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Wu Y, Duan B, Lin Q, Liang Y, Du X, Zheng M, Zhu Y, Jiang Z, Li Q, Ni H, Li Z, Chen J. Fermentation of waste water from agar processing with Bacillus subtilis by metabolomic analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:15. [PMID: 38170310 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infection has become a major threat to crop loss and affects food safety. The waste water from agar processing industries extraction has a number of active substances, which could be further transformed by microorganisms to synthesize antifungal active substances. In this study, Bacillus subtilis was used to ferment the waste water from agar processing industries extraction to analyze the antifungal activity of the fermentation broth on Alternaria alternata and Alternaria spp. Results showed that 25% of the fermentation broth was the most effective in inhibited A. alternata and Alternaria spp., with fungal inhibition rates of 99.9% and 96.1%, respectively, and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.156 μg/mL. Metabolomic analysis showed that flavonoid polyphenols such as coniferyl aldehyde, glycycoumarin, glycitin, and procyanidin A1 may enhance the inhibitory activity against the two pathogenic fungal strains. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that polyphenols involved in the biosynthesis pathways of isoflavonoid and phenylpropanoid were upregulated after fermentation. The laser confocal microscopy analyses and cell conductivity showed that the cytoplasm of fungi treated with fermentation broth was destroyed. This study provides a research basis for the development of new natural antifungal agents and rational use of seaweed agar waste. KEY POINTS: • Bacillus subtilis fermented waste water has antifungal activity • Bacillus subtilis could transform active substances in waste water • Waste water is a potential raw material for producing antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Boyan Duan
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Qiaoyan Lin
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Yingying Liang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Xiping Du
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Mingjing Zheng
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
| | - Jinfang Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
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Gholizadeh S, Nemati I, Vestergård M, Barnes CJ, Kudjordjie EN, Nicolaisen M. Harnessing root-soil-microbiota interactions for drought-resilient cereals. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127698. [PMID: 38537330 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Cereal plants form complex networks with their associated microbiome in the soil environment. A complex system including variations of numerous parameters of soil properties and host traits shapes the dynamics of cereal microbiota under drought. These multifaceted interactions can greatly affect carbon and nutrient cycling in soil and offer the potential to increase plant growth and fitness under drought conditions. Despite growing recognition of the importance of plant microbiota to agroecosystem functioning, harnessing the cereal root microbiota remains a significant challenge due to interacting and synergistic effects between root traits, soil properties, agricultural practices, and drought-related features. A better mechanistic understanding of root-soil-microbiota associations could lead to the development of novel strategies to improve cereal production under drought. In this review, we discuss the root-soil-microbiota interactions for improving the soil environment and host fitness under drought and suggest a roadmap for harnessing the benefits of these interactions for drought-resilient cereals. These methods include conservative trait-based approaches for the selection and breeding of plant genetic resources and manipulation of the soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Gholizadeh
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse 4200, Denmark
| | - Iman Nemati
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse 4200, Denmark
| | - Christopher James Barnes
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse 4200, Denmark
| | - Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse 4200, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse 4200, Denmark.
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Wang XT, Yan K, Yu TH, Yang ZN, Luo SQ. A Single Latent Plant Growth-Promoting Endophyte BH46 Enhances Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Yield and Quality. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12057-12071. [PMID: 38753758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting endophytes (PGPE) can effectively regulate plant growth and metabolism. The regulation is modulated by metabolic signals, and the resulting metabolites can have considerable effects on the plant yield and quality. Here, tissue culture Houttuynia cordata Thunb., was inoculated with Rhizobium sp. (BH46) to determine the effect of BH46 on H. cordata growth and metabolism, and elucidate associated regulatory mechanisms. The results revealed that BH46 metabolized indole-3-acetic acid and induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase to decrease ethylene metabolism. Host peroxidase synthesis MPK3/MPK6 genes were significantly downregulated, whereas eight genes associated with auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and antioxidant enzymes were significantly upregulated. Eight genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis were significantly upregulated, with the CPY75B1 gene regulating the production of rutin and quercitrin and the HCT gene directly regulating the production of chlorogenic acid. Therefore, BH46 influences metabolic signals in H. cordata to modulate its growth and metabolism, in turn, enhancing yield and quality of H. cordata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Kai Yan
- Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, Guizhou, China
| | - Tian-Hua Yu
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhan-Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Shi-Qiong Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
