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Boujemaa S, Suri GS, Kaur G. Multi-locus sequence typing of geographically and temporally diverse strains of Mycoplasma hominis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:116207. [PMID: 38310740 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of 108 geographically and temporally diverse strains of Mycoplasma hominis using a multi-locus sequence typing scheme (MLST). We extracted MLST data of 87 strains from PubMLST database and retrieved MLST gene sequences from 21 complete genomes of M. hominis available in GenBank database. MLST scheme identified 65 Sequence types (STs), which were grouped into five clonal complexes (CC) and 47 singletons. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of M. hominis isolates were clustered according to their country of origin, showing some significant specificity trends for the nation. Although recombination was detected, it was not significant enough to alter the clonal population structure of M. hominis. In sum, MLST scheme provides insightful data on the phylogenetics of international strains of M. hominis, arguing for the existence of genetically differentiable STs according to their origin of isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Boujemaa
- Biologica Training and Consulting, Tunis, 2078, Tunisia.
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Oslan SNH, Yusoff AH, Mazlan M, Lim SJ, Khoo JJ, Oslan SN, Ismail A. Comprehensive approaches for the detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei and diagnosis of melioidosis in human and environmental samples. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105637. [PMID: 35710088 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. The causative agent of melioidosis is a Gram-negative bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. Its invasion can be fatal if melioidosis is not treated promptly. It is intrinsically resistant to a variety of antibiotics. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of the current trends on melioidosis cases, treatments, B. pseudomallei virulence factors, and molecular techniques to detect the bacterium from different samples. The clinical and microbial diagnosis methods of identification and detection of B. pseudomallei are commonly used for the rapid diagnosis and typing of strains, such as polymerase chain reaction or multi-locus sequence typing. The genotyping strategies and techniques have been constantly evolving to identify genomic loci linked to or associated with this human disease. More research strategies for detecting and controlling melioidosis should be encouraged and conducted to understand the current situation. In conclusion, we review existing diagnostic methodologies for melioidosis detection and provide insights on prospective diagnostic methods for the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Hazwani Oslan
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Hafidz Yusoff
- Gold Rare Earth and Material Technopreneurship Centre (GREAT), Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Si Jie Lim
- Enzyme Technology and X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jing Jing Khoo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme Technology and X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Aziah Ismail
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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3
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Zulkefli NJ, Teh CSJ, Mariappan V, Ngoi ST, Vadivelu J, Ponnampalavanar S, Chai LC, Chong CW, Yap IKS, Vellasamy KM. Genomic comparison and phenotypic profiling of small colony variants of Burkholderia pseudomallei. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261382. [PMID: 34910764 PMCID: PMC8673655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei) is an intracellular pathogen that causes melioidosis, a life-threatening infection in humans. The bacterium is able to form small colony variants (SCVs) as part of the adaptive features in response to environmental stress. In this study, we characterize the genomic characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and metabolic phenotypes of B. pseudomallei SCV and wild type (WT) strains. Whole-genome sequence analysis was performed to characterize the genomic features of two SCVs (CS and OS) and their respective parental WT strains (CB and OB). Phylogenetic relationship between the four draft genomes in this study and 19 publicly available genomes from various countries was determined. The four draft genomes showed a close phylogenetic relationship with other genomes from Southeast Asia. Broth microdilution and phenotype microarray were conducted to determine the AMR profiles and metabolic features (carbon utilization, osmolytes sensitivity, and pH conditions) of all strains. The SCV strains exhibited identical AMR phenotype with their parental WT strains. A limited number of AMR-conferring genes were identified in the B. pseudomallei genomes. The SCVs and their respective parental WT strains generally shared similar carbon-utilization profiles, except for D,L-carnitine (CS), g-hydroxybutyric acid (OS), and succinamic acid (OS) which were utilized by the SCVs only. No difference was observed in the osmolytes sensitivity of all strains. In comparison, WT strains were more resistant to alkaline condition, while SCVs showed variable growth responses at higher acidity. Overall, the genomes of the colony morphology variants of B. pseudomallei were largely identical, and the phenotypic variations observed among the different morphotypes were strain-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorfatin Jihan Zulkefli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (CSJT); (KMV)
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo Tein Ngoi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Lay Ching Chai
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute for Research, Development & Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ivan Kok Seng Yap
- Sarawak Research and Development Council, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (CSJT); (KMV)
