1
|
Tomschi F, Ransmann P, Schmidt A, Hilberg T. Exercise induced hypoalgesia after a high intensity functional training: a randomized controlled crossover study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:182. [PMID: 39198898 PMCID: PMC11351546 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute physical activity often induces an acute reduction in pain sensitivity known as exercise induced hypoalgesia (EIH). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a high intensity functional training (HIFT) on EIH compared to a control session. METHODS 50 (age: 26.0 ± 2.7; 23 female) participants successfully conducted this study consisting of a pre-experimental test as well as a 12-minute HIFT (body-weight exercises) and a 12-minute control (supervised breathing) session in a randomized crossover design. Pre and post, pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were measured at the ankles, knees, elbows, and forehead. RESULTS The HIFT resulted in a relative maximum and average heart rate of 96.2% (± 3.6%) and 91.1% (± 4.2%), respectively, and maximum and average RPE values of 19.1 (± 1.2) and 16.2 (± 1.4), respectively. Results reveal a significant 'Intervention' × 'Time point' interaction (p < 0.001) for PPT (pooled for one average value) with hypoalgesia observed following the HIFT (p < 0.001; pre: 56.0 ± 16.8, post: 61.6 ± 19.0 [Newton]) and no change following the control (p = 0.067; pre: 56.6 ± 18.4, post: 55.3 ± 18.9 [Newton]). Further, a significant 'Time' × 'Intervention' × 'Landmark' interaction effect (p = 0.024) is observed and all landmarks showed significant hypoalgesia following HIFT (p < 0.01), except for the right elbow and forehead. Following control, no hypoalgesia was observed at any landmark. Analysing male and female participants separately, it was observed that EIH occured only in men. CONCLUSION A HIFT using bodyweight exercises reduces pain sensitivity. Hence, combining strength and aerobically demanding exercises in a short but high intensity manner, as done in HIFT, can be seen as a usable tool to induce hypoalgesia. Yet, these results were observed only in male participants, necessitating future sex-specific research. TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS00034391, retrospectively registered on the 4th of June 2024.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Tomschi
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Pia Ransmann
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Hilberg
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sturdy RE, Astorino TA. Post-exercise metabolic response to kettlebell complexes vs. high intensity functional training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05579-z. [PMID: 39153081 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the magnitude of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) between kettlebell complexes (KC) and high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and identified predictors of the EPOC response. METHODS Active men (n = 11) and women (n = 10) (age 25 ± 6 yr) initially completed testing of resting energy expenditure and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), followed by lower and upper-body muscle endurance testing. On two subsequent days separated by ≥ 48 h, participants completed KC requiring 6 sets of kettlebell exercises (pushups, deadlifts, goblet squats, rows, and swings) with 60 s recovery between sets, and HIFT requiring 6 sets of bodyweight exercises (mountain climbers, jump squats, pushups, and air squats) with 60 s recovery. During exercise, gas exchange data and blood lactate concentration (BLa) were acquired and post-exercise, EPOC was assessed for 60 min. RESULTS Results showed no difference in EPOC (10.7 ± 4.5 vs. 11.6 ± 2.7 L, p = 0.37), and VO2 and ventilation (VE) were significantly elevated for 30 and 60 min post-exercise in response to KC and HIFT. For KC and HIFT, HRmean and post-exercise BLa (R2 = 0.37) and post-exercise BLa and VE (R2 = 0.52) explained the greatest shared variance of EPOC. CONCLUSION KC and HIFT elicit similar EPOC and elevation in VO2 which is sustained for 30-60 min post-exercise, leading to 55 extra calories expended. Results show no association between aerobic fitness and EPOC, although significant associations were revealed for mean HR as well as post-exercise VE and BLa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Sturdy
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chycki J, Krzysztofik M, Sadowska-Krępa E, Baron-Kaczmarek D, Zając A, Poprzęcki S, Petr M. Acute Hormonal and Inflammatory Responses following Lower and Upper Body Resistance Exercises Performed to Volitional Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7455. [PMID: 39000562 PMCID: PMC11242161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a single bench press (BP) vs. leg press (LP) resistance training sessions on testosterone, cortisol, C-reactive protein (CRP) interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations, and creatine kinase (CK) activity in strength-trained males. Eleven strength-trained males participated in a cross-over randomized trial, undergoing two experimental sessions each consisting of five sets of the BP or the LP exercise to volitional failure with a load corresponding to 50% of one-repetition maximum. Blood samples were taken at baseline (BA), immediately post (POST), and 1 h after the cessation of exercise (POST-1). A significant increase in IL-6 concentration from BA to POST-1 was observed during the LP condition (p = 0.004; effect size [ES] = 0.64). Additionally, a significant main effect of time was found for increasing testosterone concentrations from BA to POST exercise (p = 0.014; ES = 0.25). A significantly lower cortisol concentration at POST-1 compared to POST (p = 0.001; ES = 1.02) was noted in the BP condition. Furthermore, a significantly lower cortisol concentration was found at POST-1 in the BP compared to the LP condition (p = 0.022; ES = 1.3). A significant increase in CK activity was reported from BA to POST (p = 0.024; ES = 0.69) and POST-1 (p = 0.045; ES = 0.55) during the LP condition, and from BA to POST-1 (p = 0.014; ES = 0.96) during the BP condition. No significant differences were found in the CRP (p = 0.659) and TNF-α concentrations (p = 0.487). These results suggest that the amount of muscle mass engaged during the resistance exercise may influence the changes in IL-6 and cortisol concentrations. Larger muscle groups, as engaged in the LP, more likely lead to elevated concentrations of IL-6 myokine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Chycki
