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Nishikawa M, Tamiru-Oli M, Hara M, Segawa T, Saiga S, Makita N, Itoh N, Imamura T, Sekine M, Takagi H. Non-vernalization requirement for flowering in Brassica rapa conferred by a dominant allele of FLOWERING LOCUS T. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:132. [PMID: 37199824 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We identified and characterized a dominant FT allele for flowering without vernalization in Brassica rapa, while demonstrating its potential for deployment in breeding to accelerate flowering in various Brassicaceae crops. Controlling the timing of flowering is key to improving yield and quality of several agricultural crops including the Brassicas. Many Brassicaceae crops possess a conserved flowering mechanism in which FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) represses the transcription of flowering activators such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) during vernalization. Here, we employed genetic analysis based on next-generation sequencing to identify a dominant FT allele, BraA.FT.2-C, for flowering in the absence of vernalization in the Brassica rapa cultivar 'CHOY SUM EX CHINA 3'. BraA.FT.2-C harbors two large insertions upstream of its coding region and is expressed without vernalization, despite FLC expression. We show that BraA.FT.2-C offers an opportunity to introduce flowering without vernalization requirement into winter-type brassica crops, including B. napus, which have many functional FLC paralogs. Furthermore, we demonstrated the feasibility of using B. rapa harboring BraA.FT.2-C as rootstock for grafting to induce flowering in radish (Raphanus sativus), which requires vernalization for flowering. We believe that the ability of BraA.FT.2-C to overcome repression by FLC can have significant applications in brassica crops breeding to increase yields by accelerating or delaying flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Nishikawa
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Muluneh Tamiru-Oli
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Makishi Hara
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tenta Segawa
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Sorachi Saiga
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Natsu Makita
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Noriaki Itoh
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imamura
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Masami Sekine
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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2
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Johnson SE, Tittes S, Franks SJ. Rapid, nonparallel genomic evolution of Brassica rapa (field mustard) under experimental drought. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:550-562. [PMID: 36721268 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
While we know that climate change can potentially cause rapid phenotypic evolution, our understanding of the genetic basis and degree of genetic parallelism of rapid evolutionary responses to climate change is limited. In this study, we combined the resurrection approach with an evolve-and-resequence design to examine genome-wide evolutionary changes following drought. We exposed genetically similar replicate populations of the annual plant Brassica rapa derived from a field population in southern California to four generations of experimental drought or watered conditions in a greenhouse. Genome-wide sequencing of ancestral and descendant population pools identified hundreds of SNPs that showed evidence of rapidly evolving in response to drought. Several of these were in stress response genes, and two were identified in a prior study of drought response in this species. However, almost all genetic changes were unique among experimental populations, indicating that the evolutionary changes were largely nonparallel, despite the fact that genetically similar replicates of the same founder population had experienced controlled and consistent selection regimes. This nonparallelism of evolution at the genetic level is potentially because of polygenetic adaptation allowing for multiple different genetic routes to similar phenotypic outcomes. Our findings help to elucidate the relationship between rapid phenotypic and genomic evolution and shed light on the degree of parallelism and predictability of genomic evolution to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Louis Calder Center, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Silas Tittes
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences and Louis Calder Center, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA
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3
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Kou K, Yang H, Li H, Fang C, Chen L, Yue L, Nan H, Kong L, Li X, Wang F, Wang J, Du H, Yang Z, Bi Y, Lai Y, Dong L, Cheng Q, Su T, Wang L, Li S, Hou Z, Lu S, Zhang Y, Che Z, Yu D, Zhao X, Liu B, Kong F. A functionally divergent SOC1 homolog improves soybean yield and latitudinal adaptation. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1728-1742.e6. [PMID: 35263616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) grows in a wide range of latitudes, but it is extremely sensitive to photoperiod, which reduces its yield and ability to adapt to different environments. Therefore, understanding of the genetic basis of soybean adaptation is of great significance for breeding and improvement. Here, we characterized Tof18 (SOC1a) that conditions early flowering and growth habit under both short-day and long-day conditions. Molecular analysis confirmed that the two SOC1 homologs present in soybeans (SOC1a and SOC1b) underwent evolutionary functional divergence, with SOC1a having stronger effects on flowering time and stem node number than SOC1b due to transcriptional differences. soc1a soc1b double mutants showed stronger functional effects than either of the single mutants, perhaps due to the formation of SOC1a and SOC1b homodimers or heterodimers. Additionally, Tof18/SOC1a improves the latitudinal adaptation of cultivated soybeans, highlighting the functional importance of SOC1a. The Tof18G allele facilitates adaptation to high latitudes, whereas Tof18A facilitates adaptation to low latitudes. We demonstrated that SOC1s contribute to floral induction in both leaves and shoot apex through inter-regulation with FTs. The SOC1a-SOC1b-Dt2 complex plays essential roles in stem growth habit by directly binding to the regulatory sequence of Dt1, making the genes encoding these proteins potential targets for genome editing to improve soybean yield via molecular breeding. Since the natural Tof18A allele increases node number, introgressing this allele into modern cultivars could improve yields, which would help optimize land use for food production in the face of population growth and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Kou
