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Comparison of Physicochemical, Mechanical, and (Micro-)Biological Properties of Sintered Scaffolds Based on Natural- and Synthetic Hydroxyapatite Supplemented with Selected Dopants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094692. [PMID: 35563084 PMCID: PMC9101299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific combinations of materials and dopants presented in this work have not been previously described. The main goal of the presented work was to prepare and compare the different properties of newly developed composite materials manufactured by sintering. The synthetic- (SHAP) or natural- (NHAP) hydroxyapatite serves as a matrix and was doped with: (i) organic: multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), fullerenes C60, (ii) inorganic: Cu nanowires. Research undertaken was aimed at seeking novel candidates for bone replacement biomaterials based on hydroxyapatite—the main inorganic component of bone, because bone reconstructive surgery is currently mostly carried out with the use of autografts; titanium or other non-hydroxyapatite -based materials. The physicomechanical properties of the developed biomaterials were tested by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dielectric Spectroscopy (BSD), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), as well as microhardness using Vickers method. The results showed that despite obtaining porous sinters. The highest microhardness was achieved for composite materials based on NHAP. Based on NMR spectroscopy, residue organic substances could be observed in NHAP composites, probably due to the organic structures that make up the tooth. Microbiology investigations showed that the selected samples exhibit bacteriostatic properties against Gram-positive reference bacterial strain S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228); however, the property was much less pronounced against Gram-negative reference strain E. coli (ATCC 25922). Both NHAP and SHAP, as well as their doped derivates, displayed in good general compatibility, with the exception of Cu-nanowire doped derivates.
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2
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Zhang Z, Wells CJR, Davies GL, Williams GR. The effect of formulation morphology on stimuli-triggered co-delivery of chemotherapeutic and MRI contrast agents. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121155. [PMID: 34624442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Most conventional chemotherapeutics have narrow therapeutic windows, and thus their delivery remains challenging and often raises safety and efficacy concerns. Theranostic platforms, with simultaneous encapsulation of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, have been proposed as next-generation formulations which can overcome this issue. In this work, we used electrohydrodynamic approaches to fabricate core@shell formulations comprising a pH responsive Eudragit L100 shell embedded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), and a thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)/ethyl cellulose core loaded with the model drug carmofur. By varying the weight ratio of core polymer to shell polymer, the morphology of PNIPAM/ethyl cellulose@Eudragit L100 microparticles could be changed from concave to spherical. Smooth cylindrical fibres could also be generated. All the formulations exist as amorphous solid dispersions of drug-in-polymer, with distinct core@shell architectures. The fibres have clear thermo-responsive drug release profiles, while no thermo-responsive properties can be seen with the particles. All the formulations can protect SPIONs from degradation in gastric fluids (pH ∼ 1.5), and around the physiological pH range the materials offer effective and pH-responsive relaxivity. The r2 values also display clear linear relationships with drug release data, suggesting the potential of using MRI signals to track drug release in vivo. Mathematical equations were established to track drug release in vitro, with very similar experimental and predicted release profiles obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; UCL Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Connor J R Wells
- UCL Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Gemma-Louise Davies
- UCL Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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3
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Mehta P, Rasekh M, Patel M, Onaiwu E, Nazari K, Kucuk I, Wilson PB, Arshad MS, Ahmad Z, Chang MW. Recent applications of electrical, centrifugal, and pressurised emerging technologies for fibrous structure engineering in drug delivery, regenerative medicine and theranostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113823. [PMID: 34089777 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in technology and material development in recent years has led to significant breakthroughs in the remit of fiber engineering. Conventional methods such as wet spinning, melt spinning, phase separation and template synthesis have been reported to develop fibrous structures for an array of applications. However, these methods have limitations with respect to processing conditions (e.g. high processing temperatures, shear stresses) and production (e.g. non-continuous fibers). The materials that can be processed using these methods are also limited, deterring their use in practical applications. Producing fibrous structures on a nanometer scale, in sync with the advancements in nanotechnology is another challenge met by these conventional methods. In this review we aim to present a brief overview of conventional methods of fiber fabrication and focus on the emerging fiber engineering techniques namely electrospinning, centrifugal spinning and pressurised gyration. This review will discuss the fundamental principles and factors governing each fabrication method and converge on the applications of the resulting spun fibers; specifically, in the drug delivery remit and in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prina Mehta
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Manoochehr Rasekh
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Mohammed Patel
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Ekhoerose Onaiwu
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Kazem Nazari
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - I Kucuk
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Turkey
| | - Philippe B Wilson
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell NG25 0QF, UK
| | | | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, University of Ulster, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland BT37 0QB, UK.