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (E.S.-K.); (D.B.-K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (E.S.-K.); (D.B.-K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (E.S.-K.); (D.B.-K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Daria Baron-Kaczmarek
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (E.S.-K.); (D.B.-K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (E.S.-K.); (D.B.-K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Stanisław Poprzęcki
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (E.S.-K.); (D.B.-K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Miroslav Petr
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mangine GT, Zeitz EK, Dexheimer JD, Hines A, Lively B, Kliszczewicz BM. The influence of sex-division, experience, and pacing strategy on performance in the 2020 CrossFit® Open. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1344036. [PMID: 38313217 PMCID: PMC10834702 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1344036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
To observe workout pacing strategies and determine which best predicted performance, this retrospective study analyzed recorded efforts from a random selection of 160 high-ranking (top 10,000) men and women (n = 80 each) in the 2020 CrossFit® Open (CFO). Video recordings submitted to the official competition leaderboard for all five tests were analyzed to quantify overall test completion rates (and tie-break time for test 5 only) and within-test repetition completion rate (repetitions × sec-1) for each exercise, as well as the quantity of failed repetitions, break strategy (count and duration), and transition times. Each variable was aggregated into first-half, last-half, and total-test averages, slopes, and coefficient of variation; except on test 5 (total-test only). Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated between test completion rates, each test's respective pacing variables, competitor demographics (height and body mass) and CFO experience (i.e., past participation, consecutive competitions, and ranks). Stepwise regression using significantly (p < 0.05) correlated variables produced two prediction models for test performance (best predictor only and best overall model within 8 variables) in a validation group (50% of valid efforts) and then cross-validated against remaining athletes. When no between-group differences were seen, data were combined and used to create the final prediction models for test 1 (r2adj = 0.64-0.96, SEE = 0.4-1.2 repetitions × sec-1), test 2 (r2adj = 0.28-0.85, SEE = 2.0-4.5 repetitions × sec-1), test 3 (r2adj = 0.49-0.81, SEE = 1.1-1.7 repetitions × sec-1), test 4 (r2adj = 0.63-0.78, SEE = 0.6-0.9 repetitions × sec-1), and test 5 (rate: r2adj = 0.71-0.84, SEE = 1.2-1.6 repetitions × sec-1; tie-break time: r2adj = 0.06-0.62, SEE = 1.4-2.3 min). Across the five 2020 CFO tests, the data suggested that repetition pace, breaking strategy, and/or consistency in completing calisthenic-gymnastics components (when prescribed) was most predictive of performance. However, their influence was affected by the complexity of prescribed resistance training exercises and their relative loads. Athletes should prioritize calisthenic-gymnastics components but divert attention to more complex resistance training exercises when prescribed at higher relative intensity loads. Neither previous competition experience nor sex-division altered the hierarchal importance of these considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Elisabeth K Zeitz
- Kinesiology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | | | - Ashley Hines
- Exercise Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Brandon Lively
- Exercise Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lastra-Rodríguez L, Llamas-Ramos I, Rodríguez-Pérez V, Llamas-Ramos R, López-Rodríguez AF. Musculoskeletal Injuries and Risk Factors in Spanish CrossFit ® Practitioners. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11091346. [PMID: 37174888 PMCID: PMC10178070 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CrossFit® Training is a physical and sports-conditioning system based on constantly varied functional movements performed at high intensity. CrossFit® has been shown to significantly improve general physical performance and body composition. Although there seems to be an association between the practice of CrossFit® and musculoskeletal injuries, the relationship between CrossFit® and injury risks has been poorly studied. The main objective of this study was to establish the relationship between CrossFit® and musculoskeletal injuries. Secondary objectives were the analysis of various risk factors and injury and the comparison of the incidence of CrossFit® injuries to that of other sports. An online questionnaire was distributed to gyms affiliated with CrossFit®, Inc. in the Principality of Asturias, Spain in order to carry out a retrospective transversal descriptive study. The frequency of injuries in CrossFit® is similar to most sports. Injuries are often minor and of short duration, with the shoulder being the most affected joint complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inés Llamas-Ramos
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Donantes de Sangre s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- University Hospital of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vicente Rodríguez-Pérez
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Donantes de Sangre s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rocío Llamas-Ramos
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Donantes de Sangre s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana F López-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de León, Campus Universitario, AVDA Astorga, s/n, 24401 León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|