1
|
Khan S, Fahrig L, Martin AE. Support for an area-heterogeneity tradeoff for biodiversity in croplands. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2820. [PMID: 36792925 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid expansion of the human population poses a challenge for wildlife conservation in agricultural landscapes. One proposal for addressing this challenge is to increase biodiversity in such landscapes by increasing crop diversity. However, studies report both positive and negative effects of crop diversity on biodiversity. One possible explanation, derived from the "area-heterogeneity tradeoff hypothesis," is that the effect of crop diversity on biodiversity depends on a tradeoff between increasing the number of crop types in a landscape and decreasing the amount of each single crop type. This should cause positive effects of increasing crop diversity at low to intermediate crop diversity and negative effects at intermediate to high crop diversity. We also propose two factors that could change the point at which the effect of increasing crop diversity shifts from positive to negative. First, we predicted that this shift would occur at a lower crop diversity when the surrounding landscape contains less semi-natural habitat and at a higher crop diversity when the landscape contains more semi-natural habitat. This should increase the likelihood of detecting negative effects of crop diversity when semi-natural cover is low and positive effects when it is high. Second, we predicted that the shift from a positive to negative effect would occur at a lower crop diversity when it is measured locally than when it is measured at greater distances from the site, making detection of negative crop diversity effects more likely when measurements are at local extents. We tested these predictions using data on the biodiversity of herbaceous plants, butterflies, syrphid flies, woody plants, bees, carabid beetles, spiders, and birds at 221 crop field edges in Eastern Ontario, Canada. We found support for an area-crop diversity tradeoff. Semi-natural cover and measurement extent influenced the biodiversity-crop diversity relationship, with positive effects when semi-natural cover was high and negative effects when semi-natural cover was low and when crop diversity was measured at local extents. The results suggest that policies/guidelines designed to increase crop diversity will not benefit biodiversity in the landscapes where conservation action is most urgently needed, that is, in landscapes with high agricultural use and low semi-natural cover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lenore Fahrig
- Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda E Martin
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leveau LM, Bocelli ML, Quesada-Acuña SG, González-Lagos C, Gutiérrez Tapia P, Franzoi Dri G, Delgado-V. CA, Garitano-Zavala Á, Campos J, Benedetti Y, Ortega-Álvarez R, Contreras Rodríguez AI, Souza López D, Suertegaray Fontana C, da Silva TW, Zalewski Vargas SS, Barbosa Toledo MC, Sarquis JA, Giraudo A, Echevarria AL, Fanjul ME, Martínez MV, Haedo J, Cano Sanz LG, Peña Y, Fernandez V, Marinero V, Abilhoa V, Amorin R, Escobar Ibáñez JF, Juri MD, Camín S, Marone L, Piratelli AJ, Franchin AG, Crispim L, Morelli F. Bird diversity-environment relationships in urban parks and cemeteries of the Neotropics during breeding and non-breeding seasons. PeerJ 2022. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Urbanization will increase in the next decades, causing the loss of green areas and bird diversity within cities. There is a lack of studies at a continental scale analyzing the relationship between urban green areas, such as parks and cemeteries, and bird species richness in the Neotropical region. Bird diversity-environment relationships in urban parks and cemeteries may be influenced by latitudinal gradients or species-area relationships. However, the seasonal variation of species diversity- environment has not been analyzed at a continental scale in the Neotropics.
Methods
Bird surveys were conducted in 36 cemeteries and 37 parks within 18 Neotropical cities during non-breeding and breeding seasons. Bird diversity was assessed through Hill numbers, focusing on species richness, the effective number of species derived from Shannon index and the Simpson index. Environmental variables included latitude, altitude, and local scale variables such as area size, habitat diversity and pedestrian traffic.
Results
Species richness and Shannon diversity were higher during the breeding season, whereas Simpson diversity did not vary between seasons. During both seasons, species richness increased with area size, was negatively related to altitude, and was the highest at 20° latitude. Species richness was also positively related to habitat diversity, pedestrian traffic, and was highest in suburban areas during the non-breeding season. Shannon and Simpson diversity showed significant relationships with habitat diversity and area size during the breeding season. Bird diversity was similar between parks and cemeteries.
