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Mougabure-Cueto G, Fronza G, Nattero J. What happens when the insecticide does not kill? A review of sublethal toxicology and insecticide resistance in triatomines. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39167411 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease is considered one of the most important human parasitosis in the United States. This disease is mainly transmitted by insects of the subfamily Triatominae. The chemical vector control is the main tool for reducing the incidence of the disease. However, the presence of triatomines after pyrethroids spraying has been reported in some regions, as in the case of Triatoma infestans in Argentina and Bolivia. The presence of insects can be explained by the colonization from neighbouring areas, the reduction of insecticide dose to sublethal levels due to environmental factors, and/or by the evolution of insecticide resistance. In the last two scenarios, a proportion of the insects is not killed by insecticide and gives rise to residual populations. This article focuses on the toxicological processes associated with these scenarios in triatomines. Sublethal doses may have different effects on insect biology, that is, sublethal effects, which may contribute to the control. In addition, for insect disease vectors, sublethal doses could have negative effects on disease transmission. The study of sublethal effects in triatomines has focused primarily on the sequence of symptoms associated with nervous intoxication. However, the effects of sublethal doses on excretion, reproduction and morphology have also been studied. Rhodnius prolixus and T. infestans and pyrethroids insecticides were the triatomine species and insecticides, respectively, mainly studied. Insecticide resistance is an evolutionary phenomenon in which the insecticide acts as a selective force, concentrating on the insect population's pre-existing traits that confer resistance. This leads to a reduction in the susceptibility to the insecticide, which was previously effective in controlling this species. The evolution of resistance in triatomines received little attention before the 2000s, but after the detection of the first focus of resistance associated with chemical control failures in T. infestans from Argentina in 2002, the study of resistance increased remarkably. A significant number of works have studied the geographical distribution, the resistance mechanisms, the biological modifications associated with resistance, the environmental influences and the genetic of T. infestans resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. Currently, studies of insecticide resistance are gradually being extended to other areas and other species. The aim of this article was to review the knowledge on both phenomena (sublethal effects and insecticide resistance) in triatomines. For a better understanding of this article, some concepts and processes related to insect-insecticide interactions, individual and population toxicology and evolutionary biology are briefly reviewed. Finally, possible future lines of research in triatomine toxicology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Mougabure-Cueto
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Insectos, Departamento Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgina Fronza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Escuela de Hábitat y Sostenibilidad (IIIA, EHyS, UNSAM-CONICET), Universidad de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Vargas-Abasolo R, Rivera-Duarte JD, Almaraz-Valle VM, Mejia-Mandujano M, Aguilar-Marcelino L, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Thinking green: Insecticidal effect of biorational solutions against Triatoma pallidipennis Stal (Hemiptera: Triatominae). Acta Trop 2024; 252:107152. [PMID: 38382592 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The control of triatomine vectors depends almost exclusively on conventional insecticides. These compounds can, nevertheless, cause negative effects on environmental and human health as well as induce resistance in triatomines. Therefore, we need to look for more sustainable alternatives. Triatoma pallidipennis is one of the main chagasic vectors in Mexico. We evaluated the insecticidal effectiveness of two oils (neem and cinnamon), and two desiccants (potassium salts of fatty acids and diatomaceous earth), on 3rd instar nymphs of T. pallidipennis. The laboratory test involved direct exposure of the treatments to the insects. We found that diatomaceous earths caused 80 % mortality of nymphs after 30 days. Meanwhile, the cumulative mortality for the other treatments did not exceed 50 %. When applied to inert surfaces, the powder formulation of diatomaceous earth demonstrated greater effectiveness than the aqueous suspension. Thus, diatomaceous earth could be a promising alternative for an environmentally friendly control of triatomines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Vargas-Abasolo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - José D Rivera-Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Honduras
| | - Víctor Manuel Almaraz-Valle
- Programa de Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México 56230, Mexico
| | - Mario Mejia-Mandujano
- Programa de Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México 56230, Mexico
| | - Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos 62550, Mexico