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Haiyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lin Yue
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Haiyang Nan
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lingping Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Haiping Du
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhongyi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingdong Bi
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yongcai Lai
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Tong Su
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lingshuang Wang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Shichen Li
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhihong Hou
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163000, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhijun Che
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
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4
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Tan C, Ren J, Wang L, Ye X, Fu W, Zhang J, Qi M, Feng H, Liu Z. A single amino acid residue substitution in BraA04g017190.3C, a histone methyltransferase, results in premature bolting in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Pekinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:373. [PMID: 34388969 PMCID: PMC8361648 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flowering is an important inflection point in the transformation from vegetative to reproductive growth, and premature bolting severely decreases crop yield and quality. RESULTS In this study, a stable early-bolting mutant, ebm3, was identified in an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized population of a Chinese cabbage doubled haploid (DH) line 'FT'. Compared with 'FT', ebm3 showed early bolting under natural cultivation in autumn, and curled leaves. Genetic analysis showed that the early-bolting phenotype was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Modified MutMap sequencing, genotyping analyses and allelism test provide strong evidence that BrEBM3 (BraA04g017190.3 C), encoding the histone methyltransferase CURLY LEAF (CLF), was the strongly candidate gene of the emb3. A C to T base substitution in the 14th exon of BrEBM3 resulted in an amino acid change (S to F) and the early-bolting phenotype of emb3. The mutation occurred in the SET domain (Suppressor of protein-effect variegation 3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste, Trithorax), which catalyzes site- and state-specific lysine methylation in histones. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that BrEBM3 was highly expressed in the flower and bud. Promoter activity assay confirmed that BrEBM3 promoter was active in inflorescences. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that BrEBM3 localized in the nucleus. Transcriptomic studies supported that BrEBM3 mutation might repress H3K27me3 deposition and activate expression of the AGAMOUS (AG) and AGAMOUS-like (AGL) loci, resulting in early flowering. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that an EMS-induced early-bolting mutant ebm3 in Chinese cabbage was caused by a nonsynonymous mutation in BraA04g017190.3 C, encoding the histone methyltransferase CLF. These results improve our knowledge of the genetic and genomic resources of bolting and flowering, and may be beneficial to the genetic improvement of Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Tan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding for Cruciferous Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ren
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding for Cruciferous Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding for Cruciferous Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueling Ye
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding for Cruciferous Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding for Cruciferous Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding for Cruciferous Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding for Cruciferous Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding for Cruciferous Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding for Cruciferous Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Calderwood A, Hepworth J, Woodhouse S, Bilham L, Jones DM, Tudor E, Ali M, Dean C, Wells R, Irwin JA, Morris RJ. Comparative transcriptomics reveals desynchronisation of gene expression during the floral transition between Arabidopsis and Brassica rapa cultivars. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e4. [PMID: 37077206 PMCID: PMC10095958 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparative transcriptomics can be used to translate an understanding of gene regulatory networks from model systems to less studied species. Here, we use RNA-Seq to determine and compare gene expression dynamics through the floral transition in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and the closely related crop Brassica rapa. We find that different curve registration functions are required for different genes, indicating that there is no single common 'developmental time' between Arabidopsis and B. rapa. A detailed comparison between Arabidopsis and B. rapa and between two B. rapa accessions reveals different modes of regulation of the key floral integrator SOC1, and that the floral transition in the B. rapa accessions is triggered by different pathways. Our study adds to the mechanistic understanding of the regulatory network of flowering time in rapid cycling B. rapa and highlights the importance of registration methods for the comparison of developmental gene expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Calderwood
