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Williams EJ, Cotter SC, Soulsbury CD. Consumption of Rodenticide Baits by Invertebrates as a Potential Route into the Diet of Insectivores. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3873. [PMID: 38136910 PMCID: PMC10740866 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-target species are commonly exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides worldwide, which may pose a key threat to declining species. However, the main pathway of exposure is usually unknown, potentially hindering conservation efforts. This study aimed to examine whether baits mixed with the biomarker rhodamine B can be used to track invertebrate consumption of rodenticides in a field environment, using this to observe whether invertebrate prey are a potential vector for anticoagulant rodenticides in the diet of insectivores such as the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Rhodamine B baits were found to create an observable response. Uptake was negligible in captured insects; however, 20.7% of slugs and 18.4% of snails captured showed uptake of bait. Maximum temperature, distance from bait, proximity to buildings, and the addition of copper tape to bait boxes all influenced the rate of bait uptake in molluscs. Based on these data, it seems likely that molluscs could be a source of rodenticide poisoning in insectivores. This research demonstrates which prey may pose exposure risks to insectivores and likely environmental factors, knowledge of which can guide effective mitigation measures. We suggest that further investigation into using mollusc repellents around bait boxes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Williams
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK; (S.C.C.); (C.D.S.)
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Sheena C. Cotter
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK; (S.C.C.); (C.D.S.)
| | - Carl D. Soulsbury
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK; (S.C.C.); (C.D.S.)
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2
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Caliani I, Di Noi A, Amico C, Berni R, Romi M, Cai G, Guarnieri M, Navone A, Spano G, Howald GR, Sposimo P, Marsili L. Brodifacoum Levels and Biomarkers in Coastal Fish Species following a Rodent Eradication in an Italian Marine Protected Area: Preliminary Results. Life (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36836772 DOI: 10.3390/life13020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brodifacoum is the most common rodenticide used for the eradication of invasive rodents from islands. It blocks the vitamin K cycle, resulting in hemorrhages in target mammals. Non-target species may be incidentally exposed to brodifacoum, including marine species. A case study conducted on the Italian Marine Protected Area of Tavolara Island was reported after a rodent eradication using the aerial broadcast of a brodifacoum pellet. Brodifacoum presence and effects on non-target marine organisms were investigated. Different fish species were sampled, and a set of analyses was conducted to determine vitamin K and vitamin K epoxide reductase concentrations, prothrombin time, and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) assay. In all the examined organisms, brodifacoum was not detected. The results obtained showed differences in vitamin K and vitamin K epoxide concentrations among the samples studied, with a positive correlation for three species between vitamin K, vitamin K epoxide, and fish weight. The prothrombin time assay showed a good blood clotting capacity in the fish. Higher abnormality values were recorded for four species. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to hypothesize that the sampled fish were not likely to have been exposed to brodifacoum and that consequently there are no negative issues concerning human consumption.
