whether these differences could be attributed to alterations in PP-2A association with the cytoskeleton, the extent of PP-2A colocalization with microtubules was tested. Immunostaining for tubulin showed prominent filamentous fibers in nonmetastatic LLC-C8 cells and small foci of PP-2A immunostaining along these microtubules. In contrast, the tubulin staining was diffuse throughout the metastatic LLC-LN7 cells and there was little evidence of association with PP-2A. Western blot analyses showed that this reduced level of PP-2A association with microtubules in metastatic LLC-LN7 cells was not due to differences in levels of the PP-2A subunits. Instead, it may be due to the reduced association of the subunits into the heterotrimeric form of the PP-2A holoenzyme. These studies show the importance of PP-2A in maintaining a spread morphology and in restricting invasiveness, and a loss of this regulatory control in metastatic cells. This loss of PP-2A regulatory control in metastatic cells may be due to a reduction in the trimeric form of the PP-2A holoenzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jackson
- Research Services, Hines V.A. Hospital, Hines, Ill., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pandit R, Lathers DM, Beal NM, Garrity T, Young MR. CD34+ immune suppressive cells in the peripheral blood of patients with head and neck cancer. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000; 109:749-54. [PMID: 10961808 DOI: 10.1177/000348940010900809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have profound defects in their immune defenses. Using immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometric analysis, we found that most patients with HNSCC have increased levels of CD34+ cells within their peripheral blood. These circulating CD34+ cells contribute to the depressed functional competence of the peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. This was demonstrated by the increased level of proliferative responsiveness to interleukin-2 by the patients' peripheral blood T-cells after depletion of CD34+ cells. These results show the importance of CD34+ cells in contributing to the depression of T-lymphocyte function in patients with HNSCC and suggest that strategies designed to reduce the levels of circulating CD34+ cells may enhance the immune reactivity of the patients' circulating T-lymphocytes against the HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pandit
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during metabolic conversion of molecular oxygen imposes a constant threat to aerobic organisms. Other than the cytotoxic effects, many ROS and oxidants are also potent tumor promoters linking oxidative stress to carcinogenesis. Clonal variants of mouse epidermal JB6 cells originally identified for their differential susceptibility to tumor promoters also show differential reduction-oxidation (redox) responses providing a unique model to study oxidative events in tumor promotion. AP-1 and NF-kappaB, inducible by tumor promoters or oxidative stimuli, show differential protein levels or activation in response to tumor promoters in JB6 cells. We further demonstrated that AP-1 and NF-kappaB are both required for maintaining the transformed phenotypes where inhibition of either activity suppresses transformation response in JB6 cells as well as human keratinocytes and transgenic mouse. NF-kappaB proteins or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not AP-1 proteins are shown to be sufficient for conversion from transformation-resistant to transformation-susceptible phenotype. Insofar as oxidative events regulate AP-1 and NF-kappaB transactivation, these oxidative events can be important molecular targets for cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Hsu
- IRSP, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Witt CJ, Gabel SP, Meisinger J, Werra G, Liu SW, Young MR. Interrelationship between protein phosphatase-2A and cytoskeletal architecture during the endothelial cell response to soluble products produced by human head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000. [PMID: 10793354 DOI: 10.1067/mhn.2000.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor neovascularization is necessary for the progressive development of all solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). The angiogenic process includes increased endothelial cell motility. Our prior studies have shown the importance of protein phosphatase-2A (PP-2A) in restricting endothelial cell motility. Because motility is regulated by the polymerization/depolymerization of the cellular cytoskeleton, the present study defined the interrelationship between PP-2A and the cytoskeleton during endothelial cell responses to HNSCC-derived angiogenic factors. PP-2A was shown to colocalize with microtubules of unstimulated endothelial cells. However, exposure to HNSCC-derived products resulted in a more diffuse distribution of PP-2A staining and a loss of filamentous tubulin. The feasibility of pharmacologically preventing this cytoskeletal disorganization as a means of blocking tumor-induced angiogenesis was tested. This was accomplished by use of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] and all-trans -retinoic acid to indirectly stimulate PP-2A activity through their capacity to elevated intracellular levels of the second messenger ceramide. Pretreatment of endothelial cells with either 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or retinoic acid prevented the cytoskeletal disorganization that otherwise occurs in endothelial cells on exposure to HNSCC-derived products. These studies support the feasibility of using elevation of PP-2A to prevent the morphogenic component of the angiogenic process that is stimulated by HNSCC-derived factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Witt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to study the role of prostaglandins in regulating microglial activation. Mice were treated with