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4
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Park H, Baek S, Kang H, Lee D. Biomaterials to Prevent Post-Operative Adhesion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3056. [PMID: 32650529 PMCID: PMC7412384 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surgery is performed to treat various diseases. During the process, the surgical site is healed through self-healing after surgery. Post-operative or tissue adhesion caused by unnecessary contact with the surgical site occurs during the normal healing process. In addition, it has been frequently found in patients who have undergone surgery, and severe adhesion can cause chronic pain and various complications. Therefore, anti-adhesion barriers have been developed using multiple biomaterials to prevent post-operative adhesion. Typically, anti-adhesion barriers are manufactured and sold in numerous forms, such as gels, solutions, and films, but there are no products that can completely prevent post-operative adhesion. These products are generally applied over the surgical site to physically block adhesion to other sites (organs). Many studies have recently been conducted to increase the anti-adhesion effects through various strategies. This article reviews recent research trends in anti-adhesion barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (H.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Seungho Baek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (H.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Hyun Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (H.P.); (S.B.)
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Recent progress in the fabrication techniques of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110716. [PMID: 32204028 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the field of tissue engineering (TE), especially in the synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for replacing damaged tissues and organs in laboratory conditions. However, the gaps in knowledge in exploiting these techniques in preclinical trials and beyond and, in particular, in practical scenarios (e.g., replacing real body organs) have not been discussed well in the existing literature. Furthermore, it is observed in the literature that while new techniques for the synthesis of 3D TE scaffold have been developed, some of the earlier techniques are still being used. This implies that the advantages offered by a more recent and advanced technique as compared to the earlier ones are not obvious, and these should be discussed in detail. For example, one needs to be aware of the reason, if any, behind the superiority of traditional electrospinning technique over recent advances in 3D printing technique for the production of 3D scaffolds given the popularity of the former over the latter, indicated by the number of publications in the respective areas. Keeping these points in mind, this review aims to demonstrate the ongoing trend in TE based on the scaffold fabrication techniques, focusing mostly, on the two most widely used techniques, namely, electrospinning and 3D printing, with a special emphasis on preclinical trials and beyond. In this context, the advantages, disadvantages, flexibilities and limitations of the relevant techniques (electrospinner and 3D printer) are discussed. The paper also critically analyzes the applicability, restrictions, and future demands of these techniques in TE including their applications in generating whole body organs. It is concluded that combining these knowledge gaps with the existing body of knowledge on the preparation of laboratory scale 3D scaffolds, would deliver a much better understanding in the future for scientists who are interested in these techniques.
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Chang C, Ginn B, Livingston NK, Yao Z, Slavin B, King MW, Chung S, Mao HQ. Medical Fibers and Biotextiles. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hashemi M, Sarabandi S, Karami S, Śmieja J, Moazeni-Roodi A, Ghavami S, Łos MJ. LMO1 polymorphisms and the risk of neuroblastoma: Assessment of meta-analysis of case-control studies. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1160-1168. [PMID: 31830377 PMCID: PMC6991665 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), a neuroendocrine tumour, is one of the most prevalent cancers in children. The link between LMO1 polymorphisms and NB has been investigated by several groups, rendering inconclusive results. Here, with this comprehensive systematic review and up‐to‐date meta‐analysis, we aim to distinctively elucidate the possible correlation between LMO1 polymorphisms and NB susceptibility. Eligible studies were systematically researched and identified using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases up to 10 February 2019. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of the associations. Our findings revealed that rs110419 and rs2168101 polymorphisms were significantly associated with a decreased risk of NB in all genetic models. In addition, the rs4758051 variant appeared protective against NB in homozygous, dominant and allele genetic models, whereas the rs10840002 variant markedly decreased the risk of NB in the allele model. In contrast, the rs204938 polymorphism showed a positive association with NB susceptibility in allele genetic models. In summary, our meta‐analysis is the first to provide clear evidence of an association between specific polymorphisms of LMO1 and susceptibility to NB. Of note, additional larger well‐designed studies would be helpful to further evaluate and confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Genetics of Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Sahel Sarabandi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shima Karami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Jarosław Śmieja
- Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,CancerCare Manitoba, Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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Amagat Molas J, Chen M. Injectable PLCL/gelatin core-shell nanofibers support noninvasive 3D delivery of stem cells. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kitala D, Klama-Baryła A, Misiuga M, Łabuś W, Kraut M, Szapski M, Lesiak M, Krakowian D, Sieroń AL, Łos MJ, Kucharzewski M. Heterogeneous Mixture of Amniotic Cells is Likely a Better Source of Stem Cells than Adipose Tissue. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2019; 67:189-196. [PMID: 30989240 PMCID: PMC6509077 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are increasingly being used in the course of burn treatment. As several different types of stem cells are available for the purposes, it is important to chose the most efficient and the most practicable stem cell type. The aim of this study was to compare the potential of heterogeneous amnion cell mixture with the presently used standard therapy, the adipose tissue-derived stem cells. The placenta was collected during a Cesarean section procedure. Adipose tissue tissue-derived cells were isolated using the Cytori’s Celution® System. Cells were tested for fulfillment of the minimum criteria for stem cells. The efficiency of cell cultures was tested by an analysis of population doubling, cell proliferation, cell cycle and cell migration. Amniotic cells presented a higher ability for differentiation to chondrocytes and osteocytes than adipose-derived regenerative cells but a lower ability for differentiation toward adipocytes. Additionally, in vitro experiments have demonstrated a higher applicability of amniotic cells than adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Amniotic cells show several advantages: easy access to placenta, low costs and a lack of ethical dilemmas related to stem cell harvesting. The main disadvantage is, however, their availability, as isogenic treatment would only be possible for women around children-bearing age, unless personalized banks for amniotic cells would be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kitala
- Stanislaw Sakiel, MD Center for Burn Treatment, Jana Pawła II 2, 41-100, Siemianowice Śląskie, Poland.,Higher School of a Strategic Planning, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland.,Silesian Medical School in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Klama-Baryła
- Stanislaw Sakiel, MD Center for Burn Treatment, Jana Pawła II 2, 41-100, Siemianowice Śląskie, Poland. .,Silesian Medical School in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Marcelina Misiuga
- Stanislaw Sakiel, MD Center for Burn Treatment, Jana Pawła II 2, 41-100, Siemianowice Śląskie, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łabuś
- Stanislaw Sakiel, MD Center for Burn Treatment, Jana Pawła II 2, 41-100, Siemianowice Śląskie, Poland.,Higher School of a Strategic Planning, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kraut
- Stanislaw Sakiel, MD Center for Burn Treatment, Jana Pawła II 2, 41-100, Siemianowice Śląskie, Poland
| | - Michał Szapski
- Stanislaw Sakiel, MD Center for Burn Treatment, Jana Pawła II 2, 41-100, Siemianowice Śląskie, Poland
| | - Marta Lesiak
- Department of General, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Daniel Krakowian
- Department of General, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander L Sieroń
- Department of General, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- LinkoCare Life Sciences AB, Linköping, Sweden. .,Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Chrobrego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Marek Kucharzewski
- Chair and Department of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, School of Medicine, Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze Rokitnica, Poland
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Doğan YK, Demirural A, Baykara T. Single-needle electrospinning of PVA hollow nanofibers for core–shell structures. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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11
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Tarus BK, Mwasiagi JI, Fadel N, Al-Oufy A, Elmessiry M. Electrospun cellulose acetate and poly(vinyl chloride) nanofiber mats containing silver nanoparticles for antifungi packaging. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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12
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Hudecki A, Łyko-Morawska D, Likus W, Skonieczna M, Markowski J, Wilk R, Kolano-Burian A, Maziarz W, Adamska J, Łos MJ. Composite Nanofibers Containing Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes as Biodegradable Membranes in Reconstructive Medicine. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E63. [PMID: 30621188 PMCID: PMC6359440 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have tested titanium (Ti) plates that are used for bone reconstruction in maxillofacial surgery, in combination with five types of novel long-resorbable biomaterials: (i) PCL₀-polycaprolactone without additives, (ii) PCLMWCNT-polycaprolactone with the addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), (iii) PCLOH-polycaprolactone doped with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) containing ⁻OH hydroxyl groups, (iv) PCLCOOH-polycaprolactone with the addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) containing carboxyl groups, and (v) PCLTI-polycaprolactone with the addition of Ti nanoparticles. The structure and properties of the obtained materials have been examined with the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and/or X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Titanium BR plates have been covered with: (i) PCL₀ fibers (PCL0BR-connection plates), (ii) PCLMWCNT fibers (PCLMWCNTBR-plates), (iii) PCLOH fibers (PCLOHBR-plates), (iv) PCLCOOH (PCLCOOHBR-plates), (v) PCLTI fiber (PCLTIBR-connection plates). Such modified titanium plates were exposed to X-ray doses corresponding to those applied in head and neck tumor treatment. The potential leaching of toxic materials upon the irradiation of such modified titanium plates, and their effect on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) have been assessed by MTT assay. The presented results show variable biological responses depending on the modifications to titanium plates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Łyko-Morawska
- Katedra Chirurgii Czaszkowo-Szczękowo-Twarzowej i Chirurgii Stomatologicznej, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, 40-027 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Wirginia Likus
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Faculty of Automatics, Electronics and Informatics, and Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Markowski
- ENT Department, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Renata Wilk
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | | | - Wojciech Maziarz
- Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Adamska
- Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Medycyny Laboratoryjnej Śląski, Zakład Biologii Molekularnej Katedry Biologii Molekularnej, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Marek J Łos
- Centre of Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301 CNRS CS80054, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orleans CEDEX 2, France.
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