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S G P, Echanur AV, Matadh AV, Rangappa S, H N S, Murthy RN, V S R, Ureña-Benavides EE, Maibach H, Murthy SN. Sublimation of Drugs from the Site of Application of Topical Products. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 36625731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the project was to investigate the plausibility of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to undergo sublimation from topical application following evaporation of solvent. Topical formulations with different APIs were subjected to a sublimation screening test. The APIs in the selected topical products were found to undergo sublimation to a different extent. The salicylic acid topical product was found to undergo a significant loss due to sublimation. The extent of sublimation of salicylic acid was significantly greater at skin temperature compared to room temperature. When the APIs were subjected to the sublimation screening test in their neat form at 32 ± 1 °C, the natural log of the rate of sublimation decreased linearly with the standard enthalpy of sublimation of compound (R2 = 0.89). The formulation composition was found to have a significant impact on the extent of sublimation of the representative API, salicylic acid. The sublimation of APIs from the topical product was found to affect the mass balance studies in the case of the salicylic acid ointment. Furthermore, the results of the human studies agreed with the in vitro experimental results demonstrating the plausibility of loss of API due to sublimation from the site of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi S G
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore, Karnataka560086, India
| | - Anusha V Echanur
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore, Karnataka560086, India
| | - Anusha V Matadh
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore, Karnataka560086, India
| | - Srinath Rangappa
- Topical Products Testing LLC, Oxford, Mississippi38655, United States
| | - Shivakumar H N
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore, Karnataka560086, India.,KLE College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka560010, India
| | - Reena N Murthy
- Topical Products Testing LLC, Oxford, Mississippi38655, United States
| | - Ranganath V S
- Surgiderma Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka560043, India
| | - Esteban E Ureña-Benavides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas78249, United States
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California94115, United States
| | - S Narasimha Murthy
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore, Karnataka560086, India.,Topical Products Testing LLC, Oxford, Mississippi38655, United States
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Rached A, Moriceau MA, Serfaty X, Lefebvre S, Lattard V. Biomarkers Potency to Monitor Non-target Fauna Poisoning by Anticoagulant Rodenticides. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:616276. [PMID: 33426034 PMCID: PMC7785832 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.616276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides to control agricultural pests is a hot topic on the public scene of environmental health. Selective pest control for minimum environmental impact is a major goal of the environmental toxicology field, notably to avoid unintended poisoning in different organisms. Anticoagulant rodenticides cause abnormal blood coagulation process; they have been widely used to control rodents, allowing inadvertent primary and secondary exposure in domestic animals and non-target predatory wildlife species through direct ingestion of rodenticide-containing bait or by consumption of poisoned prey. To report toxic effect, the most common approach is the measurement of liver or plasma residues of anticoagulant rodenticides in dead or intoxicated animals showing clinical symptoms. However, one major challenge is that literature currently lacks a hepatic or plasma concentration threshold value for the differentiation of exposure from toxicity. Regarding the variation in pharmacology properties of anticoagulant rodenticides inter- and intra-species, the dose-response relationship must be defined for each species to prejudge the relative risk of poisoning. Beyond that, biomarkers are a key solution widely used for ecological risk assessment of contaminants. Since anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) have toxic effects at the biochemical level, biomarkers can serve as indicators of toxic exposure. In this sense, toxicological knowledge of anticoagulant rodenticides within organisms is an important tool for defining sensitive, specific, and suitable biomarkers. In this review, we provide an overview of the toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic parameters of anticoagulant rodenticides in different animal species. We examine different types of biomarkers used to characterize and differentiate the exposure and toxic effects of anticoagulant rodenticide, showing the strengths and weaknesses of the assays. Finally, we describe possible new biomarkers and highlight their capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Seljetun KO, Sandvik M, Vindenes V, Eliassen E, Øiestad EL, Madslien K, Moe L. Comparison of anticoagulant rodenticide concentrations in liver and feces from apparently healthy red foxes. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:560-564. [PMID: 32476615 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720927365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of wildlife and domestic animals to anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is a worldwide concern, but few methods exist to determine residue levels in live animals. Traditional liver detection methods preclude determining exposure in live wildlife. To determine the value of assessing AR exposure by fecal analysis, we compared fecal and liver residues of ARs in the same animals. We collected liver and fecal samples from 40 apparently healthy red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) potentially exposed to ARs, and quantified brodifacoum, bromadiolone, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, difethialone, and flocoumafen residues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Residues of ARs were detected in 53% of the fecal samples and 83% of the liver samples. We found good concordance between AR residues in feces and liver for coumatetralyl, difenacoum, and difethialone. Bromadiolone occurred in significantly greater frequency in livers compared to feces, but no significant difference in concentration between feces and liver in individual foxes could be detected. Brodifacoum displayed a significant difference in concentration and occurrence of positive samples between liver and feces. Our findings demonstrate that fecal analysis of ARs provides a feasible and valuable non-lethal means of determine AR exposure in live wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin O Seljetun
