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Pais-Costa AJ, Sánchez MI, Taggart MA, Green AJ, Hortas F, Vinagre PA, Marques JC, Martinez-Haro M. Trace element bioaccumulation in hypersaline ecosystems and implications of a global invasion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149349. [PMID: 34391156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypersaline ecosystems are under increasing threat due to anthropogenic pressures such as environmental pollution and biological invasions. Here we address the ecotoxicological implications of the Artemia franciscana (Crustacea) invasion in saltpans of southern Spain. This North American species is causing the extinction of native Artemia populations in many parts of the globe. The bioaccumulation of trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in native populations (A. parthenogenetica) from Cabo de Gata and Odiel saltpans and invasive Artemia from Cádiz saltpan was studied at different salinities. Furthermore, in Odiel, the most polluted study site, we also analysed the bioaccumulation of trace elements by Chironomus salinarius larvae (Diptera) and Ochthebius notabilis adults (Coleoptera). High levels of trace elements were detected in the studied saltpans, many of them exceeding the recommended threshold guidelines for aquatic life. Bioaccumulation of trace elements by Artemia was lowest at the highest salinity. The invasive A. franciscana showed higher potential to bioaccumulate trace elements than its native counterpart (in particular for As, Cd, Ni and Cr). In Odiel, O. notabilis stood out as showing the highest potential to bioaccumulate As and Cu. Results showed that the shift from a native to an alien Artemia species with a higher bioaccumulation capacity may increase the transfer of trace elements in hypersaline food webs, especially for waterbirds that depend on Artemia as food. Thus, our study identifies an indirect impact of the Artemia franciscana invasion that had not previously been recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antónia Juliana Pais-Costa
- University of Coimbra, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Department of Life Sciences, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Marta I Sánchez
- Wetland Ecology Department, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Mark A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Scotland KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Andy J Green
- Wetland Ecology Department, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Hortas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - João Carlos Marques
- University of Coimbra, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Department of Life Sciences, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Martinez-Haro
- Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Centro de Investigación Agroambiental El Chaparrillo, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Abushaala NM. Effects of tributyltin chloride on cell structures of epithelial layer in different stages of Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758). Open Vet J 2019; 9:366-374. [PMID: 32042660 PMCID: PMC6971362 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tributylin chloride (TBTCl) has been demonstrated to be acutely toxic to aquatic organisms. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of TBTCl on epithelial cell of gut Artemia salina in different stages (Nauplii, Juveniles, and Adults). Methods: Samples of A. salina used were cultivated in incubators for hatching. Nauplii were harvested at 24 hours of age, while the juveniles and adults were harvested at 21 and 35 days of age, respectively. These three stages of A. salina were exposed to different concentrations of TBTCl (1 ng.L−1 to 500 ng.L−1) for 24 hours. For nauplii, juveniles, and adults, 100 individuals were exposed, and those that survived in the exposure test were harvested for histological analysis. Results: The histological examinations revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in type of lesions associated with different TBTCl concentrations and at different stages. The predominant lesions associated with different stages and different concentrations of TBTCl were epithelial cell necroasis, degeneration, cell loss, disruption, piknosis, and submucosal necrosis. Cell scoring was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the groups of different TBTCl concentrations and different life stages. Conclusion: Overall, in this study, the generality of the lesion scores showed that the adults are relatively more susceptible to the effects of TBTCl compared to the juvenile and the nauplii.
