1
|
Kottwitz J, Bechert U, Cruz-Espindola C, Christensen JM, Boothe D. SINGLE-DOSE, MULTIPLE-DOSE, AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING PHARMACOKINETICS OF FIROCOXIB IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS ( ELEPHAS MAXIMUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:73-85. [PMID: 38453490 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Firocoxib is a COX-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with limited effects on COX-1, which means it likely has fewer side effects than typically associated with other NSAIDs. This study determined possible doses of firocoxib based on single- and multidose pharmacokinetic trials conducted in 10 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Initially, two single oral dose trials (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) of a commercially available tablet (n = 6) and paste (n = 4) formulation were used to determine a preferred dose. The 0.1 mg/kg dose was further evaluated via IV single dose (n = 3) and oral multidose trials (tablets n = 6; paste n = 4). Serum peak and trough firocoxib concentrations were also evaluated in Asian elephants (n = 4) that had been being treated for a minimum of 90 consecutive days. Key pharmacokinetic parameters for the 0.1 mg/kg single-dose trials included mean peak serum concentrations of 49 ± 3.3 ng/ml for tablets and 62 ± 14.8 ng/ml for paste, area under the curve (AUC) of 1,332 ± 878 h*mg/ml for tablets and 1,455 ± 634 h*mg/ml for paste, and half-life (T1/2) of 34.3 ± 30.3 h for tablets and 19.9 ± 12.8 h for paste. After 8 d of dosing at 0.1 mg/kg every 24 h, pharmacokinetic parameters stabilized to an AUC of 6,341 ± 3,003 h*mg/ml for tablets and 5,613 ± 2,262 for paste, and T1/2 of 84.4 ± 32.2 h for tablets and 62.9 ± 2.3 h for paste. Serum COX inhibition was evaluated in vitro and ex vivo in untreated elephant plasma, where firocoxib demonstrated preferential inhibition of COX-2. No adverse effects from firocoxib administration were identified in this study. Results suggest administering firocoxib to Asian elephants at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg orally, using either tablet or paste formulations, every 24 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Kottwitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA,
| | - Ursula Bechert
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Crisanta Cruz-Espindola
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Dawn Boothe
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mathesh K, Manickam K, Mallord JW, Mahendran K, Kumar M A, Saikia D, Mohan S C, V B, Lakshmi P S, Prakash N, Shringarpure R, Pawde AM, Green RE, Naidoo V, Prakash V. Experimental safety testing confirms that the NSAID nimesulide is toxic to Gyps vultures in India. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 103:104284. [PMID: 37775075 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Population declines of Gyps vultures throughout South Asia were caused by unintentional poisoning by the NSAID diclofenac, which was subsequently banned. However, other vulture-toxic NSAIDs are available, including nimesulide, which, in experiments carried out in South Africa, was shown to be toxic to Gyps vultures. We report on safety-testing of nimesulide carried out on Himalayan Griffons G. himalayensis. We gave two vultures a dose of nimesulide by oral gavage at the maximum level of exposure, with two controls dosed with benzyl alcohol. In the two tested birds, plasma nimesulide concentrations peaked after six hours, while serum uric acid concentrations increased steadily up until 24 h post-treatment, after which both birds died, displaying severe visceral gout. The control birds showed no adverse clinical or biochemical signs. We confirm that nimesulide is toxic to Gyps vultures. Veterinary use of nimesulide should be banned in all Gyps vulture range countries in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karikalan Mathesh
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Kesavan Manickam
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - John W Mallord
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK.