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Davila-Barboza J, Villanueva-Segura OK, Lopez-Monroy B, Ponce-Garcia G, Bobadilla-Utrera C, Montes-Rincon M, Molina-Garza ZJ, Arredondo-Jimenez JI, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Manrique-Saide PC, Flores AE. Novel Kdr mutations (K964R and A943V) in pyrethroid-resistant populations of Triatoma mazzottii and Triatoma longipennis from Mexico and detoxifying enzymes. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:809-820. [PMID: 29611294 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although having five different ways of transmission the vector-borne is the principal way of transmission of Chagas disease, which involves insects of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Nineteen of the 31 species that occur in Mexico are associated with humans, and all are capable of transmitting the disease. Pyrethroids are the insecticides recommended for the control of these vectors in Mexico. We determined the susceptibility to the pyrethroids deltamethrin and permethrin of peridomestic populations of Triatoma mazzottii Usinger and two populations of Triatoma longipennis Usinger in comparison with a reference strain for each species. Bioassays were performed for the determination of the LD50 for both field populations and reference strains. A maximum of 27 fold resistance to deltamethrin was observed in T. mazzottii, meanwhile, for permethrin, T. longipennis from Jalisco show the highest value of 3.19 fold. There was significantly increased activity of esterases in field populations in comparison with their corresponding reference strain. The results of the search of kdr mutations related to the resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin in the evaluated species show the presence of mutations in the field populations, as is the case with individuals of T. mazzottii, for which the mutation was found A943V, and for the two populations of T. longipennis included in this study, we report the presence of the kdr mutation K964R. Evaluation of the various mechanisms involved in resistance to pyrethroids in triatomines from Mexico could guide us to the real justification for insecticide resistance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Davila-Barboza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - O Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | | | - Mayela Montes-Rincon
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Zinnia J Molina-Garza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Juan I Arredondo-Jimenez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Iram P Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Pablo C Manrique-Saide
- Campus de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
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Germano MD, Picollo MI. Stage-Dependent Expression of Deltamethrin Toxicity and Resistance in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) From Argentina. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:964-968. [PMID: 29471450 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma infestans Klug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is the main vector of Chagas disease in Latin America. This insect has been controlled with pyrethroids since the 1980s, although the emergence of resistance to deltamethrin has decreased control success in some areas of the Gran Chaco ecoregion. The response of T. infestans to deltamethrin was evaluated per developmental stage. In addition, we evaluated the possible stage-dependent expression of deltamethrin resistance. The bioassays were conducted by topical application of the insecticide in acetone. The drop size, age at the time of exposure, and mortality measuring time were standardized per stage. The lethal dose of deltamethrin moderately increased with the developmental stage. The resistance to deltamethrin was expressed in every instar, and was the highest in the fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs. While increasing, weight plays a relevant role in lethal dose stage dependency, a number of contributing factors such as degradative metabolism are probably involved in the variability of insecticide effect and resistance described for different T. infestans developmental stages. Possible explanations for these differences and their implications on resistance management and chemical control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica D Germano
- Campo Forestal General San Martín, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Estación Experimental Bariloche (INTA EEA Bariloche), Chubut, Argentina
| | - María I Picollo
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIPEIN, UNIDEF/CONICET), Juan Bautista de la Salle, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lopez-Ordonez T, Flores-López CA, Montejo-Lopez R, Cruz-Hernandez A, Conners EE. Cultivable Bacterial Diversity in the Gut of the Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma dimidiata: Identification of Possible Bacterial Candidates for a Paratransgenesis Approach. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Loza A, Talaga A, Herbas G, Canaviri RJ, Cahuasiri T, Luck L, Guibarra A, Goncalves R, Pereira JA, Gomez SA, Picado A, Messenger LA, Bern C, Courtenay O. Systemic insecticide treatment of the canine reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi induces high levels of lethality in Triatoma infestans, a principal vector of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:344. [PMID: 28724448 PMCID: PMC5518140 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite large-scale reductions in Chagas disease prevalence across Central and South America, Trypanosoma cruzi infection remains a considerable public health problem in the Gran Chaco region where vector-borne transmission persists. In these communities, peridomestic animals are major blood-meal sources for triatomines, and household presence of infected dogs increases T. cruzi transmission risk for humans. To