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Hepworth
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon Woodhouse
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lorelei Bilham
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - D. Marc Jones
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- VIB-UGent Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eleri Tudor
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mubarak Ali
- Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Caroline Dean
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Wells
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A. Irwin
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Morris
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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6
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Hamann E, Pauli CS, Joly-Lopez Z, Groen SC, Rest JS, Kane NC, Purugganan MD, Franks SJ. Rapid evolutionary changes in gene expression in response to climate fluctuations. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:193-206. [PMID: 32761923 PMCID: PMC7818422 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is now abundant evidence of rapid evolution in natural populations, but the genetic mechanisms of these changes remain unclear. One possible route to rapid evolution is through changes in the expression of genes that influence traits under selection. We examined contemporary evolutionary gene expression changes in plant populations responding to environmental fluctuations. We compared genome‐wide gene expression, using RNA‐seq, in two populations of Brassica rapa collected over four time points between 1997 and 2014, during which precipitation in southern California fluctuated dramatically and phenotypic and genotypic changes occurred. By combining transcriptome profiling with the resurrection approach, we directly examined evolutionary changes in gene expression over time. For both populations, we found a substantial number of differentially expressed genes between generations, indicating rapid evolution in the expression of many genes. Using existing gene annotations, we found that many changes occurred in genes involved in regulating stress responses and flowering time. These appeared related to the fluctuations in precipitation and were potentially adaptive. However, the evolutionary changes in gene expression differed across generations within and between populations, indicating largely independent evolutionary trajectories across populations and over time. Our study provides strong evidence for rapid evolution in gene expression, and indicates that changes in gene expression can be one mechanism of rapid evolutionary responses to selection episodes. This study also illustrates that combining resurrection studies with transcriptomics is a powerful approach for investigating evolutionary changes at the gene regulatory level, and will provide new insights into the genetic basis of contemporary evolution. see also the Perspective by Emily B. Josephs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hamann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Christopher S Pauli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Zoé Joly-Lopez
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, NY, USA
| | - Simon C Groen
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, NY, USA
| | - Joshua S Rest
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Nolan C Kane
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael D Purugganan
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, NY, USA
| | - Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
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7
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Leijten W, Koes R, Roobeek I, Frugis G. Translating Flowering Time From Arabidopsis thaliana to Brassicaceae and Asteraceae Crop Species. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040111. [PMID: 30558374 PMCID: PMC6313873 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Flowering and seed set are essential for plant species to survive, hence plants need to adapt to highly variable environments to flower in the most favorable conditions. Endogenous cues such as plant age and hormones coordinate with the environmental cues like temperature and day length to determine optimal time for the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. In a breeding context, controlling flowering time would help to speed up the production of new hybrids and produce high yield throughout the year. The flowering time genetic network is extensively studied in the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana, however this knowledge is still limited in most crops. This article reviews evidence of conservation and divergence of flowering time regulation in A. thaliana with its related crop species in the Brassicaceae and with more distant vegetable crops within the Asteraceae family. Despite the overall conservation of most flowering time pathways in these families, many genes controlling this trait remain elusive, and the function of most Arabidopsis homologs in these crops are yet to be determined. However, the knowledge gathered so far in both model and crop species can be already exploited in vegetable crop breeding for flowering time control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willeke Leijten
- ENZA Zaden Research & Development B.V., Haling 1E, 1602 DB Enkhuizen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald Koes
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ilja Roobeek
- ENZA Zaden Research & Development B.V., Haling 1E, 1602 DB Enkhuizen, The Netherlands.
