1
|
Rigby K, Berdalet E, Berglund C, Roger F, Steinke M, Saha M, Grebner W, Brown E, John U, Gamfeldt L, Fink P, Berggren F, Selander E. Direct and indirect effects of copepod grazers on community structure. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2024; 46:515-524. [PMID: 39360245 PMCID: PMC11443962 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Ecological theory and empirical research show that both direct lethal effects and indirect non-lethal effects can structure the composition of communities. While the direct effects of grazers on marine phytoplankton communities are well studied, their indirect effects are still poorly understood. Direct and indirect effects are inherently difficult to disentangle in plankton food webs. In this study we evaluate the indirect effects of copepod grazers on community function and structure using isolated chemical alarm signals, copepodamides. We expose intact summer and spring communities to direct grazing from copepods, or to chemical alarm cues without the presence of grazers in controlled experiments. The effects of direct grazing on ecosystem function were moderate in both experiments as indicated by levels of chlorophyll and primary production. Indirect and direct effects resulted in changes in the composition of both the eukaryote and prokaryote communities as shown by metabarcoding of 18S and 16S rRNA. Size structure analysis suggests that direct grazing and copepodamide exposure both favoured smaller organisms (< 10-15 μm) corroborating the size-structuring effect of copepod grazers. We conclude that the well-established effect of copepods on phytoplankton communities results from a combination of direct and indirect effects. This is a first attempt to isolate indirect effects of copepods on community structure and the results suggest that a full mechanistic understanding of the structuring effect of copepods will require insights to both direct and indirect effects of consumers as demonstrated for other ecosystems components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Rigby
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, Gothenburg 41319, Sweden
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Carina Berglund
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, Gothenburg 41319, Sweden
| | - Fabian Roger
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, Gothenburg 41319, Sweden
| | - Michael Steinke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Mahasweta Saha
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Wiebke Grebner
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, Gothenburg 41319, Sweden
| | - Emily Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA
| | - Uwe John
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Lars Gamfeldt
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, Gothenburg 41319, Sweden
| | - Patrick Fink
- UFZ Department River Ecology and Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstr. 3a, Magdeburg 39114, Germany
| | - Fredrick Berggren
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, Gothenburg 41319, Sweden
| | - Erik Selander
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, Gothenburg 41319, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arias A, Selander E, Saiz E, Calbet A. Predator Chemical Cue Effects on the Diel Feeding Behaviour of Marine Protists. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:356-364. [PMID: 33459836 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have assessed the effect of copepod chemical cues on the diel feeding rhythms of heterotrophic and mixotrophic marine protists. All phagotrophic protists studied exhibited relatively high diurnal feeding rates. The magnitude of the diel feeding rhythm, expressed as the quotient of day and night ingestion rates, was inversely related to the time that phagotrophic protists were maintained in the laboratory in an environment without predators. In the case of the recently isolated ciliate Strombidium arenicola, the rhythm was lost after a few months. When challenged with chemical alarm signals (copepodamides) from the copepod Calanus finmarchicus at realistic concentrations (0.6-6 pM), S. arenicola partially re-established diurnal feeding. Conversely, the amplitude of the diel feeding rhythm for the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum was not affected by copepodamides, although the 24-h integrated food intake increased by approximately 23%. For the dinoflagellates Gyrodinium dominans and Karlodinium armiger, copepodamides significantly reduced the amplitude of their diel feeding rhythms; significant positive effects on total daily ingestion were only observed in G. dominans. Finally, the dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina, isolated >20 years ago, showed inconsistent responses to copepodamides, except for an average 6% increase in its total ingestion over 24 h. Our results demonstrate that the predation risk by copepods affects the diel feeding rhythm of marine protists and suggests a species-specific response to predation threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Arias
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Erik Selander
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-450 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Enric Saiz
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Calbet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marine Metabolomics: a Method for Nontargeted Measurement of Metabolites in Seawater by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. mSystems 2019; 4:4/6/e00638-19. [PMID: 31822601 PMCID: PMC6906741 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00638-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontargeted approaches using metabolomics to analyze metabolites that occur in the oceans is less developed than those for terrestrial and limnic ecosystems. One of the challenges in marine metabolomics is that salt limits metabolite analysis in seawater to methods requiring salt removal. Building on previous sample preparation methods for metabolomics, we developed SeaMet, which overcomes the limitations of salt on metabolite detection. Considering that the oceans contain the largest dissolved organic matter pool on Earth, describing the marine metabolome using nontargeted approaches is critical for understanding the drivers behind element cycles, biotic interactions, ecosystem function, and atmospheric CO2 storage. Our method complements both targeted marine metabolomic investigations as well as other “omics” (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) approaches by providing an avenue for studying the chemical interaction between marine microbes and their habitats. Microbial communities exchange molecules with their environment, which plays a major role in regulating global biogeochemical cycles and climate. While extracellular metabolites are commonly measured in terrestrial and limnic ecosystems, the presence of salt in marine habitats limits the nontargeted analyses of