address the pressing need for field-friendly, complementary methods to reduce triatomine infestation and interrupt T. cruzi transmission, this study evaluated the systemic activity of three commercial, oral, single dose insecticides Fluralaner (Bravecto®), Afoxolaner (NexGard®) and Spinosad (Comfortis®) in canine feed-through assays against Triatoma infestans, the principal domestic vector species in the Southern Cone of South America. METHODS Twelve healthy, outbred dogs were recruited from the Zoonosis Surveillance and Control Program in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, and randomized to three treatment groups, each containing one control and three treated dogs. Following oral drug administration, colony-reared second and third stage T. infestans instars were offered to feed on dogs for 30 min at 2, 7, 21, 34 and 51 days post-treatment. RESULTS Eighty-five per cent (768/907) of T. infestans successfully blood-fed during bioassays, with significantly higher proportions of bugs becoming fully-engorged when exposed to Bravecto® treated dogs (P < 0.001) for reasons unknown. Exposure to Bravecto® or NexGard® induced 100% triatomine mortality in fully- or semi-engorged bugs within 5 days of feeding for the entire follow-up period. The lethality effect for Comfortis® was much lower (50-70%) and declined almost entirely after 51 days. Instead Comfortis® treatment resulted in substantial morbidity; of these, 30% fully recovered whereas 53% remained morbid after 120 h, the latter subsequently unable to feed 30 days later. CONCLUSIONS A single oral dose of Fluralaner or Afoxolaner was safe and well tolerated, producing complete triatomine mortality on treated dogs over 7.3 weeks. While both drugs were highly efficacious, more bugs exposed to Fluralaner took complete blood-meals, and experienced rapid knock-down. Coupled with its longer residual activity, Fluralaner represents an ideal insecticide for development into a complementary, operationally-feasible, community-level method of reducing triatomine infestation and potentially controlling T. cruzi transmission, in the Gran Chaco region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Loza
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autonóma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Adrianna Talaga
- University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gladys Herbas
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autonóma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Ruben Jair Canaviri
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autonóma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Thalia Cahuasiri
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autonóma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Laura Luck
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autonóma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Alvaro Guibarra
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autonóma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Raquel Goncalves
- University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Juan Antonio Pereira
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autonóma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Sonia A Gomez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosello 132, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Picado
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosello 132, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Caryn Bern
- University of California-San Francisco, 550 16th St, 94158, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Orin Courtenay
- University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Insecticidal action of synthetic girgensohnine analogues and essential oils on Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). BIOMEDICA 2017; 37:50-58. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v37i0.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Introducción. El alcaloide natural girgensohnina se ha usado como modelo en la síntesis de nuevos análogos de alcaloidales alfa-aminonitrílicos con efecto insecticida en vectores de enfermedades.Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad biocida de análogos de girgensohnina y de aceites esenciales de las plantas Cymbopogon flexuosus, Citrus sinensis y Eucalyptus citriodora en ninfas de estadios I y V de Rhodnius prolixus.Materiales y métodos. Se empleó la aplicación tópica en terguitos, esternitos y superficies tratadas con diferentes dosis exploratorias de cada una de las moléculas y aceites esenciales para determinar las dosis letales (LD50 y LD95).Resultados. El análogo 3 tuvo la mayor actividad insecticida, con una mortalidad de 83,3±16,7% en los terguitos, de 38,9±4,8 % en los esternitos y de 16,7±0 % a las 72 horas en ninfas de estadio I expuestas a superficies tratadas y 500 mg.L-1. En las ninfas de estadio V solo se presentó mortalidad en los esternitos (11,1±9,6 % con el análogo 6 y 5,5±4,7 % con los análogos 3 y 7 a las 72 h y 1.500 mg.L-1). Las dosis letales para la molécula 3 en los terguitos de ninfas de estadio I fueron las siguientes: DL50, 225,60 mg.L-1y DL95, 955,90 mg.L-1. En cuanto a los aceites esenciales, el efecto insecticida solo se presentó con C. flexuosus (11,1±4,8%) en los esternitos de ninfas de estadio I expuestas a superficies tratadas; con C. sinensis (5,6±4,8%) en los terguitos y en los esternitos (8,3±0%) a las 72 horas y 1.000 mg.L-1.Conclusión. Los análogos sintéticos del alcaloide girgensohnina y los aceites esenciales de C. flexuosus y C. sinensis exhibieron actividad insecticida en R. prolixus. El análogo 3 exhibió la mayor actividad insecticida de todas las moléculas evaluadas bajo las condiciones de laboratorio.