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300 ⁻ 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy.
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8
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Xi X, Wei K, Gao B, Liu J, Liang J, Cheng F, Wang X, Wu J. BrFLC5: a weak regulator of flowering time in Brassica rapa. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:2107-2116. [PMID: 30008108 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A splicing site mutation in BrFLC5, a non-syntenic paralogue of FLOWERING LOCUS C, was demonstrated to be related to flowering time variation in Brassica rapa. Flowering time regulation in Brassica rapa is more complex than in Arabidopsis, as there are multiple paralogues of flowering time genes in B. rapa. Brassica rapa contains four FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) genes, three of which are syntenic orthologues of AtFLC, while BrFLC5 is not. BrFLC1, BrFLC2, and BrFLC3 have been reported to be involved in flowering time regulation. However, BrFLC5 has thus far been deemed a pseudogene. We detected two alternative splicing patterns of BrFLC5 resulting from a nucleotide mutation (G/A) at the first nucleotide of intron 3 (named as Pi3+1(G/A)). Genotyping of BrFLC5Pi3 + 1(G/A) for 301 B. rapa accessions showed that this single nucleotide polymorphism was significantly related to flowering time variation (p < 0.001). In the collection, the frequency of the functional G allele (35.2%) was much lower than that of the nonfunctional A allele (59.1%); however, the frequency of the G allele was very high among the turnips (83.6%). An F2 population segregating at this locus was developed to analyze the genetic effect of BrFLC5. The result showed that the G allele individuals began to bolt two days later than the A allele individuals, indicating that BrFLC5 is a weak regulator of flowering time. BrFLC5 was expressed at the lowest level among the three analyzed BrFLCs. The late allele (G allele) was dominant to the early allele (A allele) at the BrFLC5 locus, which was in contrast to that of BrFLC1 and BrFLC2. This characteristic suggests that BrFLC5 would be more efficient for breeding premature bolting resistance in B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun Southern Street 12, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Keyun Wei
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun Southern Street 12, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baozhen Gao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun Southern Street 12, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiahe Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun Southern Street 12, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianli Liang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun Southern Street 12, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun Southern Street 12, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun Southern Street 12, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun Southern Street 12, Beijing, 100081, China.
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9
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Shivaraj SM, Jain A, Singh A. Highly preserved roles of Brassica MIR172 in polyploid Brassicas: ectopic expression of variants of Brassica MIR172 accelerates floral transition. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1121-1138. [PMID: 29752548 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional characterization of regulatory genes governing flowering time is a research priority for breeding earliness in crop Brassicas. Highly polyploid genomes of Brassicas pose challenges in unraveling homeolog gene function. In Arabidopsis, five MIR172 paralogs control flowering time and floral organ identity by down-regulating AP2 and AP2-like genes. The impact of homeolog diversification on MIR172 loci, however, needs to be examined in morphologically diverse Brassicas. Herein, we analyze fractionation status and phylogeny of MIR172 and target AP2 from Brassicas and compare functionality of MIR172 variants representing distinct sub-genomes and progenitor genomes. Copy number analysis revealed higher retention of MIR172 loci relative to AP2 in diploid and amphi-diploid Brassica species. Dendrogram of 87 MIR172 sequences from Brassicaceae showed five major clusters corresponding to MIR172a-MIR172e which further separated into sub-genome and progenitor genome specific clades. Similar groupings were observed in the phylogeny of 11 Brassica AP2 and AP2-like genes. Over-expression of a pair of natural variants for each of MIR172b, MIR172d and MIR172e representing sub-genomes, progenitor genomes and species of Brassicas displayed floral acceleration in all transgenic lines indicating a strong selection pressure on MIR172. All gain-of-function lines, except 35S::MIR172e and 35S::MIR172e' displayed floral organ defects implying altered target spectrum of MIR172e relative to MIR172b and MIR172d. Expression of MIR172e caused marginal earliness in flowering time in B. juncea. In conclusion, this study demonstrates tightly preserved role of homeologs and natural variants of MIR172 family in mediating flowering in Brassicas and suggests their deployment for introgression of early flowering trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Shivaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India
- Département de Phytologie-Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Aditi Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Anandita Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India.