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Teh CSJ, Yap PSX, Zulkefli NJ, Subramaniam P, Sit PS, Kong ZX, Chong CW, Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Ponnampalavanar S, Vadivelu J. Overview of the distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei sequence types and the Emergence of sequence type 1342 in Malaysia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:477-484. [PMID: 33506647 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes melioidosis, is of public health importance in endemic areas including Malaysia. An investigation of the molecular epidemiology links of B. pseudomallei would contribute to better understanding of the clonal relationships, transmission dynamics and evolutionary change. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 45 clinical B. pseudomallei isolates collected from sporadic melioidosis cases in Malaysia was performed. In addition, a total of 449 B. pseudomallei Malaysian strains submitted to the MLST database from 1964 until 2019 were included in the temporal analysis to determine the endemic sequence types (STs), emergence and re-emergence of ST(s). In addition, strain-specific distribution was evaluated using BURST tool. Genotyping of 45 clinical strains was resolved into 12 STs, and the majority were affiliated with ST46 (n = 11) and ST1342 (n = 7). Concomitantly, ST46 was the most prevalent ST in Malaysia, which was first reported in 1964. All the Malaysian B. pseudomallei strains were resolved into 76 different STs with 36 of them uniquely present only in Malaysia. ST1342 was most closely related to ST1034, in which both STs were unique to Malaysia and first isolated from soil samples in Pahang, a state in Malaysia. The present study revealed a high diversity of B. pseudomallei in Malaysia. Localized evolution giving rise to the emergence of new STs was observed, suggesting that host and environmental factors play a crucial role in the evolutionary changes in B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Polly Soo Xi Yap
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Prasanna Subramaniam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pik San Sit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zhi Xian Kong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
The causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, a tier 1 select agent, is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, with increased incidence associated with high levels of rainfall. Increasing reports of this condition have occurred worldwide, with estimates of up to 165,000 cases and 89,000 deaths per year. The ecological niche of the organism has yet to be clearly defined, although the organism is associated with soil and water. The culture of appropriate clinical material remains the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis. Identification is best done by phenotypic methods, although mass spectrometric methods have been described. Serology has a limited diagnostic role. Direct molecular and antigen detection methods have limited availability and sensitivity. Clinical presentations of melioidosis range from acute bacteremic pneumonia to disseminated visceral abscesses and localized infections. Transmission is by direct inoculation, inhalation, or ingestion. Risk factors for melioidosis include male sex, diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse, and immunosuppression. The organism is well adapted to intracellular survival, with numerous virulence mechanisms. Immunity likely requires innate and adaptive responses. The principles of management of this condition are drainage and debridement of infected material and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Global mortality rates vary between 9% and 70%. Research into vaccine development is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gassiep
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Armstrong
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Norton
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Yap PSX, Ahmad Kamar A, Chong CW, Ngoi ST, Teh CSJ. Genomic Insights into Two Colistin-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated from the Stool of Preterm Neonate During the First Week of Life. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:190-203. [PMID: 31545116 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major opportunistic pathogen frequently associated with nosocomial infections, and often poses a major threat to immunocompromised patients. In our previous study, two K. pneumoniae (K36 and B13), which displayed resistance to almost all major antibiotics, including colistin, were isolated. Both isolates were not associated with infection and isolated from the stools of two preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during their first week of life. Materials and Methods: In this study, whole genome sequencing was performed on these two clinical multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae. We aimed to determine the genetic factors that underline the antibiotic-resistance phenotypes of these isolates. Results: The strains harbored blaSHV-27, blaSHV-71, and oqxAB genes conferring resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones, respectively, but not harboring any known plasmid-borne colistin resistance determinants such as mcr-1. However, genome analysis discovered interruption of mgrB gene by insertion sequences gaining insight into the development of colistin resistance. Conclusion: The observed finding that points to a scenario of potential gut-associated resistance genes to Gram negative (K. pneumoniae) host in the NICU environment warrants attention and further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Soo Xi Yap
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azanna Ahmad Kamar
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soo Tein Ngoi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Seng R, Saiprom N, Phunpang R, Baltazar CJ, Boontawee S, Thodthasri T, Silakun W, Chantratita N. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates in the environment near a patient's residence in Northeast Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007348. [PMID: 31002718 PMCID: PMC6493765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infectious disease in tropical regions. It is necessary to understand the risk of acquiring this infection from the environment. METHODOLOGY /PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The prevalence, concentration and genetic diversity of B. pseudomallei isolates collected from two sites in Buriram, Northeast Thailand were investigated. Forty-four environmental samples (18 from soil, 14 from rice rhizosphere, and 12 from water) were collected; of those 44 samples, 19 were collected from near a patient's residence and 25 from suspected exposure sites and compared with 10 clinical isolates of the patient. Quantitative culture was performed, and B. pseudomallei was identified using the latex agglutination test and matrix-laser absorption