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Eliassen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth L Øiestad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Madslien
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Moe
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Seljetun KO, Eliassen E, Madslien K, Viljugrein H, Vindenes V, Øiestad EL, Moe L. PREVALENCE OF ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES IN FECES OF WILD RED FOXES ( VULPES VULPES) IN NORWAY. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:834-843. [PMID: 31112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High occurrence of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in wildlife is a rising concern, with numerous reports of secondary exposure through predation. Because of widespread distribution of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), they may act as sentinels for small mammal-hunting predators in rural, suburban, and urban areas. No AR surveillance in wild mammals with analyses of residues in feces has been conducted throughout a single country. We collected 163 fecal samples from presumed healthy red foxes from 18 out of 19 counties in Norway. The foxes were shot during regular hunting between January and December 2016 and samples collected directly after death. Fecal samples were analyzed for six ARs: brodifacoum, bromadiolone, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, difethialone, and flocoumafen. We detected ARs in 54% (75/139) of the animals. Brodifacoum was most frequently detected (46%; 64/139), followed by coumatetralyl (17%; 23/139), bromadiolone (16%; 22/139), difenacoum (5%; 7/139), difethialone (1%; 2/139), and flocoumafen (1%; 2/139). More than one substance was detected in 40% (30/75) of the positive foxes, and 7% (5/75) of these animals were exposed to four different ARs. There were no statistically significant seasonal, age, or sex differences in foxes after exposure to one AR compound. We found a significant difference in occurrence of brodifacoum and coumatetralyl in foxes from different geographical areas. These findings demonstrate fecal analyses as a valuable method of detecting AR exposure in red foxes. We suggest using direct fecal sampling with analyses as a method to evaluate the occurrence of ARs in live endangered wildlife in connection with radio tagging or collaring operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Opdal Seljetun
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Poisons Information Center, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Eliassen
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4450 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Madslien
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4450 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, PO Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4450 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, School of Pharmacy, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Moe
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
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McGrath JA, O'Toole C, Bennett G, Joyce M, Byrne MA, MacLoughlin R. Investigation of Fugitive Aerosols Released into the Environment during High-Flow Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E254. [PMID: 31159408 PMCID: PMC6630289 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nebulised medical aerosols are designed to deliver drugs to the lungs to aid in the treatment of respiratory diseases. However, an unintended consequence is the potential for fugitive emissions during patient treatment, which may pose a risk factor in both clinical and homecare settings. METHODS The current study examined the potential for fugitive emissions, using albuterol sulphate as a tracer aerosol during high-flow therapy. A nasal cannula was connected to a head model or alternatively, a interface was connected to a tracheostomy tube in combination with a simulated adult and paediatric breathing profile. Two aerodynamic particle sizers (APS) recorded time-series aerosol concentrations and size distributions at two different distances relative to the simulated patient. RESULTS The results showed that the quantity and characteristics of the fugitive emissions were influenced by the interface type, patient type and supplemental gas-flow rate. There was a trend in the adult scenarios; as the flow rate increased, the fugitive emissions and the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of the aerosol both decreased. The fugitive emissions were comparable when using the adult breathing profiles for the nasal cannula and tracheostomy interfaces; however, there was a noticeable distinction between the two interfaces when compared for the paediatric breathing profiles. The highest recorded aerosol concentration was 0.370 ± 0.046 mg m-3 from the tracheostomy interface during simulated paediatric breathing with a gas-flow rate of 20 L/min. The averaged MMAD across all combinations ranged from 1.248 to 1.793 µm by the APS at a distance of 0.8 m away from the patient interface. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results highlight the potential for secondary inhalation of fugitive emissions released during simulated aerosol treatment with concurrent high-flow therapy. The findings will help in developing policy and best practice for risk mitigation from fugitive emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McGrath
- School of Physics & Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Ciarraí O'Toole
- School of Physics & Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Gavin Bennett
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Mary Joyce
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Miriam A Byrne
- School of Physics & Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland.
