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Evaluation of A Baculovirus-Expressed VP2 Subunit Vaccine for the Protection of White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) from Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010059. [PMID: 32023812 PMCID: PMC7157196 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is an arthropod-transmitted RNA virus and the causative agent of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) in wild and domestic ruminants. In North America, white-tailed deer (WTD) experience the highest EHD-related morbidity and mortality, although clinical disease is reported in cattle during severe epizootics. No commercially licensed EHDV vaccine is available in North America. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a subunit vaccine candidate to control EHD in WTD. Recombinant VP2 (rVP2) outer capsid proteins of EHDV serotypes 2 (EHDV-2) and 6 (EHDV-6) were produced in a baculovirus-expression system. Mice and cattle vaccinated with EHDV-2 or EHDV-6 rVP2 produced homologous virus-neutralizing antibodies. In an immunogenicity/efficacy study, captive-bred WTD received 2 doses of EHDV-2 rVP2 or sham vaccine, then were challenged with wild-type EHDV-2 at 30 d post vaccination. None of the rVP2-vaccinated deer developed clinical disease, no viral RNA was detected in their blood or tissues (liver, lung, spleen, kidney), and no EHDV-induced lesions were observed. Sham-vaccinated deer developed clinical disease with viremia and typical EHD vascular lesions. Here, we demonstrate a rVP2 subunit vaccine that can provide protective immunity from EHDV infection and which may serve as an effective tool in preventing clinical EHD and reducing virus transmission.
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Wang L, Lanka S, Cassout D, Mateus-Pinilla NE, Li G, Wilson WC, Yoo D, Shelton P, Fredrickson RL. Inter-serotype reassortment among epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses in the United States. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1809-1820. [PMID: 31131970 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
First described in 1955 in New Jersey, epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) causes a severe clinical disease in wild and domestic ruminants worldwide. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease outbreaks occur in deer populations each year from summer to late autumn. The etiological agent is EHD virus (EHDV) which is a double-stranded segmented icosahedral RNA virus. EHD virus utilizes point mutations and reassortment strategies to maintain viral fitness during infection. In 2018, EHDV serotype 2 was predominantly detected in deer in Illinois. Whole genome sequencing was conducted for two 2018 EHDV2 isolates (IL41747 and IL42218) and the sequence analyses indicated that IL42218 was a reassortant between different serotypes whereas IL41747 was a genetically stable strain. Our data suggest that multiple strains contribute to outbreaks each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Debbie Cassout
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Nohra E Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - William C Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Paul Shelton
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Richard L Fredrickson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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Schirtzinger EE, Jasperson DC, Ruder MG, Stallknecht DE, Chase CCL, Johnson DJ, Ostlund EN, Wilson WC. Evaluation of 2012 US EHDV-2 outbreak isolates for genetic determinants of cattle infection. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:556-567. [PMID: 30869580 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a summer of severe drought and abnormally high temperatures, a major outbreak of EHDV occurred during 2012 in the USA. Although EHDV-1, -2 and -6 were isolated, EHDV-2 was the predominant virus serotype detected during the outbreak. In addition to large losses of white-tailed deer, the Midwest and northern Plains saw a significant amount of clinical disease in cattle. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons of newly sequenced whole genomes of 2012 EHDV-2 cattle isolates demonstrated that eight of ten EHDV-2 genomic segments show no genetic changes that separate the cattle outbreak sequences from other EHDV-2 isolates. Two segments, VP2 and VP6, did show several unique genetic changes specific to the 2012 cattle outbreak isolates, although the impact of the genetic changes on viral fitness is unknown. The placement of isolates from 2007 and 2011 as sister group to the outbreak isolates, and the similarity between cattle and deer isolates, point to environmental variables as having a greater influence on the severity of the 2012 EHDV outbreak than viral genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Schirtzinger
- 1United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Dane C Jasperson
- 1United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- 1United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- 2Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- 2Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christopher C L Chase
- 3Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, SAR 125, Box 2175, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Donna J Johnson
- 4United States Department of Agriculture, Animal-Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Service Laboratories, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, PO Box 844, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Eileen N Ostlund
- 4United States Department of Agriculture, Animal-Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Service Laboratories, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, PO Box 844, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - William C Wilson
- 1United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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