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Gao X, Zhang J, Liu G, Kong Y, Li Y, Li G, Luo Y, Wang G, Yuan J. Enhancing the transformation of carbon and nitrogen organics to humus in composting: Biotic and abiotic synergy mediated by mineral material. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130126. [PMID: 38036150 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the conversion of carbon and nitrogen organic matter to humus mediated by mineral material additives through biotic and abiotic pathways, three chicken manure composting experiments were conducted using calcium superphosphate (CS) and fly ash (FA). Results showed that CS and FA promoted carbon and nitrogen organic degradation and improved compost maturity. The ratio of humic acid-like to fulvic acid-like substances for FA (30) was significantly higher than for control (18) and CS (13). Excitation-emission-matrix spectra and parallel factor analysis identified a higher transformation of protein-like components into humic-like components in FA. Network analysis showed that CS improved compost maturity by promoting the rapid conversion of humus precursors to humus, while FA increased the richness and diversity of the microbial community, such as Chloroflexi, the unique phylum in FA. Overall, CS and FA facilitated the humification process through abiotic and biotic pathways, and FA had better humification performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yilin Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guoxue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiming Luo
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China
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2
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Noble R, Thai M, Kertesz MA. Nitrogen balance and supply in Australasian mushroom composts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:151. [PMID: 38240861 PMCID: PMC10798912 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Mushrooms are an important source of protein in the human diet. They are increasingly viewed as a sustainable meat replacement in an era of growing populations, with button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) the most popular and economically important mushroom in Europe, Australia and North America. Button mushrooms are cultivated on a defined, straw-derived compost, and the nitrogen (N) required to grow these high-protein foods is provided mainly by the addition of poultry manure and horse manure. Using the correct balance of carbon (C) and N sources to produce mushroom compost is critically important in achieving maximum mushroom yields. Changes in the amount and form of N added, the rate and timing of N addition and the other compost components used can dramatically change the proportion of added N recovered in the mushroom caps, the yield and quality of the mushrooms and the loss of N as ammonia and nitrogen oxide gases during composting. This review examines how N supply for mushroom production can be optimised by the use of a broad range of inorganic and organic N sources for mushroom composting, together with the use of recycled compost leachate, gypsum and protein-rich supplements. Integrating this knowledge into our current molecular understanding of mushroom compost biology will provide a pathway for the development of sustainable solutions in mushroom production that will contribute strongly to the circular economy. KEY POINTS: • Nitrogen for production of mushroom compost can be provided as a much wider range of organic feedstocks or inorganic compounds than currently used • Most of the nitrogen used in production of mushroom compost is not recovered as protein in the mushroom crop • The sustainability of mushroom cropping would be increased through alternative nitrogen management during composting and cropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Noble
- Microbiotech Ltd, Pershore Centre, Pershore, Worcestershire, WR103JP, UK
| | - Meghann Thai
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, LEES Building, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael A Kertesz
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, LEES Building, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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3
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Ding S, Jiang L, Hu J, Huang W, Lou L. Microbiome data analysis via machine learning models: Exploring vital players to optimize kitchen waste composting system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129731. [PMID: 37704090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Composting, reliant on microorganisms, effectively treats kitchen waste. However, it is difficult to precisely understand the specific role of key microorganisms in the composting process by relying solely on experimental research. This study aims to employ machine learning models to explore key microbial genera and to optimize composting systems. After introducing a novel microbiome preprocessing approach, Stacking models were constructed (R2 is about 0.8). The SHAP method (SHapley Additive exPlanations) identified Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Thermobacillus, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, and Thermobifida as prominent microbial genera (Shapley values ranging from 3.84 to 1.24). Additionally, microbial agents were prepared to target the identified key genera, and experiments demonstrated that the composting quality score was 76.06 for the treatment and 70.96 for the control. The exogenous agents enhanced decomposition and improved compost quality in later stages. In summary, this study opens up a new avenue to identifying key microorganisms and optimizing the biological treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Ding
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyuan Hu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuji Huang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Lou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Talwar P, Upadhyay A, Verma N, Singh R, Lindenberger C, Pareek N, Kovalev AA, Zhuravleva EA, Litti YV, Masakapalli SK, Vivekanand V. Utilization of agricultural residues for energy and resource recovery towards a sustainable environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-29500-x. [PMID: 37667121 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pre-treatment using Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) was carried out on individual and combinations of agro-waste wheat straw (WS), rice straw (RS), and pearl millet straw (PMS) with the addition of biochar (5%,7.5% and 10%) to reduce the pre-treatment duration. Further remaining substrate known as spent mushroom substrate (SMS) was used in anaerobic digestor (AD) for estimation enhanced biomethane yield. Equal ratios of RS + WS, WS + PMS, PMS + RS, and RS + PMS + WS and biochar addition were taken for enhancing pre-treatment, PO growth and AD process. The extent of pre-treatment was recorded with the maximum lignin removal of 40.4% for RS + PMS + WS as compared to untreated counterparts and 0.5%, 2.2%, and 3.3% times more lignin removal from individual PMS, RS, and WS respectively. Addition of biochar to the substrates reduced the total pre-treatment duration by days as compared to the non-biochar substrates. Biological efficiency (BE) used for the analysis of mushroom growth varied from 51-92%. Further, the average bio-methane yield was 187 ml/gVS for SMS of PMS + WS + RS with 10% biochar indicating an increment of 83.33% from untreated SMS of PMS + WS + RS. This, higher biomethane yield was 9.35%, 22.22% and 57.14% times higher than individual SMS of PMS, RS, and WS respectively. The current study shows that biochar not only enhances the bio-methane yield but also reduces the biological pre-treatment duration and removes the dependency on one lignocellulosic biomass for energy (bio-methane) and food (mushroom) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Talwar
