[Nuclei ultrastructural changes of C6/36 cells infected with virus dengue type 2]

Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of Dengue Viruses

Despite the advancement of molecular biology techniques, morphological studies using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are still being of great importance to elucidate some aspects of viral structures, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. In relation to dengue viruses (DENV), several studies report the use of TEM to obtain a clearer definition of viral morphology, the events involved in its morphogenesis, aspects of pathogenesis, and cell tropism. In this chapter, the main technical protocols and their respective reagents for studies of DENV infection by TEM are described, both in cell culture and in biological tissue samples.

Review of Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus: New Aspects and Concepts about Entry into the Brain and Inter-Cellular Spreading

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging flavivirus of the Asia-Pacific region. More than two billion people live in endemic or epidemic areas and are at risk of infection. Recently, the first autochthonous human case was recorded in Africa, and infected birds have been found in Europe. JEV may spread even further to other continents. The first section of this review covers established and new information about the epidemiology of JEV. The subsequent sections focus on the impact of JEV on humans, including the natural course and immunity. Furthermore, new concepts are discussed about JEV’s entry into the brain. Finally, interactions of JEV and host cells are covered, as well as how JEV may spread in the body through latently infected immune cells and cell-to-cell transmission of virions or via other infectious material, including JEV genomic RNA.