Discussion
Our results showed that urban parks and cemeteries have similar roles in conserving urban bird diversity in Neotropical cities. However, species diversity-environment relations at the continental scale varied between seasons, highlighting the importance of conducting annual studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - César González-Lagos
- Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rubén Ortega-Álvarez
- Investigadoras e Investigadores por México del CONACYT, Dirección Regional Occidente, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Josefina Haedo
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luis Gonzalo Cano Sanz
- Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Yuri Peña
- Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Perú
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Amorin
- Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Q, Chen W, Qian L, Yang D, Liu X, Wang M. The Effect of Environmental Factors on the Diversity of Crane Flies (Tipulidae) in Mountainous and Non-Mountainous Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Surrounding Areas. INSECTS 2022; 13:1054. [PMID: 36421956 PMCID: PMC9695074 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tipulidae, one of the most diverse families of Diptera, is widely distributed in the world. The adults have weak flight ability, making it an ideal model for studying the formation of insect diversity. This study aims to explore the species diversity and endemism of Tipulidae in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the surrounding areas, as well as analyze the relationships between the diversity pattern and 25 environmental factors in mountainous and non-mountainous regions. To this end, we collected 2589 datasets for the distribution of 1219 Tipulidae species, and found three areas with high diversities of Tipulidae around the QTP, including the Sikkim-Yadong area, Kamen River Basin, and Gongga Mountain. Further R, generalized additive model (GAM), and stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that the richness and endemism of Tipulidae is mainly influenced by the warmest quarter precipitation and topographic heterogeneity in mountainous regions, but in non-mountainous regions, the richness is mostly affected by the precipitation seasonality, while there is no regularity in the relationship between endemism and environmental factors. In addition, the richness model in mountainous regions was in conformity with the results of GAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lishan Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ding Yang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim JY, Yoon J, Choi YS, Eo SH. The influencing factors for distribution patterns of resident and migrant bird species richness along elevational gradients. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13258. [PMID: 35509964 PMCID: PMC9059752 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The latitudinal and elevational patterns of species richness of resident and migrant birds have been of interest to researchers over the past few decades, and various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the factors that may affect these patterns. This study aimed to shed light on the elevational distribution patterns of resident and migrant bird species richness by examining biotic and abiotic factors such as climate, and habitat heterogeneity using a piecewise structural equation model (pSEM). The overall pattern of resident species richness showed a decreasing trend with increasing elevation, whereas that of migrant species richness showed an increasing trend. The mid-peak pattern of species richness was affected by a combination of resident and migrant species and not by either resident or migrant species. Our results showed that resident species were distributed in lower elevation regions with higher mean spring temperatures, whereas migrant species were found in higher elevation regions with lower mean spring temperatures and higher overstory vegetation coverage. Although high elevation conditions might adversely affect the reproduction of migrant birds, higher overstory vegetation coverage at high elevations seemed to compensate for this by providing a better nesting and roosting environment. Despite the significance of habitat diversity and understory vegetation coverage in univariate linear regression models, multiple regression models of the interconnection of ecological processes demonstrated that mean spring temperature and overstory vegetation coverage were more explanatory than other variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Kim
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang, South Korea
| | - Jongmin Yoon
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang, South Korea
| | - Yu-Seong Choi
- National Migratory Birds Center, National Institute of Biological Resources, Ongjin, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Eo
- Department of Forest Science, Kongju National University, Chungnam, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The importance of the standardizing sampling methodology to detect altitudinal gradients in mountains: A study case for the resident bird community in a hotspot (Atlantic forest) and the Middle Domain Effect. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
6
|
Kim JY, Shin MS, Seo C, Eo SH, Hong S. Testing the causal mechanism of the peninsular effect in passerine birds from South Korea. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245958. [PMID: 33513166 PMCID: PMC7846002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The peninsular effect is a geographical phenomenon that explains patterns of species richness. Given that spatial variation in species richness along a peninsular may be driven by multiple processes, we aimed to identify the sources of latitudinal patterns in passerine species richness and test hypotheses regarding (1) recent deterministic processes (climate, primary productivity, forest area, and habitat diversity), (2) anthropogenic processes (habitat fragmentation), and (3) stochastic processes (migration influence) in the Korean peninsula. We used the distribution data of 147 passerine species from 2006 to 2012. Single regression between passerine species richness and latitude supported the existence of the peninsular effect. Mean temperature increased with decreasing latitude, as did habitat diversity but leaf area index and forest area decline. However, mean temperature and forest area only influenced passerine species richness. Although habitat diversity influenced passerine species richness, it was counter to the expectations associated with peninsular effect. The number of habitat patches decreased as latitude increased but it had no effect on passerine species richness. Ratio of migrant species richness showed no significant relationship with leaf area index, forest area, and habitat diversity. However, the ratio of migrant species richness increased with decreasing mean temperature and that contributed to the increase in passerine species. Overall, our finding indicate that the observed species richness pattern in peninsulas with the tip pointing south (in the northern hemisphere) counter to the global latitudinal gradient. These results were caused by the peninsular effect associated with complex mechanism that interact with climate, habitat area, and migrant species inflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Kim
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, Yeongyang, South Korea