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Pessoa GCD, Rosa ACL, Bedin C, Wilhelms T, Mello FD, Coutinho HS, Fonseca EOL, dos Santos RF, Diotaiuti L. Susceptibility characterization of residual Brazilian populations of Triatoma infestans Klug, 1834 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to deltamethrin pyrethroid. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:157-61. [PMID: 25992929 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0011-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite years of efforts towards the elimination of Triatoma infestans in Brazil, residual foci still persist in some areas of the States of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul. The persistence of these T. infestans populations in the country has two different origins of equal concern: operational failures or insecticide resistance. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the susceptibility profile of the residual Brazilian populations of T. infestans to deltamethrin. METHODS The susceptibility reference lineage was derived from Cipein/Argentina. The populations studied were manually collected using a dislodging agent in peridomiciles in the States of Bahia (Novo Horizonte) and of Rio Grande do Sul (Santa Rosa and Doutor Maurício Cardoso). Serial dilutions of deltamethrin were prepared and applied at the dorsal abdomen of first instar nymphs. The control group received only pure acetone. Mortality was evaluated after 72h. Qualitative tests assessed the mortality of a diagnostic dose of 1xLD99 (2.76ng a.i./nymph) determined for the susceptibility reference lineage. RESULTS The susceptibility profile characterization of the T. infestans populations revealed an RR50 ranging from 1.73 to 3.26. The mortality percentage in response to a diagnostic dose was 100%. The results obtained in the quantitative and qualitative assays corresponded for all populations. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that the persistence of residual foci of T. infestans in Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul is not related to insecticide resistance but may be associated with operational failures. In Rio Grande do Sul, we must consider the possibility of continuous reinfestation by Argentinian individuals, which justifies active and efficient epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasielle Caldas D'avila Pessoa
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristine Luiz Rosa
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cleonara Bedin
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Biológicas, Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tânia Wilhelms
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Biológicas, Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Mello
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Biológicas, Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Helder Silveira Coutinho
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Bahia, Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria de Saúde da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Oyama Lins Fonseca
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Bahia, Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria de Saúde da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fonseca dos Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Bahia, Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria de Saúde da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Liléia Diotaiuti
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Pessoa GCD, Vinãs PA, Rosa ACL, Diotaiuti L. History of insecticide resistance of Triatominae vectors. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:380-9. [PMID: 26312926 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0081-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 15 years, different types of Triatominae resistance to different insecticides have been reported; thus, resistance may be more widespread than known, requiring better characterization and delimitation, which was the aim of this review. This review was structured on a literature search of all articles from 1970 to 2015 in the PubMed database that contained the keywords Insecticide resistance and Triatominae . Out of 295 articles screened by title, 33 texts were selected for detailed analysis. Insecticide resistance of Triatomines is a complex phenomenon that has been primarily reported in Argentina and Bolivia, and is caused by different factors (associated or isolated). Insecticide resistance of Triatominae is a characteristic inherited in an autosomal and semi-dominant manner, and is polygenic, being present in both domestic and sylvatic populations. The toxicological profile observed in eggs cannot be transposed to different stages of evolution. Different toxicological profiles exist at macro- and microgeographical levels. The insecticide phenotype has both reproductive and developmental costs. Different physiological mechanisms are involved in resistance. Studies of Triatomine resistance to insecticides highlight three deficiencies in interpreting the obtained results: I) the vast diversity of methodologies, despite the existence of a single guiding protocol; II) the lack of information on the actual impact of resistance ratios in the field; and III) the concept of the susceptibility reference lineage. Research on the biological and behavioral characteristics of each Triatominae species that has evolved resistance is required in relation to the environmental conditions of each region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasielle Caldas Dávila Pessoa