ionisation mass spectrometry. Genotyping was performed in 162 colonies from clinical (N = 10) and environmental samples (N = 152) using pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) followed by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of the clinical strain. B. pseudomallei was detected in 11 of the 44 environmental samples (1 from soil, 4 from rice rhizosphere, and 6 from water). The bacterial count in the positive soil sample was 115 CFU/g. The mean concentrations ± SDs of B. pseudomallei in the positive water and rhizosphere samples were 5.1 ± 5.5 CFU/ml and 80 ± 49 CFU/g, respectively. Six water samples with positive results were collected from a pond and water sources for drinking and daily use. All colonies isolated from the patient shared the same PFGE type (PT) indicating monoclonal infection of ST99. Although the 152 colonies from environmental isolates exhibited 25 PTs, none were identical to the patient's isolates. PT5 and PT7 were most common genotype among the environmental samples. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Diverse genotypes of B. pseudomallei were prevalent in the environment. However, the patient may have been infected with a low-density genotype. Intervention strategies for preventing B. pseudomallei infection are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathanin Seng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natnaree Saiprom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Phunpang
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Christine Joy Baltazar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States America
| | - Sarika Boontawee
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Buriram hospital, Buriram, Thailand
| | | | | | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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DeShazer D, Lovett S, Richardson J, Koroleva G, Kuehl K, Amemiya K, Sun M, Worsham P, Welkos S. Bacteriophage-associated genes responsible for the widely divergent phenotypes of variants of Burkholderia pseudomallei strain MSHR5848. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:263-278. [PMID: 30628877 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Burkholderia pseudomallei, the tier 1 agent of melioidosis, is a saprophytic microbe that causes endemic infections in tropical regions such as South-East Asia and Northern Australia. It is globally distributed, challenging to diagnose and treat, infectious by several routes including inhalation, and has potential for adversarial use. B. pseudomallei strain MSHR5848 produces two colony variants, smooth (S) and rough (R), which exhibit a divergent range of morphological, biochemical and metabolic phenotypes, and differ in macrophage and animal infectivity. We aimed to characterize two major phenotypic differences, analyse gene expression and study the regulatory basis of the variation. METHODOLOGY Phenotypic expression was characterized by DNA and RNA sequencing, microscopy, and differential bacteriology. Regulatory genes were identified by cloning and bioinformatics.Results/Key findings. Whereas S produced larger quantities of extracellular DNA, R was upregulated in the production of a unique chromosome 1-encoded Siphoviridae-like bacteriophage, φMSHR5848. Exploratory transcriptional analyses revealed significant differences in variant expression of genes encoding siderophores, pili assembly, type VI secretion system cluster 4 (T6SS-4) proteins, several exopolysaccharides and secondary metabolites. A single 3 base duplication in S was the only difference that separated the variants genetically. It occurred upstream of a cluster of bacteriophage-associated genes on chromosome 2 that were upregulated in S. The first two genes were involved in regulating expression of the multiple phenotypes distinguishing S and R. CONCLUSION Bacteriophage-associated proteins have a major role in the phenotypic expression of MSHR5848. The goals are to determine the regulatory basis of this phenotypic variation and its role in pathogenesis and environmental persistence of B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- David DeShazer
- 1Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sean Lovett
- 2Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Richardson
- 2Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Galina Koroleva
- 2Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD, USA.,†Present address: Room 7N109, Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kathleen Kuehl
- 3Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kei Amemiya
- 1Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mei Sun
- 4United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Worsham
- 1Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Susan Welkos
- 1Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD, USA
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Mariappan V, Thavagnanam S, Vellasamy KM, Teh CJS, Atiya N, Ponnampalavanar S, Vadivelu J. Relapse of chronic melioidosis in a paediatric cystic fibrosis patient: first case report from Malaysia. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:455. [PMID: 30185168 PMCID: PMC6125953 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, which is a potentially life threatening disease endemic in Southeast Asian countries. In Malaysia, cystic fibrosis (CF) is an uncommon condition. The association between CF and B.pseudomallei infections has been reported previously. However, this is the first case report of a pediatric melioidosis relapse and co-infection with other Gram-negative bacteria in Malaysia. CASE PRESENTATION A 14-year-old Chinese Malaysian boy presented with a history of recurrent pneumonia, poor growth and steatorrhoea since childhood, and was diagnosed with CF. B. pseudomallei was cultured from his sputum during three different admissions between 2013 and 2016. However, the patient succumbed to end stage of respiratory failure in 2017 despite antibiotics treatment against B.pseudomallei. The isolates were compared using multilocus-sequence typing and repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and confirmed that two of the isolates were of same sequence type, which may indicate relapse. CONCLUSIONS CF patients should be aware of melioidosis in endemic regions, as it is an emerging infectious disease, especially when persistent or recurrent respiratory symptoms and signs of infection occur. The high prevalence rates of melioidosis in Malaysia warrants better management options to improve quality of life, and life expectancy in patients with CF. Travel activities to endemic regions should also be given more consideration, as this would be crucial to identify and initiate appropriate empiric treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Surendran Thavagnanam