the ocean exometabolome using mass spectrometry (MS). Current methods require salt removal prior to sample measurements, which can alter the molecular composition of the metabolome and limit the types of compounds detected by MS. To overcome these limitations, we developed a gas chromatography MS (GC-MS) method that avoids sample altering during salt removal and that detects metabolites down to nanomolar concentrations from less than 1 ml of seawater. We applied our method (SeaMet) to explore marine metabolomes in vitro and in vivo. First, we measured the production and consumption of metabolites during the culture of a heterotrophic bacterium, Marinobacter adhaerens. Our approach revealed successional uptake of amino acids, while sugars were not consumed. These results show that exocellular metabolomics provides insights into nutrient uptake and energy conservation in marine microorganisms. We also applied SeaMet to explore the in situ metabolome of coral reef and mangrove sediment porewaters. Despite the fact that these ecosystems occur in nutrient-poor waters, we uncovered high concentrations of sugars and fatty acids, compounds predicted to play a key role for the abundant and diverse microbial communities in coral reef and mangrove sediments. Our data demonstrate that SeaMet advances marine metabolomics by enabling a nontargeted and quantitative analysis of marine metabolites, thus providing new insights into nutrient cycles in the oceans. IMPORTANCE Nontargeted approaches using metabolomics to analyze metabolites that occur in the oceans is less developed than those for terrestrial and limnic ecosystems. One of the challenges in marine metabolomics is that salt limits metabolite analysis in seawater to methods requiring salt removal. Building on previous sample preparation methods for metabolomics, we developed SeaMet, which overcomes the limitations of salt on metabolite detection. Considering that the oceans contain the largest dissolved organic matter pool on Earth, describing the marine metabolome using nontargeted approaches is critical for understanding the drivers behind element cycles, biotic interactions, ecosystem function, and atmospheric CO2 storage. Our method complements both targeted marine metabolomic investigations as well as other “omics” (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) approaches by providing an avenue for studying the chemical interaction between marine microbes and their habitats.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang Y, Harrington PB. Noninteger Root Transformations for Preprocessing Nanoelectrospray Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectra for the Classification of Cannabis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:1328-1334. [PMID: 30565911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Typically, for measurements with a high dynamic range, the range is reduced by using the square root transform. By using noninteger roots coupled with systematic experimental design, improvements to the measurements may be obtained. The effect of using noninteger root transformation was evaluated using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) combined with nanoelectrospray ionization (Nano-ESI) to differentiate 23 samples of Cannabis. The mass spectra were evaluated and classified using different mass resolving powers and noninteger root transformations. Classification was achieved by super partial least-squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), and SVM classification tree type entropy (SVMTreeH). The 2.5 root transformation gave the best overall performance at different resolving powers for chemical profiling from a multilevel factorial experimental design using 2 factors and more than 4 levels. Response surface modeling using a cubic polynomial model of the bootstrapped sPLS-DA average prediction accuracies yielded optima at 0.005 for resolving power and 2.3 for the root transformation. Root transformation is an important spectral preprocessing tool for decreasing the dynamic range so that the relative variance of smaller but more important features may be inflated. For the classification of Cannabis using Nano-ESI, the optimal ranges of root and resolution were broad. The chasing-the-optimum method has been introduced for refining the polynomial response surface model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tang
- Ohio University Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
| | - Peter B Harrington
- Ohio University Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brown ER, Cepeda MR, Mascuch SJ, Poulson-Ellestad KL, Kubanek J. Chemical ecology of the marine plankton. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1093-1116. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A review of chemically mediated interactions in planktonic marine environments covering new studies from January 2015 to December 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Brown
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - Marisa R. Cepeda
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - Samantha J. Mascuch
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | | | - Julia Kubanek
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ternon E, Wang Y, Coyne KJ. Small Polar Molecules: A Challenge in Marine Chemical Ecology. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010135. [PMID: 30602708 PMCID: PMC6337545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increasing evidence of key chemically mediated interactions in marine ecosystems, a real interest in the characterization of the metabolites involved in such intra and interspecific interactions has emerged over the past decade. Nevertheless, only a small number of studies have succeeded in identifying the chemical structure of compounds of interest. One reason for this low success rate is the small size and extremely polar features of many of these chemical compounds. Indeed, a major challenge in the search for active metabolites is the extraction of small polar compounds from seawater. Yet, a full characterization of those metabolites is necessary to understand the interactions they mediate. In this context, the study presented here aims to provide a methodology for the characterization of highly polar, low molecular weight compounds in a seawater matrix that could provide guidance for marine ecologists in their efforts to identify active metabolites. This methodology was applied to the investigation of the chemical structure of an algicidal compound secreted by the bacteria Shewanella sp. IRI-160 that was previously shown to induce programmed cell death in dinoflagellates. The results suggest that the algicidal effects may be attributed to synergistic effects of small amines (ammonium, 4-aminobutanal) derived from the catabolization of putrescine produced in large quantities (0.05–6.5 fmol/cell) by Shewanella sp. IRI-160.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ternon
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, DE 19958, USA.
