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Wang T, Tang C, He H, Cao Z, Xiao M, He M, Qi J, Li Y, Li X. Evaluation of Cordyceps sinensis Quality in 15 Production Areas Using Metabolomics and the Membership Function Method. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:356. [PMID: 38786711 PMCID: PMC11122220 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis is a precious medicinal and edible fungus, which is widely used in body health care and disease prevention. The current research focuses on the comparison of metabolite characteristics between a small number of samples and lacks a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of C. sinensis in a large-scale space. In this study, LC-MS/MS, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and the membership function method were used to comprehensively evaluate the characteristics and quality of metabolites in 15 main producing areas of C. sinensis in China. The results showed that a total of 130 categories, 14 supercategories, and 1718 metabolites were identified. Carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty acyls, organo-oxygen compounds, benzene and substituted derivatives, prenol lipids, and glycerophospholipids were the main components of C. sinensis. The HCA analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of 559 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) showed that the accumulation models of fatty acids and conjugates and carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates in glycerophospholipid metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism may be one of the reasons for the quality differences in C. sinensis in different producing areas. In addition, a total of 18 biomarkers were identified and validated, which had a significant discrimination effect on the samples (p < 0.05). Overall, YS, BR, and ZD, with the highest membership function values, are rich and balanced in nutrients. They are excellent raw materials for the development of functional foods and provide scientific guidance for consumers to nourish health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Chuyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Zhengfei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Mengjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Yuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiuzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
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Wang T, Tang C, Xiao M, Cao Z, He M, Qi J, Li Y, Li X. Effect of Air Drying on the Metabolic Profile of Fresh Wild and Artificial Cordyceps sinensis. Foods 2023; 13:48. [PMID: 38201076 PMCID: PMC10778509 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fresh and dried Cordyceps sinensis are widely used by the public for medicinal and health purposes. However, the differences between them have not been examined. In this study, fresh wild and artificial C. sinensis (WFC and AFC) were dried to obtain dried wild and artificial C. sinensis (WDC and ADC). Non-targeted GC-MS was used to analyze the metabolic profile characteristics of the four groups of samples. The results showed that air drying significantly altered the composition and content of C. sinensis, mainly in the form of higher abundance of organic acids and derivatives and lower abundance of lipids and lipid-like molecules in fresh C. sinensis. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and quantitative analyses showed that air drying increased the abundance of Valine, Zinniol, Urocanate, Vulpinic acid, and Uridine 5'-diphosphate, and decreased Xanthotoxol, Vitexin-4-o-glucoside, Val-trp, and Wogonin. These differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were also shown to be potential biomarkers for C. sinensis. KEGG enrichment analysis identified lysine biosynthesis as the most significantly enriched pathway. Annotation of these DAMs to lysine biosynthesis revealed that citrate cycle and pyruvate metabolism entered lysine biosynthesis via 2-oxohlutarate and Homocitrate, respectively, resulting in significant enrichment of L-saccharopine and L-lysine content was significantly higher. Alanine, aspartate, and Glutamate metabolism synthesized more L-aspartate to promote L-lysine synthesis. Thus, high levels of L-lysine result in lysine degradation and pymolysine, which are the most active metabolic pathways during the drying of fresh C. sinensis and indirectly lead to differences in metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Chuyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Mengjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Zhengfei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Yuling Li
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiuzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
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Bai M, Gao H, Yang Y, Wu H. Changes in the content of pollen total lipid and TAG in Arabidopsis thaliana DGAT1 mutant as11. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad012. [PMID: 37064996 PMCID: PMC10100649 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In mature pollen grains, lipids are primarily stored in the form of lipid droplets that provide energy and act as a carbon source for normal pollen development and germination. Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the major form of stored plant lipids. Diacylglycerol transferase, which is encoded by DGAT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, is an important enzyme regulating triacylglycerol synthesis. Within the seeds of the DGAT1 mutant as11, the content of TAG is significantly decreased and the fatty acid composition also differs from the wild type. Transcriptome data of mature anthers showed that the genes involved in the TAG synthesis pathway were downregulated in as11. Analysis of gene expression patterns via transcriptome data also revealed that the expression of PDAT1, which functions in a manner complementary to the DGAT1 gene, was significantly decreased in as11, whereas the amylopectin synthase genes SS1 and SS2 were upregulated in mutant as11. We also detected lower total lipid, TAG and fatty acid contents in mature as11 pollen, with palmitic acid (C16:0) and linolenic acid (C18:3) being the major fatty acids in mature pollen. The cytological results showed that the lipid droplet content was reduced in mature as11 pollen. In the binuclear pollen grain II stage, WT pollen contained lipid droplets that were primarily accumulated around the generative nucleus, whereas the pollen in the mutant as11 was rich in starch grains that were primarily distributed around the vegetative nucleus. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that during pollen development in as11, the amount of endoplasmic reticulum in tapetal cells and pollen grains decreased, whereas the Golgi body content increased, which directly or indirectly led to a decrease in the levels of lipidosomes and an increase in the starch content in as11. Changes in the lipid content and fatty acid composition of the mutant as11 differ from those in the wild type during pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yang Yang
- Present address: Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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Zhang J, Wang N, Chen W, Zhang W, Zhang H, Yu H, Yi Y. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal metabolites difference between wild and cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112275. [PMID: 36596185 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a traditional medicinal fungus endemic to the alpine and high-altitude areas of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The scarcity of the wild resource has led to increased attention to artificially cultivated O. sinensis. However, little is known about the metabolic differences and the regulatory mechanisms between cultivated and wild O. sinensis. This study exploited untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to uncover the differences in accumulated metabolites and expressed genes between wild and cultivated O. sinensis. Metabolomics results revealed that 368 differentially accumulated metabolites were mainly enriched in biosynthesis of amino acids, biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites and purine nucleotide metabolism. Cultivated O. sinensis contained more amino acids and derivatives, carbohydrates and derivatives, and phenolic acids than wild O. sinensis, whereas the contents of most nucleosides and nucleotides in wild O. sinensis were significantly higher than in cultivated O. sinensis. Transcriptome analysis indicated that 4430 annotated differentially expressed genes were identified between two types. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses suggested that IMPDH, AK, ADSS, guaA and GUK genes might be related to the synthesis of purine nucleotides and nucleosides. Our findings will provide a new insight into the molecular basis of metabolic variations of this medicinal fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshuang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwest Karst Mountain Biodiversity Conservation of Forestry Administration, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Na Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwest Karst Mountain Biodiversity Conservation of Forestry Administration, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wanxuan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwest Karst Mountain Biodiversity Conservation of Forestry Administration, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haoshen Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hao Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwest Karst Mountain Biodiversity Conservation of Forestry Administration, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yin Yi
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwest Karst Mountain Biodiversity Conservation of Forestry Administration, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Tang CY, Wang J, Liu X, Chen JB, Liang J, Wang T, Simpson WR, Li YL, Li XZ. Medium optimization for high mycelial soluble protein content of Ophiocordyceps sinensis using response surface methodology. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1055055. [PMID: 36569047 PMCID: PMC9780674 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1055055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is widely utilized due to its pharmaceutical value. Mycelial protein forms a key active component of O. sinensis and determines the medicinal potential of fungus. Here, we describe the development of an optimized fermentation medium to obtain more mycelial soluble protein from O. sinensis using response surface methodology (RSM) and investigate the increased mycelial protein content using transcriptomics. The maximum mycelial protein content of 2.11% was obtained using a medium consisting of 20% beef broth, 0.10% peptone, 2% glucose, 0.15% yeast extract, 0.20% KH2PO4, and 0.02% MgSO4. Transcriptome analysis identified 790 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 592 up-regulated genes and 198 down-regulated genes, optimisation resulted in more up-regulated genes. The main DEGs were enriched in metabolic pathways, ABC transporters, starch and sucrose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. In addition, some DEGs associated with mycelial protein enhancement such as tyrosinase (TYR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutamine synthetase (glnA), and β-glucosidase may contribute to increased mycelial protein content. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to confirm gene expression and the results support the accuracy of RNA-Seq and DEG analysis. This study provides an optimized fermentation method for enhancing the mycelial protein content of O. sinensis and a reference for the effective development of O. sinensis protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jian-Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | | | - Yu-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China,*Correspondence: Yu-Ling Li,
| | - Xiu-Zhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China,Xiu-Zhang Li,
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