indomethacin (2 microg/ml) in their drinking water to selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase activity. After 4-8 days, the effect of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis on microglial activity was evaluated. This was accomplished by analyzing microglial expression of Mac-1 (C3 complement receptor) as an indicator of activation. Mac-1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry of fixed brain cryosections, and by flow cytometric analysis of immunostained single cell suspensions. Both methods demonstrated that compared to age-matched, untreated controls, brains of indomethacin-treated mice had increased levels of Mac-1 expression, suggesting an increase in the state of microglial activation. These results demonstrate the importance of prostaglandins in down regulating microglial activity, and that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin may act to increase the reactivity of the brain's immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Prechel
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- N W Thompson
- Departments of Urology and Radiology, Craigavon Area Hospital, County Armagh, Northern Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether irrigation during bipolar cautery confers thermoprotection from neuronal injury. DESIGN A rat animal model (15 rats for each treatment group) was used to test the thermoprotective effects of irrigation during bipolar cautery. In this model, the sciatic nerve was exposed, and a 1-second stimulus was applied using bipolar cautery forceps at 40 or 20 W placed directly on the nerve in the presence or absence of simultaneous irrigation. The effects of cautery were determined on the basis of clinical gait analysis by means of the Sciatic Functional Index, temperature response, and neuropathological findings. RESULTS The degree of paresis was reduced with irrigation. Neuropathological examination of the sciatic nerve after cautery showed significant axonal loss (more small than large fibers) with concomitant demyelination, which was partially inhibited by irrigation (chi2; P = .04). The mechanism of thermoprotection by irrigation was not the result of a reduction in the temperature spike that followed cautery, but resulted from a reduced temperature response during the 15 seconds that followed 40- or 20-W stimulation with bipolar cautery. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous irrigation and bipolar cautery enhance temperature recovery to basal levels and protect the peripheral nerve from the effects of cautery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Donzelli
- Department of Otolaryngology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Ill, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Young MR. Calculating the impact of clinical governance. Br Dent J 2000; 188:61. [PMID: 10689764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
|
39
|
Wiers KM, Lathers DM, Wright MA, Young MR. Vitamin D3 treatment to diminish the levels of immune suppressive CD34+ cells increases the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy. J Immunother 2000; 23:115-24. [PMID: 10687144 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200001000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth can increase the number of immature bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells that exhibit natural suppressor (NS) activity toward T-cell function. Using a metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-LN7) tumor model, these CD34+ NS cells were shown to be present within the s.c. primary tumor tissue, but their levels declined after treatment with the inducer of myeloid cell differentiation, vitamin D3. Therefore, studies determined whether vitamin D3 treatment to diminish the CD34+ NS cell levels in LLC-LN7-bearing mice would enhance (a) intratumoral immune reactivity and (b) the antitumor activity of adoptive therapy consisting of tumor-reactive lymph node cells. The results showed that vitamin D3 treatment alone increased the intratumoral CD8+ cell content and the activity of the intratumoral infiltrate, as detected by production of interferon-gamma and expression of the p55 IL-2 receptor. Although vitamin D3 treatment had no effect on the size of the primary tumor, it lessened the extent of tumor metastasis. Treating mice with the combination of vitamin D3 and adoptive immunotherapy significantly reduced metastasis in mice with established tumors, and reduced both metastasis and locoregional recurrence after surgical excision of the primary tumor. These studies demonstrate that vitamin D3 treatment increases intratumoral T-cell immune reactivity, and that coupling vitamin D3 treatment to diminish levels of CD34+ NS cells with adoptive immunotherapy enhances the effectiveness of the adoptively transferred tumor-reactive lymph node cells at limiting both metastasis and locoregional tumor recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Wiers
- Department of Research Services, Hines V.A. Hospital, Illinois 60141, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lathers DM, Lubbers E, Beal NM, Wright MA, Young MR. Cultures derived from peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells of head and neck cancer patients and from cord blood are functionally different. Hum Immunol 1999; 60:1207-15. [PMID: 10626734 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(99)00114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have profound immune defects mediated, in part, by an increased number of immune suppressive CD34+ progenitor cells in their peripheral blood and tumor. One means of overcoming this immune suppression is to stimulate the CD34+ cells to differentiate into more mature, nonsuppressive progeny such as dendritic cells or monocytes. This study determined that CD34+ cells from the peripheral blood of HNSCC patients have the same potential to differentiate into dendritic cells as do human umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells following 12-16 days of culture with a cytokine cocktail. When compared functionally, the cultures that developed from CD34+ cells of cord blood were able to induce an allostimulatory response in naive T-cells, while the cultures that developed from patient CD34+ cells lacked allostimulatory ability. Both cultures expressed class II MHC (HLA-DR), but the proportion of cells expressing the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 was significantly less in cultures that developed from HNSCC-patient CD34+ cells. Therefore, although the CD34+ cells from the peripheral blood of HNSCC patients can differentiate into dendritic cells, their allostimulatory capabilities are impaired, raising the question of their potential effectiveness in stimulating antitumor immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Lathers