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McGrath JA, O'Sullivan A, Bennett G, O'Toole C, Joyce M, Byrne MA, MacLoughlin R. Investigation of the Quantity of Exhaled Aerosols Released into the Environment during Nebulisation. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E75. [PMID: 30759879 PMCID: PMC6409895 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary inhalation of medical aerosols is a significant occupational hazard in both clinical and homecare settings. Exposure to fugitive emissions generated during aerosol therapy increases the risk of the unnecessary inhalation of medication, as well as toxic side effects. METHODS This study examines fugitively-emitted aerosol emissions when nebulising albuterol sulphate, as a tracer aerosol, using two commercially available nebulisers in combination with an open or valved facemask or using a mouthpiece with and without a filter on the exhalation port. Each combination was connected to a breathing simulator during simulated adult breathing. The inhaled dose and residual mass were quantified using UV spectrophotometry. Time-varying fugitively-emitted aerosol concentrations and size distributions during nebulisation were recorded using aerodynamic particle sizers at two distances relative to the simulated patient. Different aerosol concentrations and size distributions were observed depending on the interface. RESULTS Within each nebuliser, the facemask combination had the highest time-averaged fugitively-emitted aerosol concentration, and values up to 0.072 ± 0.001 mg m-3 were recorded. The placement of a filter on the exhalation port of the mouthpiece yielded the lowest recorded concentrations. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of the fugitively-emitted aerosol was recorded as 0.890 ± 0.044 µm, lower the initially generated medical aerosol in the range of 2⁻5 µm. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the potential secondary inhalation of exhaled aerosols from commercially available nebuliser facemask/mouthpiece combinations. The results will aid in developing approaches to inform policy and best practices for risk mitigation from fugitive emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McGrath
- School of Physics & Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland.
| | | | - Gavin Bennett
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, Galway, H91 HE94, Ireland.
| | - Ciarraí O'Toole
- School of Physics & Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland.
| | - Mary Joyce
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, Galway, H91 HE94, Ireland.
| | - Miriam A Byrne
- School of Physics & Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland.
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Slankard KG, Gaskill CL, Cassone LM, Rhoden CM. Changes in Detected Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure in Barn Owls ( Tyto alba) in Kentucky, USA, in 2012-16. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:432-7. [PMID: 30289330 DOI: 10.7589/2018-03-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are widely used across North America to control rodent infestations but may cause direct mortality or nonlethal effects when secondarily consumed by raptors. Barn Owls ( Tyto alba) are at high risk for secondary consumption because they specialize in rodent prey and often live in human-made structures. We investigated the exposure of Barn Owls in Kentucky, US, to ARs and to dicoumarol, an anticoagulant compound naturally found in certain moldy forages. We tested the liver tissue of 48 Barn Owl carcasses collected during 2012-16. We confirmed exposure to one or more ARs in 33% of the birds examined and detected dicoumarol in 13% of the samples. Rodenticides detected included brodifacoum, coumachlor, and bromadiolone. The prevalence of detected exposure to brodifacoum for after-hatch-year birds (65%) was significantly ( P=0.012) higher than hatch-year birds (22%). Brodifacoum was the most commonly detected AR, found in 88% of AR-positive birds. The pesticide registration for this chemical in the US was canceled in 2015 for general consumer products, which likely resulted in a decreasing rate of detected exposure to brodifacoum during our study. We present these results as an example of secondary exposure rates during a period when a pesticide has been restricted and then removed from the consumer market.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION To propose a hypothesis theory to establish a linkage between cigarette smoking and cluster headache pathogenesis. BACKGROUND Cluster headache is a primary headache syndrome grouped under the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. What distinguishes cluster headache from all other primary headache conditions is its inherent connection to cigarette smoking. It is undeniable that tobacco exposure is in some manner related to cluster headache. The connection to tobacco exposure for cluster headache is so strong that even if an individual sufferer never smoked, then that individual typically had significant secondary smoke exposure as a child from parental smoking behavior and in many instances both scenarios exist. The manner by which cigarette smoking is connected to cluster headache pathogenesis is unknown at present. If this could be determined this may contribute to advancing our understanding of cluster headache pathophysiology. METHODS/RESULTS Hypothesis statement. CONCLUSION The hypothesis theory will include several principles: (1) the need of double lifetime tobacco exposure, (2) that cadmium is possibly the primary agent in cigarette smoke that leads to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis toxicity promoting cluster headache, (3) that the estrogenization of the brain and its specific sexually dimorphic nuclei is necessary to develop cluster headache with tobacco exposure, and (4) that the chronic effects of smoking and its toxic metabolites including cadmium and nicotine on the cortex are contributing to the morphometric and orexin alterations that have been previously attributed to the primary headache disorder itself.