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Pais-Costa AJ, Varó I, Martinez-Haro M, Vinagre PA, Green AJ, Hortas F, Marques JC, Sánchez MI. Life history and physiological responses of native and invasive brine shrimps exposed to zinc. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 210:148-157. [PMID: 30852410 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although a substantial amount of research exists on pollution and biological invasions, there is a paucity of understanding of how both factors interact. Most studies show that pollution favours the establishment of invasive species, but pollution may also promote local adaptation of native species and prevent the establishment of new incomers. However, evidence for this is extremely limited because most studies focus on successful invasions and very few on cases where an invasion has been resisted. Here we provide evidence of local adaptation of native species to pollution combining life history and physiological data. We focused on the invasion of the North American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, which is causing a dramatic biodiversity loss in hypersaline ecosystems worldwide, and one of the last native Artemia populations in SW Europe (A. parthenogenetica from the historically polluted Odiel estuary, SW Spain). Life table response experiments were carried out in the laboratory to compare the demographic responses of A. parthenogenetica and a nearby A. franciscana population to long-term Zn exposure (0.2 mg L-1). We also evaluated oxidative stress by measuring antioxidant defences (catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). A high concentration of Zn induced strong mortality in A. franciscana, which also showed high levels of lipid peroxidation, suggesting relatively poor physiological resistance to pollution compared with A. parthenogenetica. The age at maturity was shorter in A. parthenogenetica, which may be an adaptation to the naturally high mortality rate observed in the Odiel population. Exposure to Zn accelerated age at first reproduction in A. franciscana but not in A. parthenogenetica. In contrast, Zn had a stimulatory effect on offspring production in A. parthenogenetica,which also showed higher reproductive parameters (number of broods, total offspring and offspring per brood) than A. franciscana. Overall, the results of this study strongly suggest that native Artemia from Odiel estuary is locally adapted (at both, reproductive and physiological levels) to Zn contamination and that A. franciscana is highly sensitive. This is a good example of how pollution may play a role in the persistence of the last native Artemia populations in the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antónia Juliana Pais-Costa
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Inmaculada Varó
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595 Spain
| | - Mónica Martinez-Haro
- Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Centro de Investigación Agroambiental El Chaparrillo, Ciudad Real, Spain; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain
| | - Pedro Almeida Vinagre
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andy J Green
- Wetland Ecology Department, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Hortas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - João Carlos Marques
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta I Sánchez
- Wetland Ecology Department, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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Darbyshire AK, Oliver KH, Dupont WD, Plummer WD, Jones CP, Boyd KL. Anesthesia and Euthanasia of Brine Shrimp ( Artemia franciscana). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:58-64. [PMID: 30497541 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrates are often overlooked as laboratory animals, yet they are commonly used in toxicology, developmental, cellular and molecular biology, and radiation studies with euthanasia as an endpoint. Little is known regarding appropriate euthanasia methods for invertebrate species, particularly for Artemia. Here, we evaluated the AVMA-recommended 2-step method of euthanasia in brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana). Artemia were exposed first to anesthetic solutions of 60% alcohol, 2.5 mg/L eugenol, or 4 g/L tricaine methanesulfonate (TMS) and then were transferred to euthanasia solutions of 70% alcohol, 95% alcohol, or 10% neutral buffered formalin. We examined time to anesthesia, behavioral response to anesthesia, anesthesia recovery, and time to euthanasia. Our results show that 2.5 mg/L eugenol and 4 g/L TMS inconsistently achieved anesthesia. Although 60% alcohol produced anesthesia, the time to anesthesia varied among replicate groups, and exposure resulted in an increase in abnormal behavior. We therefore do not recommend any of the tested anesthetic solutions for use in Artemia. Although all 3 euthanasia solutions were effective, more research is needed to provide recommendations regarding euthanasia for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Darbyshire
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;,
| | - Kendra H Oliver
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - William D Dupont
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - W Dale Plummer
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Carissa P Jones
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Translational Pathology Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Vijayaraj AS, Mohandass C, Joshi D, Rajput N. Effective bioremediation and toxicity assessment of tannery wastewaters treated with indigenous bacteria. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:428. [PMID: 30305997 PMCID: PMC6162197 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the bioremediation capacity of indigenous bacteria isolated from tannery sludge for two different tannery wastewaters collected from Kanpur and Chennai. To identify bacteria which can efficiently degrade a mixture of different pollutants, the isolates were grown in hazardous 100% tannery wastewaters. The reductions in toxicants such as chromium, sulphate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater were analysed post-bioremediation. Amongst the isolates, Citrobacter freundii was able to reduce the concentration of multiple toxicants such as chromium by 73% and sulphate was reduced by 68% bringing down the level much below the permissible limit stipulated by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Notably, the organic load characterized by BOD and COD was also lowered by 86 and 80%, respectively. The indigenous isolates, not only bioremediated the Kanpur effluent but, also significantly detoxified the Chennai effluent having higher toxicant load. An interesting observation made during the study was better survival and growth along with the development of appendages of Artemia nauplii in the treated wastewaters which thus further confirmed reduction in toxicity of the effluents. The results thus demonstrate that the tested indigenous strains are promising for bioremediation of tannery wastewater and effectively improve the water quality for safe discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Vijayaraj
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004 India
| | - C. Mohandass
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004 India
