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Correa-Morales F, González-Acosta C, Ibarra-Ojeda D, Moreno-García M. West Nile virus in Mexico: Why vectors matter for explaining the current absence of epidemics. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107065. [PMID: 37926384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2002, West Nile Virus (WNV) has been reported in 18 states in Mexico, either by PCR or serological testing. However, it is believed that the virus is present in more states. Only four states (out of 32) have reported confirmed human cases, and one state has serological evidence. In the country, WNV is present in mainly horses and birds, but its presence extends to crocodiles, felines, canines, swines, donkeys, caprines, antilopes, cattle, bats, and camelids. Positive mosquito species include Aedes and Culex spp. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the absence of WNV epidemics in Latin America. Since some regions of Mexico and the United States share ecological and climatic conditions, these hypotheses may not be sufficient to account for the absence of WNV outbreaks or epidemics. This paper discusses the proposed ideas and attempts to contextualize them for Mexico, particularly for the U.S.-Mexico border, where WNV infections have been reported in humans, horses, and mosquitoes. We propose that integration of urban ecology and entomology knowledge is needed to better understand the absence of WN cases in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades. Benjamín Franklin 132, Escandón, Ciudad de México C.P. 11800, Mexico
| | - Cassandra González-Acosta
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades. Benjamín Franklin 132, Escandón, Ciudad de México C.P. 11800, Mexico
| | - David Ibarra-Ojeda
- Instituto de Servicios de Salud Pública del Estado de Baja California. Palacio Federal, 3er piso. Av. De los Pioneros #1005. Centro Cívico, Mexicali, Baja California 21000, Mexico
| | - Miguel Moreno-García
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades. Benjamín Franklin 132, Escandón, Ciudad de México C.P. 11800, Mexico.
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McMillan JR, Hamer GL, Levine RS, Mead DG, Waller LA, Goldberg TL, Walker ED, Brawn JD, Ruiz MO, Kitron U, Vazquez-Prokopec G. Multi-Year Comparison of Community- and Species-Level West Nile Virus Antibody Prevalence in Birds from Atlanta, Georgia and Chicago, Illinois, 2005-2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:366-376. [PMID: 36572005 PMCID: PMC9896344 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is prevalent in the United States but shows considerable variation in transmission intensity. The purpose of this study was to compare patterns of WNV seroprevalence in avian communities sampled in Atlanta, Georgia and Chicago, Illinois during a 12-year period (Atlanta 2010-2016; Chicago 2005-2012) to reveal regional patterns of zoonotic activity of WNV. WNV antibodies were measured in wild bird sera using ELISA and serum neutralization methods, and seroprevalence among species, year, and location of sampling within each city were compared using binomial-distributed generalized linear mixed-effects models. Seroprevalence was highest in year-round and summer-resident species compared with migrants regardless of region; species explained more variance in seroprevalence within each city. Northern cardinals were the species most likely to test positive for WNV in each city, whereas all other species, on average, tested positive for WNV in proportion to their sample size. Despite similar patterns of seroprevalence among species, overall seroprevalence was higher in Atlanta (13.7%) than in Chicago (5%). Location and year of sampling had minor effects, with location explaining more variation in Atlanta and year explaining more variation in Chicago. Our findings highlight the nature and magnitude of regional differences in WNV urban ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. McMillan
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Rebecca S. Levine
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel G. Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Edward D. Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey D. Brawn
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Champaign–Urbana, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Marilyn O. Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Champaign–Urbana, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;,Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gonzalo Vazquez-Prokopec
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;,Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia,Address correspondence to Gonzalo Vazquez-Prokopec, Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center, 5th Floor, Suite E530, Atlanta, GA 30322. E-mail:
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Islam A, Islam S, Hossain ME, Ferdous J, Abedin J, Ziaur Rahman M, Rahman MK, Hoque MA, Hassan MM. Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Bangladesh. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040164. [PMID: 33126740 PMCID: PMC7712446 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. To detect WNV and other flavivirus infections in wild resident and migratory birds, we tested 184 samples from 19 identified species within nine families collected during 2012–2016 from four districts in Bangladesh. We tested serum samples for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against WNV using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), whereas tracheal and cloacal swabs were subjected to consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (c-PCR) for the detection of the flavivirus RNA. Overall, we detected 11.9% (n = 22; 95% CI: 0.07–0.16) samples were seropositive, including 15.9% in the migratory wild birds and 10.7% in the resident wild birds. The migratory wild Tufted duck showed 28.5% seropositivity, whereas the resident wild house crows showed 12.5% seropositivity. None of the swab samples was positive for flavivirus RNA infection (0%, n = 184; 95% CI: 0–0.019). These study findings recommend continued surveillance for early detection and to better understand the epidemiology of WNV and other flavivirus circulation in both birds and mosquitoes in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, VIC 3216, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA; (S.I.); (J.F.); (J.A.); (M.K.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA; (S.I.); (J.F.); (J.A.); (M.K.R.)
- Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1241, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.E.H.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA; (S.I.); (J.F.); (J.A.); (M.K.R.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Josefina Abedin
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA; (S.I.); (J.F.); (J.A.); (M.K.R.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ziaur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.E.H.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA; (S.I.); (J.F.); (J.A.); (M.K.R.)
| | - Md. Ahasanul Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh;
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (M.M.H.)
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