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10
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Taylor JL, Massiah A, Kennedy S, Hong Y, Jackson SD. FLC expression is down-regulated by cold treatment in Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket), but flowering time is unaffected. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 214:7-15. [PMID: 28419907 PMCID: PMC5477103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) has become a very popular salad leaf due to its peppery taste. It is part of the Brassicaceae family and thus has a high level of homology at the DNA level to other Brassica species including Arabidopsis thaliana. The vernalization and photoperiodic requirements of wild rocket have not been reported to date. Photoperiodic experiments described here demonstrate that rocket is a facultative long day plant. To investigate the vernalization requirement, both seed and young plants were given vernalization treatments at 4°C for different lengths of time. A rocket homologue of FLOWERING LOCUS C (DtFLC) was isolated and shown to functionally complement the Arabidopsis FRI+flc3 null mutant. Whilst the expression of DtFLC was significantly reduced after just one week of cold treatment, cold treatments of two to eight weeks had no significant effect on bolting time of wild rocket indicating that rocket does not have a vernalization requirement. These findings illustrate that important fundamental differences can exist between model and crop plant species, such as in this case where down-regulation of DtFLC expression does not enable earlier flowering in wild rocket as it does in Arabidopsis and many other Brassica species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma L Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrea Massiah
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sue Kennedy
- Elsoms Seeds Ltd, Pinchbeck Road, Spalding PE11 1QG, UK
| | - Yiguo Hong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Stephen D Jackson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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11
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Li C, Wang Y, Xu L, Nie S, Chen Y, Liang D, Sun X, Karanja BK, Luo X, Liu L. Genome-Wide Characterization of the MADS-Box Gene Family in Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) and Assessment of Its Roles in Flowering and Floral Organogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1390. [PMID: 27703461 PMCID: PMC5028395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The MADS-box gene family is an important transcription factor (TF) family that is involved in various aspects of plant growth and development, especially flowering time and floral organogenesis. Although it has been reported in many plant species, the systematic identification and characterization of MADS-box TF family is still limited in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of MADS-box genes was performed, and a total of 144 MADS-box family members were identified from the whole radish genome. Meanwhile, a detailed list of MADS-box genes from other 28 plant species was also investigated. Through the phylogenetic analysis between radish and Arabidopsis thaliana, all the RsMADS genes were classified into two groups including 68 type I (31 Mα, 12 Mβ and 25Mγ) and 76 type II (70 MIKCC and 6 MIKC∗). Among them, 41 (28.47%) RsMADS genes were located in nine linkage groups of radish from R1 to R9. Moreover, the homologous MADS-box gene pairs were identified among radish, A. thaliana, Chinese cabbage and rice. Additionally, the expression profiles of RsMADS genes were systematically investigated in different tissues and growth stages. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR analysis was employed to validate expression patterns of some crucial RsMADS genes. These results could provide a valuable resource to explore the potential functions of RsMADS genes in radish, and facilitate dissecting MADS-box gene-mediated molecular mechanisms underlying flowering and floral organogenesis in root vegetable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Liang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yinglong Chen
- School of Earth and Environment, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Dongyi Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Benard K. Karanja
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Liwang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Liwang Liu,
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