| | - Devika Joshi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004 India
| | - Nikita Rajput
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004 India
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Darbyshire AK, Oliver KH, Mulrooney TL, Jones CP, Boyd KL. Effects of anesthesia and euthanasia solutions on the histologic quality of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana). J Histotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2018.1463669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Darbyshire
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kendra H. Oliver
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tammy L. Mulrooney
- Translational Pathology Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carissa P. Jones
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelli L. Boyd
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Translational Pathology Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Morgana S, Estévez-Calvar N, Gambardella C, Faimali M, Garaventa F. A short-term swimming speed alteration test with nauplii of Artemia franciscana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:558-564. [PMID: 28918338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxicant needs to be assessed within short time in order to effectively protect the aquatic environment from serious threat. Based on the observation that at high temperatures aquatic organisms become more vulnerable to stressors than those maintained at room temperature, a new test was developed. The proposed bioassay consisted in the evaluation of the swimming speed alteration (SSA) of nauplii of Artemia franciscana incubated at 39°C (± 1) for 6h, using a Swimming Behavior Recorder system (SBR). A comparative ecotoxicological study between the 6h SSA test and the 24h mortality test was carried out in order to validate the new method in terms of sensitivity by means of EC50 values. The bioassay was applied to screen different toxicants: K2Cr2O7, Cu(SO4)2, NaClO, SDS and Sertraline hydrochloride. The EC50s calculated for the short-term SSA test and those of the mortality test showed comparable values. For all toxicants, the 6h SSA test was proved to be as sensitive as the 24h mortality test. The method developed in this study is the first temperature-based toxicity test with nauplii of Artemia franciscana and it represents an attractive assay in ecotoxicology because of its convenience in terms of time and costs, feasibility and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morgana
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Noelia Estévez-Calvar
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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Ronci L, De Matthaeis E, Chimenti C, Davolos D. Arsenic-contaminated freshwater: assessing arsenate and arsenite toxicity and low-dose genotoxicity in Gammarus elvirae (Crustacea; Amphipoda). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:581-588. [PMID: 28332024 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination of freshwater is largely due to geogenic processes, but As is also released into the environment because of improper anthropic activities. The European regulatory limits in drinking water are of 10 μg L-1 As. However, knowledge of the genotoxic effects induced by low doses of As in freshwater environments is still scanty. This study was designed to investigate arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) toxicity and low-dose genotoxicity in Gammarus elvirae, which has proved to be a useful organism for genotoxicity assays in freshwater. As(V) and As(III) toxicity was assessed on the basis of the median lethal concentration, LC(50), while estimates of DNA damage were based on the Comet assay. The G. elvirae LC (50-240 h) value we calculated was 1.55 mg L-1 for As(V) and 1.72 mg L-1 for As(III). Arsenic exposure (240 h) at 5, 10, and 50 µg L-1 of As in assays with either arsenate or arsenite-induced DNA damage in hemocytes of G. elvirae in a concentration-dependent manner. Our study provides a basis for future genotoxic research on exposure to freshwater that contains low levels of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Ronci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira De Matthaeis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Chimenti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Davolos
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, INAIL, Research Area, Via R. Ferruzzi 38/40, Rome, Italy.
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Functional Role of Native and Invasive Filter-Feeders, and the Effect of Parasites: Learning from Hypersaline Ecosystems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161478. [PMID: 27560978 PMCID: PMC4999065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filter-feeding organisms are often keystone species with a major influence on the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. Studies of filtering rates in such taxa are therefore vital in order to understand ecosystem functioning and the impact of natural and anthropogenic stressors such as parasites, climate warming and invasive species. Brine shrimps Artemia spp. are the dominant grazers in hypersaline systems and are a good example of such keystone taxa. Hypersaline ecosystems are relatively simplified environments compared with much more complex freshwater and marine ecosystems, making them suitable model systems to address these questions. The aim of this study was to compare feeding rates at different salinities and temperatures between clonal A. parthenogenetica (native to Eurasia and Africa) and the invasive American brine shrimp A. franciscana, which is excluding native Artemia from many localities. We considered how differences observed in laboratory experiments upscale at the ecosystem level across both spatial and temporal scales (as indicated by chlorophyll-a concentration and turbidity). In laboratory experiments, feeding rates increased at higher temperatures and salinities in both Artemia species and sexes, whilst A. franciscana consistently fed at higher rates. A field study of temporal dynamics revealed significantly higher concentrations of chlorophyll-a in sites occupied by A. parthenogenetica, supporting our experimental findings. Artemia parthenogenetica density and biomass were negatively correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration at the spatial scale. We also tested the effect of cestode parasites, which are highly prevalent in native Artemia but much rarer in the invasive species. The cestodes Flamingolepis liguloides and Anomotaenia tringae decreased feeding rates in native Artemia, whilst Confluaria podicipina had no significant effect. Total parasite prevalence was positively correlated with turbidity. Overall, parasites are likely to reduce feeding rates in the field, and their negative impact on host fecundity is likely to exacerbate the difference between grazing rates of native and alien Artemia populations at the ecosystem level. The results of this study provide evidence for the first time that the replacement of native Artemia by A. franciscana may have major consequences for the functioning of hypersaline ecosystems. The strong effect of parasites on feeding rate underlines the importance of taking parasites into account in order to improve our understanding of the functioning of aquatic ecosystems.
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