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Apoorva Upadhyay
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nikita Verma
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rickwinder Singh
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Christoph Lindenberger
- University of Applied Sciences Amberg-Weiden, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Ring 23, 92224, Amberg, Germany
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Department of Sports Bio-Sciences, School of Sports Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Andrey A Kovalev
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM", 1St Institutskiy Proezd, 5, 109428, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Zhuravleva
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 33, 2, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy V Litti
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 33, 2, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Shyam Kumar Masakapalli
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, 21 175075, India
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India.
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5
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Peng XY, Wang SP, Chu XL, Sun ZY, Xia ZY, Xie CY, Gou M, Tang YQ. Valorizing kitchen waste to produce value-added fertilizer by thermophilic semi-continuous composting followed by static stacking: Performance and bacterial community succession analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 373:128732. [PMID: 36774986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To explore an effective decentralized kitchen waste (KW) treatment system, the performance and bacterial community succession of thermophilic semi-continuous composting (TSC) of KW followed by static stacking (SS) was studied. A daily feeding ratio of 10% ensured stable performance of TSC using an integrated automatic reactor; the efficiencies of organic matter degradation and seed germination index (GI) reached 80.88% and 78.51%, respectively. SS for seven days further promoted the quality of the compost by improving the GI to 91.58%. Alpha- and beta-diversity analyses revealed significant differences between the bacterial communities of TSC and SS. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and Myxococcota were dominant during the TSC of KW, whereas the members of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes responsible for product maturity rapidly proliferated during the subsequent SS and ultimately dominated the compost with Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. These results provide new perspectives for decentralized KW treatment using TSC for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Peng
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Shi-Peng Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiu-Lin Chu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhao-Yong Sun
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zi-Yuan Xia
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Cai-Yun Xie
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Gou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue-Qin Tang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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6
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Chang W, Feng W, Yang Y, Shen Y, Song T, Li Y, Cai W. Metagenomics analysis of the effects of Agaricus bisporus mycelia on microbial diversity and CAZymes in compost. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14426. [PMID: 36523457 PMCID: PMC9745911 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus growth alters the lignocellulosic composition and structure of compost. However, it is difficult to differentiate the enzyme activities of A. bisporus mycelia from the wider microbial community owing to the complication of completely speareting the mycelia from compost cultures. Macrogenomics analysis was employed in this study to examine the fermentation substrate of A. bisporus before and after mycelial growth, and the molecular mechanism of substrate utilization by A. bisporus mycelia was elucidated from the perspective of microbial communities and CAZymes in the substrate. The results showed that the relative abundance of A. bisporus mycelia increased by 77.57-fold after mycelial colonization, the laccase content was significantly increased and the lignin content was significantly decreased. Analysis of the CAZymes showed that AA10 family was extremely differentiated. Laccase-producing strains associated with AA10 family were mostly bacteria belonging to Thermobifida and Thermostaphylospora, suggesting that these bacteria may play a synergistic role in lignin decomposition along with A. bisporus mycelia. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the molecular mechanism of compost utilization by A. bisporus mycelia and offer a reference for the development and utilization of strains related to lignocellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Chang
- Jilin Agricultural University, Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Changchun, Jilin, China,Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Horticulture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weilin Feng
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Horticulture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yingyue Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Horticulture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Horticulture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Li
- Jilin Agricultural University, Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Horticulture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Functional Characterization of Laccase Isozyme (PoLcc1) from the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus Involved in Lignin Degradation in Cotton Straw. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113545. [PMID: 36362331 PMCID: PMC9658089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal laccases play important roles in the degradation of lignocellulose. In this study, the laccase producing cotton straw medium for Pleurotus ostreatus was optimized by single-factor and orthogonal experiments, and to investigate the role of Lacc1 gene, one of the laccase-encoding genes, in the degradation of cotton straw lignin, an overexpression strain of Lacc1 gene was constructed, which was analyzed for the characteristics of lignin degradation. The results demonstrated that the culture conditions with the highest lignin degradation efficiency of the P. ostreatus were the cotton straw particle size of 0.75 mm, a solid–liquid ratio of 1:3 and containing 0.25 g/L of Tween in the medium, as well as an incubation temperature of 26 °C. Two overexpression strains (OE L1-1 and OE L1-4) of Lacc1 gene were obtained, and the gene expression increased 12.08- and 33.04-fold, respectively. The results of 1H-NMR and FTIR analyses of significant changes in lignin structure revealed that Lacc1 gene accelerated the degradation of lignin G-units and involved in the cleavage of β-O-4 linkages and the demethylation of lignin units. These findings will help to improve the efficiency of biodelignification and expand our understanding of its mechanism.