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BR
| | | | - Aline Cristine Luiz Rosa
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BR
| | - Liléia Diotaiuti
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BR
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Insecticide resistance in vector Chagas disease: evolution, mechanisms and management. Acta Trop 2015; 149:70-85. [PMID: 26003952 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a chronic parasitic infection restricted to America. The disease is caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to human through the feces of infected triatomine insects. Because no treatment is available for the chronic forms of the disease, vector chemical control represents the best way to reduce the incidence of the disease. Chemical control has been based principally on spraying dwellings with insecticide formulations and led to the reduction of triatomine distribution and consequent interruption of disease transmission in several areas from endemic region. However, in the last decade it has been repeatedly reported the presence triatomnes, mainly Triatoma infestans, after spraying with pyrethroid insecticides, which was associated to evolution to insecticide resistance. In this paper the evolution of insecticide resistance in triatomines is reviewed. The insecticide resistance was detected in 1970s in Rhodnius prolixus and 1990s in R. prolixus and T. infestans, but not until the 2000s resistance to pyrthroids in T. infestans associated to control failures was described in Argentina and Bolivia. The main resistance mechanisms (i.e. enhanced metabolism, altered site of action and reduced penetration) were described in the T. infestans resistant to pyrethrods. Different resistant profiles were demonstrated suggesting independent origin of the different resistant foci of Argentina and Bolivia. The deltamethrin resistance in T. infestans was showed to be controlled by semi-dominant, autosomally inherited factors. Reproductive and developmental costs were also demonstrated for the resistant T. infestans. A discussion about resistance and tolerance concepts and the persistence of T. infestans in Gran Chaco region are presented. In addition, theoretical concepts related to toxicological, evolutionary and ecological aspects of insecticide resistance are discussed in order to understand the particular scenario of pyrethroid resistance in triatomines.
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Pessoa GCD, Pinheiro LC, Ferraz ML, de Mello BV, Diotaiuti L. Standardization of laboratory bioassays for the study of Triatoma sordida susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:109. [PMID: 25880745 PMCID: PMC4349461 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing reports of high-resistant Triatominae populations concerns scientists and sanitarians as little is known about the factors behind the occurrence of such phenotype and its real impact on vector control strategies. Moreover, the utilization of a large variety of methodologies hinder the comparison of the reported studies. METHODS This work aims to review laboratory bioassays, redefining the assessed biological features (age, generation and insecticide application area) and technical procedures (mortality recording time and the ideal diagnostic dose). RESULTS Results were not influenced by the insecticide application area in nymphs or by their generation. Three days-old specimen's revealed lower susceptibility to the tested insecticide. We determined that it is more appropriate to record mortality 72 h after treatment with insecticide, as well as using a diagnostic dose of 1xDL₉₉. CONCLUSION This work suggests more adequate methodological parameters for assessing insecticide resistance in triatomines, which also allows the comparison of results obtained by different research groups. For laboratory bioassays, we recommend: 1) the use of first instar nymphs from first or second generation; 2) 3 day-old specimens; 2) application of insecticide in the dorsal or ventral abdomen area; 3) mortality recording 72 h after treatment with pyrethroids and 4) a diagnostic dose of 1x LD₉₉.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasielle Caldas D'Ávila Pessoa
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Av Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30190-002, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Cavalari Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Av Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30190-002, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Lencine Ferraz
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Prefeito Américo Gianetti, s/n., 0 - Serra Verde, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.630-901, Brazil.
| | - Bernardino Vaz de Mello
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Prefeito Américo Gianetti, s/n., 0 - Serra Verde, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.630-901, Brazil.
| | - Liléia Diotaiuti
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Av Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30190-002, Brazil.