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Thompson TJ, Thompson N, O'Brien A, Young MR, McCleane G. To determine whether the temperature of 2% lignocaine gel affects the initial discomfort which may be associated with its instillation into the male urethra. BJU Int 1999; 84:1035-7. [PMID: 10571630 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the temperature of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride gel affects the initial discomfort during instillation into the male urethra. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty consenting men were randomized to receive 11 mL of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride gel (Instillagel, Farco-Pharma GmbH, Cologne, Germany) at 4 degrees C, 22 degrees C or 40 degrees C. The three groups were well matched for age and numbers of previous flexible cystoscopies. The gel was instilled by one operator and the patients were then immediately asked to score the pain on instillation using a 100-mm nongraphical visual analogue scale. RESULTS Compared with the control group (at 22 degrees C), there was a statistically significant reduction in pain score in the group receiving cold gel (Student's t-test, P<0.05). CONCLUSION The cooling of 2% lignocaine gel significantly reduced the initial discomfort associated with its delivery into the male urethra before any form of urethral instrumentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Thompson
- Department of Urology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Young MR, Wright MA, Vellody K, Lathers DM. Skewed differentiation of bone marrow CD34+ cells of tumor bearers from dendritic toward monocytic cells, and the redirection of differentiation toward dendritic cells by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Int J Immunopharmacol 1999; 21:675-88. [PMID: 12609462 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(99)00044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor presence is detrimental to the development of antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Since dendritic cells can arise from CD34+ precursor cells, the present study assessed the capacity of bone marrow CD34+ cells from tumor bearers to develop into dendritic cells when cultured in the absence of either tumor cells or their products. Culturing bone marrow CD34+ cells from mice bearing Lewis lung carcinomas yielded a lower number of dendritic cells than arose from CD34+ cells of normal mice. This reduced yield of dendritic cells was associated with a shift to development of monocytic cells and a reduced antigen presenting capability by the cultures. When the CD34+ cell cultures from tumor bearers were supplemented with the differentiation-inducing hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, there was the restoration of dendritic cell development and antigen presenting ability. These results show that CD34+ cells from tumor bearers remain defective in their development into dendritic cells even when cultured outside the tumor environment, but development of dendritic cells can be restored with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Young
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Young MR, Li JJ, Rincón M, Flavell RA, Sathyanarayana BK, Hunziker R, Colburn N. Transgenic mice demonstrate AP-1 (activator protein-1) transactivation is required for tumor promotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:9827-32. [PMID: 10449779 PMCID: PMC22295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.17.9827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that consists of either a Jun-Jun homodimer or a Jun-Fos heterodimer. Transactivation of AP-1 is required for tumor promoter-induced transformation in mouse epidermal JB6 cells and for progression in mouse and human keratinocytes. Until now, the question of whether AP-1 transactivation is required for carcinogenesis in vivo has remained unanswered, as has the issue of functionally significant target genes. To address these issues we have generated a transgenic mouse in which transactivation mutant c-jun (TAM67), under the control of the human keratin-14 promoter, is expressed specifically in the basal cells of the epidermis where tumor induction is initiated. The keratin-14-TAM67 transgene was expressed in the epidermis, tongue, and cervix, with no apparent abnormalities in any tissue or organ. TAM67 expression blocked 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA, phorbol 12-tetradecanoate 13-acetate) induction of the AP-1-regulated luciferase in AP-1 luciferase/TAM67 mice, but did not inhibit induction of candidate AP-1 target genes, collagenase-1 or stromelysin-3. More interestingly, TAM67 expression did not inhibit TPA-induced hyperproliferation. In two-stage skin carcinogenesis experiments, the transgenic animals showed a dramatic inhibition of papilloma induction. We conclude that transactivation of a subset of AP-1-dependent genes is required for tumor promotion and may be targeted for cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Young