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Rozen TD. Cluster Headache Clinical Phenotypes: Tobacco Nonexposed (Never Smoker and No Parental Secondary Smoke Exposure as a Child) versus Tobacco-Exposed: Results from the United States Cluster Headache Survey. Headache 2018. [PMID: 29536529 DOI: 10.1111/head.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present results from the United States Cluster Headache Survey comparing the clinical presentation of tobacco nonexposed and tobacco-exposed cluster headache patients. BACKGROUND Cluster headache is uniquely tied to a personal history of tobacco usage/cigarette smoking and, if the individual cluster headache sufferer did not smoke, it has been shown that their parent(s) typically did and that individual had significant secondary smoke exposure as a child. The true nontobacco exposed (no personal or secondary exposure) cluster headache sufferer has never been fully studied. METHODS The United States Cluster Headache Survey consisted of 187 multiple choice questions related to cluster headache including: patient demographics, clinical headache characteristics, family history, triggers, smoking history (personal and secondary), and headache-related disability. The survey was placed on a website from October through December 2008. RESULTS One thousand one hundred thirty-four individuals completed the survey. One hundred thirty-three subjects or 12% of the surveyed population had no personal smoking/tobacco use history and no secondary smoke exposure as an infant/child, thus a nontobacco exposed population. In the nonexposed population, there were 87 males and 46 females with a gender ratio of 1.9:1. Episodic cluster headache occurred in 80% of nonexposed subjects. One thousand and one survey responders or 88% were tobacco-exposed (729 males and 272 females) with a gender ratio of 2.7:1. Eighty-three percent had a personal smoking history, while only 17% just had parents who smoked with secondary smoke exposure. Eighty-five percent of smokers had double exposure with a personal smoking history and secondary exposure as a child. SIGNIFICANT HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE SURVEY Nonexposed cluster headache subjects are significantly more likely to develop cluster headache at ages 40 years and younger, while the exposed sufferers are significantly more likely to develop cluster headache at 40 years of age and older. Nonexposed patients have a statistically significant higher frequency of a migraine family history. The exposed population is statistically significantly more likely to have a history of head trauma 19% vs the nonexposed population 10% (P = .02). Tobacco exposed are significantly more likely to transition from episodic to chronic cluster headache (23% vs 14%, P = .02). Cranial autonomic symptoms as well as agitation are more common in tobacco exposed. Nonexposed are less likely to have specific cluster headache triggers. Exposed are significantly more likely to be triggered by alcohol. Tobacco exposed are significantly heavier caffeine users than nonexposed. Nonexposed are significantly more likely to have cluster headache cycles that vary throughout the year than exposed (52% vs 40%, P = .02). Exposed are much more likely to develop cluster headache from 12 am to 6 am than non exposed. Exposed experience significantly more frequent attacks per day and longer duration cycles than nonexposed. A significantly larger percent of the exposed population (57%) has suicidal ideations with their syndrome than nonexposed (43%) (P = .003). In regard to disability, both subtypes are disabled by their headaches, but exposed have more work related disability and lost home-days from headache. Both subgroups have a poor overall response to preventive and abortive medication outside of inhaled oxygen and injectable sumatriptan. CONCLUSION Cluster headache sufferers who were never exposed to tobacco (personal or secondary as a child) appear to present uniquely compared to the tobacco exposed subgroup. The tobacco exposed clinical phenotype appears to have a more severe syndrome based on attack frequency, cycle duration, and headache related disability. Tobacco exposure is associated with cluster headache chronification. The nonexposed subtype appears to have an earlier age of onset, higher rate of familial migraine, and less circadian periodicity and daytime entrainment, suggesting a possible different underlying pathology than in the tobacco exposed sub-form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Rozen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Suarez-Lopez JR, Jacobs DR, Himes JH, Alexander BH. Acetylcholinesterase activity, cohabitation with floricultural workers, and blood pressure in Ecuadorian children. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121:619-24. [PMID: 23359481 PMCID: PMC3673186 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are commonly used pesticides that can effect hemodynamic changes through increased cholinergic stimulation. Children of agricultural workers are likely to have paraoccupational exposures to pesticides, but the potential physiological impact of such exposures is unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether secondary pesticide exposures were associated with blood pressure and heart rate among children living in agricultural Ecuadorian communities. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 271 children 4-9 years of age [51% cohabited with one or more flower plantation workers (mean duration, 5.2 years)]. Erythrocyte AChE activity was measured using the EQM Test-mate system. Linear regression models were used to estimate associations of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate with AChE activity, living with flower workers, duration of cohabitation with a flower worker, number of flower workers in the child's home, and number of practices that might increase children's exposure to pesticides. RESULTS Mean (± SD) AChE activity was 3.14 ± 0.49 U/mL. A 1-U/mL decrease in AChE activity was associated with a 2.86-mmHg decrease in SBP (95% CI: -5.20, -0.53) and a 2.89-mmHg decrease in DBP (95% CI: -5.00, -0.78), after adjustment for potential confounders. Children living with flower workers had lower SBP (-1.72 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.53, 0.08) than other children, and practices that might increase exposure also were associated with lower SBP. No significant associations were found between exposures and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that subclinical secondary exposures to pesticides may affect vascular reactivity in children. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Suarez-Lopez
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA.
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MALONEY KATHLEENM, ANCCA-JUAREZ JENNY, SALAZAR RENZO, BORRINI-MAYORI KATTY, PAMO-TITO DANITZA, KEATING JOSEPHA, LEVY MICHAELZ. Secondary kill effect of deltamethrin on Triatoma infestans. J Med Entomol 2011; 48:929-33. [PMID: 21845956 PMCID: PMC3272667 DOI: 10.1603/me10268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Control of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans, relies on the application of pyrethroid insecticides, especially deltamethrin. We performed laboratory studies to determine whether a T. infestans nymph that comes into contact with a deltamethrin-treated surface horizontally transfers the insecticide to subsequent triatomines. We found that a triatomine that walks on a deltamethrin-treated surface for a short period of time has the ability to transport the insecticide in concentrations sufficient to kill other triatomines with which it comes into contact. The effect was limited to high-density environments, and mortality as a result of secondary exposure was greater among second-instar nymphs compared with fifth-instar nymphs. Our results suggest that deltamethrin could be killing triatomines through both direct and indirect contact, although it remains unclear whether the phenomenon occurs in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- KATHLEEN M. MALONEY
- Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Ste 2200, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - JENNY ANCCA-JUAREZ
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingenieria, S.M.P. Lima, Peru
| | - RENZO SALAZAR
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingenieria, S.M.P. Lima, Peru
| | - KATTY BORRINI-MAYORI
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingenieria, S.M.P. Lima, Peru
| | - DANITZA PAMO-TITO
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingenieria, S.M.P. Lima, Peru
| | - JOSEPH A. KEATING
- Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Ste 2200, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - MICHAEL Z. LEVY
- Corresponding author: Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 819 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104–6021 ()
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