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8
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Wang SP, Gao Y, Sun ZY, Peng XY, Xie CY, Tang YQ. Thermophilic semi-continuous composting of kitchen waste: Performance evaluation and microbial community characteristics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127952. [PMID: 36108941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the feasibility, system stability, and microbial community succession of thermophilic semi-continuous composting of kitchen waste (KW). The results revealed that treatment performance was stable at a 10 % feeding ratio, with an organic matter (OM) degradation efficiency of 81.5 % and seed germination index (GI) of 50.0 %. Moreover, the OM degradation efficiency and GI were improved to 83.4 % and 70.0 %, respectively, by maintaining an optimal compost moisture content (50-60 %). However, feeding ratios of ≥ 20 % caused deterioration of the composter system owing to OM overloading. Microbial community analysis revealed that Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes were dominant. Additionally, moisture regulation significantly increased the Proteobacteria abundance by 57.1 % and reduced the Actinobacteria abundance by 57.8 %. Moreover, network analysis indicated that the bacterial community stability and positive interactions between genera were enhanced by moisture regulation. This information provides a useful reference for practical KW composting treatment in the semi-continuous mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Peng Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhao-Yong Sun
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xiang-Yu Peng
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Cai-Yun Xie
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yue-Qin Tang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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9
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Thai M, Safianowicz K, Bell TL, Kertesz MA. Dynamics of microbial community and enzyme activities during preparation of Agaricus bisporus compost substrate. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:88. [PMID: 37938292 PMCID: PMC9723551 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are grown commercially on a specialized substrate that is usually prepared from wheat straw and poultry manure in a microbially-mediated composting process. The quality and yield of the mushroom crop depends critically on the quality of this composted substrate, but details of the microbial community responsible for compost production have only emerged recently. Here we report a detailed study of microbial succession during mushroom compost production (wetting, thermophilic, pasteurization/conditioning, spawn run). The wetting and thermophilic phases were characterized by a rapid succession of bacterial and fungal communities, with maximum diversity at the high heat stage. Pasteurization/conditioning selected for a more stable community dominated by the thermophilic actinomycete Mycothermus thermophilus and a range of bacterial taxa including Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis and other Proteobacteria. These taxa decreased during spawn run and may be acting as a direct source of nutrition for the proliferating Agaricus mycelium, which has previously been shown to use microbial biomass in the compost for growth. Comparison of bacterial communities at five geographically separated composting yards in south-eastern Australia revealed similarities in microbial succession during composting, although the dominant bacterial taxa varied among sites. This suggests that specific microbial taxa or combinations of taxa may provide useful biomarkers of compost quality and may be applied as predictive markers of mushroom crop yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann Thai
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Safianowicz
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tina L Bell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael A Kertesz
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Ding S, Huang W, Xu W, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Fang P, Hu B, Lou L. Improving kitchen waste composting maturity by optimizing the processing parameters based on machine learning model. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127606. [PMID: 35835416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a novel analytical method based on big data, machine learning model can explore the relationship between different parameters and draw universal conclusions, which was used to predict composting maturity and identify key parameters in this study. The results showed that the Stacking model exhibited excellent prediction accuracy. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Partial Dependence Analysis (PDA) were performed to evaluate the importance of different parameters as well as their optimal interval. Optimal starting conditions should be maintained in the mesophilic state (temperature: 30-45℃, moisture content: 55-65%, pH: 6.3-8.0), and nutrients (total nitrogen > 2.3%, total organic carbon > 35%) should be adjusted in the thermophilic state. Experiments revealed that model-based optimization strategies could improve composting maturity because they could optimize compost microbial flora and perform complex carbon cycle functions. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the enhancement of the composting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Wuji Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Weijian Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Yiqu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Ping Fang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Baolan Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Liping Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China.
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11
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Braat N, Koster MC, Wösten HA. Beneficial interactions between bacteria and edible mushrooms. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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