- University Malaya Pediatric and Child Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Ju Shuan Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Atiya
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sasheela Ponnampalavanar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Sadiq MA, Hassan L, Aziz SA, Zakaria Z, Musa HI, Amin MM, Othman N. Phylogenetic Diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from veterinary cases and the environments in Peninsular Malaysia. Vet Anim Sci 2018; 6:21-28. [PMID: 32734049 PMCID: PMC7386693 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the genotype and the phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from veterinary cases and from the animal environments in Peninsular Malaysia. The Malaysian B. pseudomallei population were then compared to those found elsewhere. A total of 113 isolates from veterinary cases (35) and the environment (56 from soil and 22 from water) were characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Two novel alleles, allele 97 and 69 of the gene locus ace and lepA respectively were recovered. Isolates were resolved into 12 distinct sequence types (STs) out of which five were novel, namely ST1130, ST1131, ST1338, ST1339 and ST1367. The isolates from veterinary cases co-clustered with those from the environment. B. pseudomallei isolates in this study were highly clonal and have descended from a common ancestor clonal complex (CC) 48 found in Southeast Asia. This study shows that veterinary case isolates are often caused by similar STs, with similar populations found in the direct animal environment and those previously reported to cause human infections in Malaysia and elsewhere. Isolates of B. pseudomallei from human infections have been given more attention, with a comparatively lower focus on isolates from animals and the farm environment. This study highlighted the genotype and phylogeny of B. pseudomallei isolated from animals and the environment and their relations to the isolates from human cases reported in Malaysia and elsewhere. Most STs reported in this study, from veterinary cases and animal environment are similar to those previously reported as causing human infections in Malaysia and elsewhere. Therefore, even though direct zoonosis is uncommon, monitoring melioidosis occurrences in animals can provide insights on the bacterial strains infecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abubakar Sadiq
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 44300 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 44300 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Saleha Abdul Aziz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 44300 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 44300 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Ismail Musa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 44300 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Maswati Mat Amin
- Makmal Veterinar Kawasan Bukit Tengah, Peti Surat 63, 14007 Bukit Mertajam, Seberang Perai Tengah, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Norlida Othman
- Makmal Veterinar Kawasan Kota Bharu, Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Multi locus sequence typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from India unveils molecular diversity and confers regional association in Southeast Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006558. [PMID: 29949580 PMCID: PMC6053238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent for melioidosis, has become a public health problem in India and across the world. Melioidosis can be difficult to diagnose because of the inconsistent clinical presentations of the disease. This study aims to determine the genetic diversity among the clinical isolates of B. pseudomaelli from India in order to establish a molecular epidemiology and elucidate the Southeast Asian association. Methods Molecular typing using multi locus sequence typing was performed on thirty one archived B. pseudomallei clinical isolates, previously characterised from specimens obtained from patients admitted to the Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore from 2015 to 2016. Further investigations into the genetic heterogeneity and evolution at a regional and global level were performed using insilico tools. Results Multi locus sequence typing (MLST) of the isolates from systemic and localized forms of melioidosis, including blood, pus, tissue, and urine specimens, revealed twenty isolates with novel sequence types and eleven with previously reported sequence types. High genetic diversity was observed using MLST with a strong association within the Southeast Asian region. Conclusions Molecular typing of B. pseudomallei clinical isolates using MLST revealed high genetic diversity and provided a baseline molecular epidemiology of the disease in India with a strong Southeast Asian association of the strains. Future studies should focus on whole genome based Single-Nucleotide-Polymorphism (SNP) which has the advantage of a high discriminatory power, to further understand the novel sequence types reported in this study. Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram negative bacteria, is the causative agent for melioidosis. Annually, around 165,000 people suffer from melioidosis worldwide. B. pseudomallei is present in wet soil and stagnant water. It enters the human body via percutaneous inoculation, inhalation, aspiration, and occasionally ingestion. Clinical presentations of B. pseudomallei vary by geographical region. Melioidosis occurs predominantly in Southeast Asia, northern Australia, South Asia (including India), and China. Occasional cases occur in other countries around the world. Melioidosis has become a public health problem in India, due to the increasing numbers of people affected in various parts of the country. This study provides baseline data on the genetic diversity among B. pseudomallei isolates from different clinical samples (blood, pus, tissue and urine) of patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital using signature nucleotide sequences via multi locus sequence typing (MLST). Further, this study shows a relationship among B. pseudomallei previously reported in various Southeast Asian countries over the years from 1935 and 1947 with those seen in current clinical cases.
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