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Qin X, Pu H, Fang X, Shang Q, Li J, Zhao Q, Wang X, Gu W. Microbial communities of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. and the correlations between microbial community and the active secondary metabolites. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17240. [PMID: 38685939 PMCID: PMC11057425 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, great differences exist in the content of active secondary metabolites in various parts of S. sphenanthera. Do microorganisms critically influence the accumulation of active components in different parts of S. sphenanthera? Methods In this study, 16S/ITS amplicon sequencing analysis was applied to unravel microbial communities in rhizospheric soil and different parts of wild S. sphenanthera. At the same time, the active secondary metabolites in different parts were detected, and the correlation between the secondary metabolites and microorganisms was analyzed. Results The major components identified in the essential oils were sesquiterpene and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The contents of essential oil components in fruit were much higher than that in stem and leaf, and the dominant essential oil components were different in these parts. The dominant components of the three parts were γ-muurolene, δ-cadinol, and trans farnesol (stem); α-cadinol and neoisolongifolene-8-ol (leaf); isosapathulenol, α-santalol, cedrenol, and longiverbenone (fruit). The microbial amplicon sequences were taxonomically grouped into eight (bacteria) and seven (fungi) different phyla. Community diversity and composition analyses showed that different parts of S. sphenanthera had similar and unique microbial communities, and functional prediction analysis showed that the main functions of microorganisms were related to metabolism. Moreover, the accumulation of secondary metabolites in S. sphenanthera was closely related to the microbial community composition, especially bacteria. In endophytic bacteria, Staphylococcus and Hypomicrobium had negative effects on five secondary metabolites, among which γ-muurolene and trans farnesol were the dominant components in the stem. That is, the dominant components in stems were greatly affected by microorganisms. Our results provided a new opportunity to further understand the effects of microorganisms on the active secondary metabolites and provided a basis for further research on the sustainable utilization of S. sphenanthera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Qin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Han Pu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xilin Fang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Shang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiaozhu Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Sun Y, Su Y, Meng Z, Zhang J, Zheng L, Miao S, Qin D, Ruan Y, Wu Y, Xiong L, Yan X, Dong Z, Cheng P, Shao M, Yu G. Biocontrol of bacterial wilt disease in tomato using Bacillus subtilis strain R31. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1281381. [PMID: 37840725 PMCID: PMC10568012 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1281381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a widespread, severe plant disease. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), one of the most important vegetable crops worldwide, is particularly susceptible to this disease. Biological control offers numerous advantages, making it a highly favorable approach for managing bacterial wilt. In this study, the results demonstrate that treatment with the biological control strain Bacillus subtilis R31 significantly reduced the incidence of tomato bacterial wilt. In addition, R31 directly inhibits the growth of R. solanacearum, and lipopeptides play an important role in this effect. The results also show that R31 can stably colonize the rhizosphere soil and root tissues of tomato plants for a long time, reduce the R. solanacearum population in the rhizosphere soil, and alter the microbial community that interacts with R. solanacearum. This study provides an important theoretical basis for elucidating the mechanism of B. subtilis as a biological control agent against bacterial wilt and lays the foundation for the optimization and promotion of other agents such as R31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Sun
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Su
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Miao
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Qin
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Ruan
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Wu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Yan
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangyong Dong
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Shao
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Yu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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Kaur G, Patel A, Dwibedi V, Rath SK. Harnessing the action mechanisms of microbial endophytes for enhancing plant performance and stress tolerance: current understanding and future perspectives. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:303. [PMID: 37561224 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial endophytes are microorganisms that reside within plant tissues without causing any harm to their hosts. These microorganisms have been found to confer a range of benefits to plants, including increased growth and stress tolerance. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which microbial endophytes confer abiotic and biotic stress tolerance to their host plants. Specifically, we focus on the roles of endophytes in enhancing nutrient uptake, modulating plant hormones, producing secondary metabolites, and activating plant defence responses. We also discuss the challenges associated with developing microbial endophyte-based products for commercial use, including product refinement, toxicology analysis, and prototype formulation. Despite these challenges, there is growing interest in the potential applications of microbial endophytes in agriculture and environmental remediation. With further research and development, microbial endophyte-based products have the potential to play a significant role in sustainable agriculture and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursharan Kaur
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Arvind Patel
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Vagish Dwibedi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India.
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Resaerch Center, Agricultural Research Organization, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
| | - Santosh Kumar Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceuticals and Population Health Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, 248009, Uttarakhand, India.
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