| | - K Mahendran
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Asok Kumar M
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Debasish Saikia
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
| | - Chandra Mohan S
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Beena V
- Regulatory Toxicology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sree Lakshmi P
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Nikita Prakash
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
| | | | - Abhijit M Pawde
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Rhys E Green
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng 0110, South Africa
| | - Vibhu Prakash
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kottwitz J, Bechert U, Cruz-Espindola C, Christensen JM, Boothe D. SERUM DISPOSITION OF A SINGLE DOSE OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED FIROCOXIB IN AFRICAN ELEPHANTS ( LOXODONTA AFRICANA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:350-359. [PMID: 37428699 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The time course of serum firocoxib concentrations was described after administration of two single oral doses (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) of commercially available firocoxib tablet (n = 4) and paste (n = 2) formulations to six healthy adult female African (Loxodonta africana) elephants. Firocoxib was quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Firocoxib serum concentrations were below detectable levels after administration of 0.01 mg/kg of both formulations. A dose of 0.1 mg/kg (n = 4) of the tablet formulation had the following mean ± SD of pharmacokinetic parameters: area under the curve (AUC) 1,588 ± 362 h × ng/ml, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) 31 ± 6.6 ng/ml at 6.4 ± 1.8 h, and disappearance half-life (T1/2) 66 ± 59 h, Elephant compliance to oral administration of the paste formulation was challenging, with only two elephants accepting administration of the paste at 0.1 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic parameters determined included AUC of 814 h × ng/ml, Cmax of 44 ng/ml at Tmax of 7.0 h, and T1/2 of 36.4 h. Based on mean AUC, the relative bioavailability of paste compared to tablet formulations was 50%. Limitations of this study were the small number of participants and elephant compliance with the paste formulation. This study supports an oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg every 24 h. Multidose and IV trials are indicated to confirm firocoxib dosing requirements for African elephants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Kottwitz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA,
| | - Ursula Bechert
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Crisanta Cruz-Espindola
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Dawn Boothe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Solla SR, King LE, Gilroy ÈAM. Environmental exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and potential contribution to eggshell thinning in birds. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107638. [PMID: 36542999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Abnormally thin eggshells can reduce avian reproductive success, and have caused rapid population declines. The best known examples of this phenomenon are the widespread population crashes in birds, mostly raptors, fish eating birds, and scavengers, caused by the pesticide DDT and its isomers in the 1960s. A variety of other chemicals have been reported to cause eggshell thinning. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are extensively and increasingly used in human and veterinary medicine, may be one particularly concerning group of chemicals that demonstrate an ability to impair eggshell development, based both on laboratory studies and on their known mechanism of action. In this review, we outline environmental and wildlife exposure to NSAIDs, describe the process of eggshell formation, and discuss pathways affected by NSAIDs. We list pharmaceuticals, including NSAIDs, and other compounds demonstrated to reduce eggshell thickness, and highlight their main mechanisms of action. Dosing studies empirically demonstrated that NSAIDs reduce eggshell thickness through cyclooxygenase inhibition, which suppresses prostaglandin synthesis and reduces the calcium available for the mineralization of eggshell. Using the US EPA's CompTox Chemicals Dashboard, we show that NSAIDs are predicted to strongly inhibit cyclooxygenases. NSAIDs have been observed both in the putative diet of scavenging birds, and we report examples of NSAIDs detected in eggs or tissues of wild and captive Old World vultures. We suggest that NSAIDs in the environment represent a hazard that could impair reproduction in wild birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane R de Solla
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Laura E King
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ève A M Gilroy
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun C, Zhu T, Zhu Y, Li B, Zhang J, Liu Y, Juan C, Yang S, Zhao Z, Wan R, Lin S, Yin B. Hepatotoxic mechanism of diclofenac sodium on broiler chicken revealed by iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e56. [PMID: 35698810 PMCID: PMC9346521 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At the therapeutic doses, diclofenac sodium (DFS) has few toxic side effects on mammals. On the other hand, DFS exhibits potent toxicity against birds and the mechanisms remain ambiguous. Objectives This paper was designed to probe the toxicity of DFS exposure on the hepatic proteome of broiler chickens. Methods Twenty 30-day-old broiler chickens were randomized evenly into two groups (n = 10). DFS was administered orally at 10 mg/kg body weight in group A, while the chickens in group B were perfused with saline as a control. Histopathological observations, serum biochemical examinations, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess the liver injury induced by DFS. Proteomics analysis of the liver samples was conducted using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology. Results Ultimately, 201 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained, of which 47 were up regulated, and 154 were down regulated. The Gene Ontology classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were conducted to screen target DEPs associated with DFS hepatotoxicity. The regulatory relationships between DEPs and signaling pathways were embodied via a protein-protein interaction network. The results showed that the DEPs enriched in multiple pathways, which might be related to the hepatotoxicity of DFS, were “protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum,” “retinol metabolism,” and “glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism.” Conclusions The hepatotoxicity of DFS on broiler chickens might be achieved by inducing the apoptosis of hepatocytes and affecting the metabolism of retinol and purine. The present study could provide molecular insights into the hepatotoxicity of DFS on broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxi Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tianyi Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Changning Juan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shifa Yang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zengcheng Zhao
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Renzhong Wan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shuqian Lin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin Yin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|