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Tumors, such as the murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), produce granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which increases the proportion of CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow and in the periphery. This increase in peripheral CD34(+) cells had been attributed to the growth-promoting and mobilizing effects of the tumor-derived GM-CSF. However, the possibility that the CD34(+) cells of tumor bearers might have enhanced survival abilities had not been considered. The present studies showed a significant baseline level of apoptotic cells in short-term (5-day) cultures of normal CD34(+) cells containing GM-CSF plus stem cell factor (SCF), and a markedly greater level of apoptosis in cytokine-deficient cultures. In contrast, CD34(+) cells from tumor bearers did not undergo such levels of apoptosis, even in the absence of cytokines. This resistance to apoptosis could be conferred to normal CD34(+) cells by culture with LLC-conditioned medium. Studies to elucidate possible mechanisms for the resistance to apoptosis by tumor-exposed CD34(+) cells showed increased levels of the pro-life gene product bcl-2. Finally, the resistance of tumor-exposed CD34(+) cells to ligation of the Fas receptor, a known apoptotic trigger in hematopoietic cells, was compared with that of control CD34(+) cultures. Whereas approximately half of the normal CD34(+) cells underwent apoptosis in response to Fas ligation, the tumor-exposed CD34(+) cells resisted apoptosis, even though their surface Fas expression was greater than that of normal CD34(+) cells. Thus, our results show that the increased level of CD34(+) cells in tumor bearers is due not only to an increased growth and mobilization of CD34(+) cells as previously thought, but also may be due to an increased resistance to apoptosis that is conferred by tumor-derived products and is associated with increased expression of bcl-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Young
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 1. To determine whether naltrexone-accelerated detoxification with minimal sedation is an acceptable and effective form of induction onto naltrexone. 2. To monitor outcomes of detoxified patients. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Medical ward of a general hospital (for detoxification) and a community clinic (for follow-up) in Sydney, NSW, 1998. PATIENTS 15 heroin users and 15 people seeking withdrawal from methadone. INTERVENTION Detoxification used naltrexone (12.5 or 50 mg), with flunitrazepam (2-3 mg), clonidine (150-750 micrograms) and octreotide (300 micrograms) for symptomatic support. Patients remained awake and were discharged when they felt well enough. Follow-up was daily for four days and then weekly for up to three months for supportive care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Acute side effects; patient ratings of severity and acceptability of withdrawal; nights of hospitalisation; rates of induction onto naltrexone; retention in treatment over three months; and relapse to opioid use. RESULTS Acute withdrawal with delirium lasted about four hours. Octreotide was crucial for controlling vomiting; with octreotide no patient required intravenous fluids. There were no major complications. Eighteen patients (60%) reported that it was a "quite" acceptable procedure, 18 (60%) required only one night's hospitalisation, and 24 (80%) were successfully inducted onto naltrexone (defined as taking naltrexone on Day 8). Three months later, six (20%) were still taking naltrexone (with four of these occasionally using heroin) and seven (23%) were abstinent from opioids, including five not taking naltrexone. Eleven had gone onto methadone maintenance, seven had relapsed to heroin use, and one had died of a heroin overdose. CONCLUSIONS Rates of induction onto naltrexone were comparable with those reported for accelerated detoxification under sedation, suggesting that it can be performed successfully with minimal sedation. As in other studies of naltrexone maintenance, retention was low, and relapse to heroin use was common.
Collapse
|
46
|
Riggs LC, Shofner WP, Shah AR, Young MR, Hain TC, Matz GJ. Ototoxicity resulting from combined administration of metronidazole and gentamicin. Am J Otol 1999; 20:430-4. [PMID: 10431882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The hypothesis that metronidazole can augment the ototoxicity of gentamicin was tested. BACKGROUND Metronidazole and gentamicin are antibiotics that are used in combination to provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage. It has been observed clinically that an increased ototoxic effect occurs when these agents are used in combination. METHODS Groups of guinea pigs were given various doses of gentamicin alone, various doses of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole, or metronidazole alone. Auditory damage was determined electrophysiologically by measurement of the compound action potential. Hair cell damage was quantified by immunofluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Electrophysiologic data revealed an augmented ototoxic effect when metronidazole was given with both a moderate and a high dose of gentamicin. Thresholds (dB SPLp) for the compound action potential (N1) for animals receiving a medium dose of gentamicin alone (50 mg/kg) were approximately 20-dB SPLp. This threshold increased to approximately 50-dB SPLp when metronidazole (35 mg/kg) was administered along with the medium-dose gentamicin. Additionally, animals receiving high-dose gentamicin (75 mg/kg) alone demonstrated increased N1 thresholds from 85 to 95 when metronidazole (35 mg/kg) was added to the gentamicin regimen. This effect was evident histopathologically by increased cochlear hair cell damage. Outer hair cell loss for animals receiving medium-dose gentamicin alone did not differ from that of controls. When metronidazole (35 mg/kg) was combined, however, outer hair cell loss increased to approximately 50%. CONCLUSIONS These data support the clinical observation of augmented ototoxicity in patients receiving combined gentamicin and metronidazole. Caution should be used when administering these two agents together. Clinicians should consider other antibiotic strategies whenever possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Riggs