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France.
| | - Yanfei Wang
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, DE 19958, USA.
| | - Kathryn J Coyne
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, DE 19958, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Harrington PDB. Differentiating Rice Varieties by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Chemical Profiling with Singular Value Decomposition Background Correction. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-018-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Wang X, Harrington PDB, Baugh SF. Effect of preprocessing high-resolution mass spectra on the pattern recognition of Cannabis, hemp, and liquor. Talanta 2017; 180:229-238. [PMID: 29332804 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) combined with pattern recognition was used to discriminate among twenty-five Cannabis samples, twenty hemp samples, and eight liquor samples. The effects of preprocessing on multivariate data analysis were evaluated for Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectra. Different root transformations were evaluated with respect to the bin width and the average classification rates. In addition, linear binning and proportional binning with various resolving powers were studied with respect to the average classification rates. The proportional binning with the square root transformation gave the best overall performance for chemical profiling or spectral fingerprinting. Six classification methods, fuzzy rule-building expert system (FuRES), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), super partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), SVM classification tree type gap (SVMTreeG), and SVM classification tree type entropy (SVMTreeH) had similar trends in prediction rate with respect to the resolving power. The optimal proportional mass bin width may depend on the data set, i.e., for the Cannabis samples is resolving power 10-4, for the hemp samples and the liquor samples are resolving power 10-3. Hence, data preprocessing methods such as different transformations, binning strategies, and resolving powers are important factors to be optimized for HRMS direct infusion measurements combined with pattern recognition to be an authentication and characterization tool for various products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Clippinger Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA
| | - Peter de B Harrington
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Clippinger Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA.
| | - Steven F Baugh
- Chemistry Mapping, Inc., 5902 McIntyre St., Golden, CO 80403, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clifford EL, Hansell DA, Varela MM, Nieto‐Cid M, Herndl GJ, Sintes E. Crustacean zooplankton release copious amounts of dissolved organic matter as taurine in the ocean. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2017; 62:2745-2758. [PMID: 29242669 PMCID: PMC5724677 DOI: 10.1002/lno.10603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Taurine (Tau), an amino acid-like compound, is present in almost all marine metazoans including crustacean zooplankton. It plays an important physiological role in these organisms and is released into the ambient water throughout their life cycle. However, limited information is available on the release rates by marine organisms, the concentrations and turnover of Tau in the ocean. We determined dissolved free Tau concentrations throughout the water column and its release by abundant crustacean mesozooplankton at two open ocean sites (Gulf of Alaska and North Atlantic). At both locations, the concentrations of dissolved free Tau were in the low nM range (up to 15.7 nM) in epipelagic waters, declining sharply in the mesopelagic to about 0.2 nM and remaining fairly stable throughout the bathypelagic waters. Pacific amphipod-copepod assemblages exhibited lower dissolved free Tau release rates per unit biomass (0.8 ± 0.4 μmol g-1 C-biomass h-1) than Atlantic copepods (ranging between 1.3 ± 0.4 μmol g-1 C-biomass h-1 and 9.5 ± 2.1 μmol g-1 C-biomass h-1), in agreement with the well-documented inverse relationship between biomass-normalized excretion rates and body size. Our results indicate that crustacean zooplankton might contribute significantly to the dissolved organic matter flux in marine ecosystems via dissolved free Tau release. Based on the release rates and assuming steady state dissolved free Tau concentrations, turnover times of dissolved free Tau range from 0.05 d to 2.3 d in the upper water column and are therefore similar to those of dissolved free amino acids. This rapid turnover indicates that dissolved free Tau is efficiently consumed in oceanic waters, most likely by heterotrophic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth L. Clifford
- Department of Limnology and Bio‐OceanographyCenter of Ecology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Marta M. Varela
- Centro Oceanográfico de A CoruñaIEO, Instituto Español de OceanografíaA CoruñaSpain
| | - Mar Nieto‐Cid
- CSIC, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de VigoVigoSpain
| | - Gerhard J. Herndl
- Department of Limnology and Bio‐OceanographyCenter of Ecology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Utrecht UniversityDen BurgThe Netherlands
| | - Eva Sintes
- Department of Limnology and Bio‐OceanographyCenter of Ecology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hinow P, Strickler JR, Yen J. Olfaction in a viscous environment: the “color” of sexual smells in Temora longicornis. Naturwissenschaften 2017; 104:46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