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MALONEY KATHLEENM, ANCCA-JUAREZ JENNY, SALAZAR RENZO, BORRINI-MAYORI KATTY, PAMO-TITO DANITZA, KEATING JOSEPHA, LEVY MICHAELZ. Secondary kill effect of deltamethrin on Triatoma infestans. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:929-33. [PMID: 21845956 PMCID: PMC3272667 DOI: 10.1603/me10268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Control of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans, relies on the application of pyrethroid insecticides, especially deltamethrin. We performed laboratory studies to determine whether a T. infestans nymph that comes into contact with a deltamethrin-treated surface horizontally transfers the insecticide to subsequent triatomines. We found that a triatomine that walks on a deltamethrin-treated surface for a short period of time has the ability to transport the insecticide in concentrations sufficient to kill other triatomines with which it comes into contact. The effect was limited to high-density environments, and mortality as a result of secondary exposure was greater among second-instar nymphs compared with fifth-instar nymphs. Our results suggest that deltamethrin could be killing triatomines through both direct and indirect contact, although it remains unclear whether the phenomenon occurs in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- KATHLEEN M. MALONEY
- Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Ste 2200, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - JENNY ANCCA-JUAREZ
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingenieria, S.M.P. Lima, Peru
| | - RENZO SALAZAR
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingenieria, S.M.P. Lima, Peru
| | - KATTY BORRINI-MAYORI
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingenieria, S.M.P. Lima, Peru
| | - DANITZA PAMO-TITO
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingenieria, S.M.P. Lima, Peru
| | - JOSEPH A. KEATING
- Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Ste 2200, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - MICHAEL Z. LEVY
- Corresponding author: Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 819 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104–6021 ()
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Barbu C, Dumonteil E, Gourbière S. Optimization of control strategies for non-domiciliated Triatoma dimidiata, Chagas disease vector in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e416. [PMID: 19365542 PMCID: PMC2664331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is the most important vector-borne disease in Latin America. Regional initiatives based on residual insecticide spraying have successfully controlled domiciliated vectors in many regions. Non-domiciliated vectors remain responsible for a significant transmission risk, and their control is now a key challenge for disease control. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A mathematical model was developed to predict the temporal variations in abundance of non-domiciliated vectors inside houses. Demographic parameters were estimated by fitting the model to two years of field data from the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. The predictive value of the model was tested on an independent data set before simulations examined the efficacy of control strategies based on residual insecticide spraying, insect screens, and bednets. The model accurately fitted and predicted field data in the absence and presence of insecticide spraying. Pyrethroid spraying was found effective when 50 mg/m(2) were applied yearly within a two-month period matching the immigration season. The >80% reduction in bug abundance was not improved by larger doses or more frequent interventions, and it decreased drastically for different timing and lower frequencies of intervention. Alternatively, the use of insect screens consistently reduced bug abundance proportionally to the reduction of the vector immigration rate. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Control of non-domiciliated vectors can hardly be achieved by insecticide spraying, because it would require yearly application and an accurate understanding of the temporal pattern of immigration. Insect screens appear to offer an effective and sustainable alternative, which may be part of multi-disease interventions for the integrated control of neglected vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Barbu
- UMR 5244 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Laboratoire de Biologie et d'Ecologie Tropicale et Méditerranéenne, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Gourbière
- UMR 5244 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Laboratoire de Biologie et d'Ecologie Tropicale et Méditerranéenne, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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Ciclo de vida de Triatoma dimidiata Latreille, 1811 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) en condiciones de laboratorio: producción de ninfas para ensayos biológicos. BIOMEDICA 2009. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v29i1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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