- Department of Otolaryngology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lathers DM, Lubbers E, Wright MA, Young MR. Dendritic cell differentiation pathways of CD34+ cells from the peripheral blood of head and neck cancer patients. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 65:623-8. [PMID: 10331490 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.65.5.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have increased levels of immune-suppressive peripheral blood CD34+ cells. This study showed that the peripheral blood CD34+ cells of HNSCC patients are capable of differentiating into dendritic cells. Because CD34+ cells can differentiate through several pathways into dendritic cell subpopulations, the intermediate cells through which the blood CD34+ cells of HNSCC patients differentiate were identified. After 6-7 days of culturing the CD34+ cells of HNSCC patients with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, stem cell factor, and tumor necrosis factor at, there appeared CD14+CD1a+ and a lesser proportion of CD14(-)CD1a+ cells resembling the precursor cells of the bipotential and committed dendritic cell differentiation pathways that have been described for cord blood CD34+ cells. To functionally analyze whether these populations were in fact precursor cells, they were isolated and cultured for an additional 10-12 days. Each of these populations was shown to function as precursor cells because they were able to develop into cells that resembled dendritic cells, although a higher proportion developed from the CD14-CD1a+ cells. In contrast, expression of the dendritic activation/maturation marker CD83 was highest on the cells that developed from CD14+CD1a+ cells. Thus, the CD34+ cells whose levels are increased in HNSCC patients can develop into both committed and bipotential dendritic precursor cells, which can subsequently give rise to dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Lathers
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bragg WD, Safonov VP, Kim W, Banerjee K, Young MR, Zhu JG, Ying ZC, Armstrong RL, Shalaev VM. Near-field optical studies of local photomodification in nanostructured materials. J Microsc 1999; 194:574-7. [PMID: 11388310 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fractal aggregates of silver nanoparticles are studied experimentally using atomic force microscopy and photon scanning tunnelling microscopy. Large changes in the near-field optical response of fractal aggregates are observed after the irradiation of samples with nanosecond laser pulses. The threshold energy density for photomodification using a 532 nm laser is measured to be 9 mJ cm(-2). It is shown that photomodification-induced changes in the local optical response can be two orders of magnitude larger than changes in far-field absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W D Bragg
- Department of Physics, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) have profound defects in their immune defenses. We have shown that among the mechanisms that contribute to this immune dysfunction are immune inhibitory CD34+ progenitor cells, whose levels become elevated in the peripheral blood and within the tumor tissue. One goal of our studies is to overcome the immune inhibitory activities of tumor-induced CD34+ progenitor cells by stimulating their differentiation into cells, such as dendritic or monocytic cells, that can stimulate immune reactivity to autologous cancer. Results of in vitro analyses with CD34+ suppressor cells of HNSCC patients and of in vivo studies in animal tumor models have shown the capacity of tumor-induced CD34+ cells to differentiate into cells that phenotypically resemble monocytic or dendritic cells. Whether these cells can differentiate into dendritic cells in HNSCC patients is currently being tested. Less clear is whether the pathway by which the tumor-induced CD34+ cells differentiate will result in cells having the full capacity to function as potent stimulators of immune reactivity to autologous tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Young
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, IL 60141, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pennie WD, Hegamyer GA, Young MR, Colburn NH. Specific methylation events contribute to the transcriptional repression of the mouse tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 gene in neoplastic cells. Cell Growth Differ 1999; 10:279-86. [PMID: 10319998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) gene is specifically down-regulated in neoplastic cells of the mouse JB6 progression model, suggesting a role for TIMP-3 inactivation in neoplastic progression. On the basis of 5-azacytidine reversal, the mechanism for this down-regulation appears to involve changes in the methylation state of the TIMP-3 promoter. Although total genomic methylation levels are comparable, specific differences in the methylation of the TIMP-3 promoter were observed between preneoplastic and neoplastic JB6 cells at three Hpall sites, with preneoplastic cells being less methylated. Expression of antisense methyltransferase in a neoplastic JB6 variant known to be hypermethylated in TIMP-3 resulted in reactivation of the endogenous TIMP-3 gene and restoration of hypomethylated status to the three implicated Hpall sites. Thus, hypermethylation at specific sequences in the TIMP-3 promoter appears to contribute to the silencing of the gene in neoplastic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W D Pennie
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Biochemical Physiology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|