| | - Man-Seok Shin
- Division of Ecological Information, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Changwan Seo
- Division of Ecological Assessment, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Eo
- Department of Forest Resources, Kongju National University, Choongnam, South Korea
| | - Seungbum Hong
- Division of Climate & Ecology Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alvarez-Alvarez EA, Rodríguez-Godínez R, Sierra-Morales P, Medina-Valdivia SA, Vázquez-Salgado E, Brito-Millán M, Almazán-Núñez RC. Patterns of Bird Diversity and Endemism Along an Elevational Gradient in the Southern Mexican Highlands. Zool Stud 2020; 59:e69. [PMID: 34221145 PMCID: PMC8231403 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2020.59-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of bird species diversity along elevational gradients is key for understanding the distributional limits of species and, ultimately, for promoting measures that conserve biodiversity. In the present study, we evaluated changes in bird species richness, diversity, and endemism along an elevational gradient in the Sierra Madre del Sur in southern Mexico -a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot. Monthly bird surveys were carried out at localities with elevations of 1600, 1800, 2000, and 2200 m over the course of one year (2014-2015) covering an area of 2000 km2 (10 circular plots with a radius of 25 m per elevation site). Diversity was calculated in terms of effective number of species or Hill numbers, while the composition of bird species along the elevational gradient was analyzed by non-metric multidimensional scaling, and endemic bird species turnover was assessed with faunal congruence curves. Overall, a total of 118 bird species belonging to 35 families were recorded along the elevational gradient. Although we found that bird richness and diversity increased with increasing elevation, we also observed significant turnover in bird composition and endemic species, which were likely linked to forest types and conditions, as well as proximity of sites to urban centers. Assessing biodiversity patterns across elevational gradients in a well-recognized biodiversity reservoir advances both understanding of ecological patterns and aids conservation efforts and management of biological resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edson A Alvarez-Alvarez
- Laboratorio Integral de Fauna Silvestre (área de Ornitología), Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Ciudad Universitaria Sur, 39090, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México. E-mail: (Almazán-Núñez); (Alvarez-Alvarez); (Rodríguez-Godínez); (Sierra-Morales); (Vázquez-Salgado)
| | - Rosalba Rodríguez-Godínez
- Laboratorio Integral de Fauna Silvestre (área de Ornitología), Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Ciudad Universitaria Sur, 39090, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México. E-mail: (Almazán-Núñez); (Alvarez-Alvarez); (Rodríguez-Godínez); (Sierra-Morales); (Vázquez-Salgado)
| | - Pablo Sierra-Morales
- Laboratorio Integral de Fauna Silvestre (área de Ornitología), Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Ciudad Universitaria Sur, 39090, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México. E-mail: (Almazán-Núñez); (Alvarez-Alvarez); (Rodríguez-Godínez); (Sierra-Morales); (Vázquez-Salgado)
| | - Sandy A Medina-Valdivia
- Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Calle Pino s/n, Col. El roble, 39040, Acapulco, Guerrero, México. E-mail: (Medina-Valdivia)
| | - Estefanía Vázquez-Salgado
- Laboratorio Integral de Fauna Silvestre (área de Ornitología), Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Ciudad Universitaria Sur, 39090, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México. E-mail: (Almazán-Núñez); (Alvarez-Alvarez); (Rodríguez-Godínez); (Sierra-Morales); (Vázquez-Salgado)
| | - Marlene Brito-Millán
- University of California Institute for Mexico and the United States (UC MEXUS), Cuerpo Académico Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental Sustentable, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Ciudad Universitaria Sur, 39090, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México. E-mail: (Brito-Millán)
| | - R Carlos Almazán-Núñez
- Laboratorio Integral de Fauna Silvestre (área de Ornitología), Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Ciudad Universitaria Sur, 39090, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México. E-mail: (Almazán-Núñez); (Alvarez-Alvarez); (Rodríguez-Godínez); (Sierra-Morales); (Vázquez-Salgado)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim JY, Seo C, Hong S, Lee S, Eo SH. Altitudinal range-size distribution of breeding birds and environmental factors for the determination of species richness: An empirical test of altitudinal Rapoport's rule and non-directional rescue effect on a local scale. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0203511. [PMID: 30682009 PMCID: PMC6347176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Range-size distributions are important for understanding species richness patterns and led to the development of the controversial Rapoport’s rule and Rapoport-rescue effect. This study aimed to understand the relationship between species richness and range-size distribution in relation to environmental factors. The present study tested the following: (1) altitudinal Rapoport’s rule, and a subsequent test on climatic and ambient energy hypotheses, (2) non-directional rescue effect, and a subsequent test on effect of environmental factors associated with the distribution of narrowest to widest-range species. Altitudinal species range-size distribution increased with increasing altitude and showed a negative relationship with climatic variables. These results support the altitudinal Rapoport’s rule and climatic hypothesis; however, they do not fully support the ambient energy hypothesis. Results from testing the non-directional rescue effect showed that the inflow intensity of species from both directions (high and low elevations) affected species richness. And we found that the species with intermediate range-size, rather than narrowest or widest range-size were the main cause of a mid-peak of species richness and the non-directional rescue effect. Additionally, the richness of species with intermediate range-size was highly related to minimum temperature, habitat heterogeneity, or primary productivity. Although altitudinal range-size distribution results were similar to the phenomenon of altitudinal Rapoport’s rule, the mid-peak pattern of species richness could not be explained by the underlying mechanism of Rapoport’s-rescue effect; however, the non-directional rescue effect could explain a mid-peak pattern of species richness along altitudinal gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Kim
- Division of Ecosystem Services and Research Planning, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
- Department of Forest Resources, Kongju National University, Choongnam, South Korea
| | - Changwan Seo
- Division of Ecological Assessment Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Seungbum Hong
- Division of Ecosystem Services and Research Planning, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Sanghun Lee
- Division of Basic Ecology, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Eo
- Department of Forest Resources, Kongju National University, Choongnam, South Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|