Spectral Representation of Proton NMR Spectroscopy for the Pattern Recognition of Complex Materials. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-017-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
12
|
Viant MR, Elphinstone Davis J, Duffy C, Engel J, Stenton C, Sebire M, Katsiadaki I. Application of Passive Sampling to Characterise the Fish Exometabolome. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7010008. [PMID: 28216558 PMCID: PMC5372211 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous metabolites excreted by organisms into their surrounding environment, termed the exometabolome, are important for many processes including chemical communication. In fish biology, such metabolites are also known to be informative markers of physiological status. While metabolomics is increasingly used to investigate the endogenous biochemistry of organisms, no non-targeted studies of the metabolic complexity of fish exometabolomes have been reported to date. In environmental chemistry, Chemcatcher® (Portsmouth, UK) passive samplers have been developed to sample for micro-pollutants in water. Given the importance of the fish exometabolome, we sought to evaluate the capability of Chemcatcher® samplers to capture a broad spectrum of endogenous metabolites excreted by fish and to measure these using non-targeted direct infusion mass spectrometry metabolomics. The capabilities of C18 and styrene divinylbenzene reversed-phase sulfonated (SDB-RPS) Empore™ disks for capturing non-polar and polar metabolites, respectively, were compared. Furthermore, we investigated real, complex metabolite mixtures excreted from two model fish species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In total, 344 biological samples and 28 QC samples were analysed, revealing 646 and 215 m/z peaks from trout and stickleback, respectively. The measured exometabolomes were principally affected by the type of Empore™ (Hemel Hempstead, UK) disk and also by the sampling time. Many peaks were putatively annotated, including several bile acids (e.g., chenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, glycocholate, glycolithocholate, glycochenodeoxycholate, glycodeoxycholate). Collectively these observations show the ability of Chemcatcher® passive samplers to capture endogenous metabolites excreted from fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jessica Elphinstone Davis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Cathleen Duffy
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jasper Engel
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility-Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Craig Stenton
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Marion Sebire
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu J, Hansen PJ, Nielsen LT, Krock B, Tillmann U, Kiørboe T. Distinctly different behavioral responses of a copepod, Temora longicornis, to different strains of toxic dinoflagellates, Alexandrium spp. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 62:1-9. [PMID: 28118883 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Zooplankton responses to toxic algae are highly variable, even towards taxonomically closely related species or different strains of the same species. Here, the individual level feeding behavior of a copepod, Temora longicornis, was examined which offered 4 similarly sized strains of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium spp. and a non-toxic control strain of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum. The strains varied in their cellular toxin concentration and composition and in lytic activity. High-speed video observations revealed four distinctly different strain-specific feeding responses of the copepod during 4h incubations: (i) the 'normal' feeding behavior, in which the feeding appendages were beating almost constantly to produce a feeding current and most (90%) of the captured algae were ingested; (ii) the beating activity of the feeding appendages was reduced by ca. 80% during the initial 60min of exposure, after which very few algae were captured and ingested; (iii) capture and ingestion rates remained high, but ingested cells were regurgitated; and (iv) the copepod continued beating its appendages and captured cells at a high rate, but after 60min, most captured cells were rejected. The various prey aversion responses observed may have very different implications to the prey and their ability to form blooms: consumed but regurgitated cells are dead, captured but rejected cells survive and may give the prey a competitive advantage, while reduced feeding activity of the grazer may be equally beneficial to the prey and its competitors. These behaviors were not related to lytic activity or overall paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) content and composition and suggest that other cues are responsible for the responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xu
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark; Key and Open Laboratory of Marine and Estuary Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, 200090 Shanghai, China.
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Lasse Tor Nielsen
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zupo V, Mutalipassi M, Fink P, Di Natale M. Effect of Ocean Acidification on the Communications among Invertebrates Mediated by Plant-Produced Volatile Organic Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17352/gje.000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|